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• Introduction; How Trade-Related Are Intellectual Property Rights?; Intellectual Property Rights, Licensing and Economic Growth; Vertical Distribution, Parallel Trade and Price Divergence in Integrated Markets; Parallel Imports and the Pricing of Pharmaceutical Products: Evidence from the European Union; The Impact of Parallel Imports on Investments in Cost-Reducing Research and Development; Transfer of Technology to Developing Countries: Unilateral and Multilateral Policy Options; Intellectual Property Rights, Technology Transfer and Exports in Developing Countries; Southern Innovation and Reverse Knowledge Spillovers in a Dynamic FDI Model; How National and International Financial Development Affect Industrial R&D; A Test of the HOV Theorem: The Leontief Commonplace; Development-Related Biases in Factor Productivities and the HOV Model of Trade; Estimating the Knowledge-Capital Model of the Multinational Enterprise; Quantifying the Impact of Services Liberalization in a Developing Country; Regulatory Standards in the WTO: Comparing Intellectual Property Rights with Competition Policy, Environmental Protection and Core Labor Standards; Economic Perspectives on a Multilateral Agreement on Open Access to Basic Science and Technology; Developing and Distributing Essential Medicines to Developing Countries: The DEFEND Proposal; Differentiated Intellectual Property Regimes for Environmental Technologies.