Anas Hajar – författare

This volume offers insights into the role of private supplementary tutoring in the Middle East, and its far-reaching implications for social structures and mainstream education. Around the world, increasing numbers of children receive private tutoring to supplement their schooling. In much of the academic literature this is called shadow education because the content of tutoring commonly mimics that of schooling: as the curriculum changes in the schools, so it changes in the shadow.While much research and policy attention has focused on private tutoring in East Asia and some other world regions, less attention has been given to the topic in the Middle East. Drawing on both Arabic-language and English-language literature, this study commences with the global picture before comparing patterns within and among 12 Arabic-speaking countries of the Middle East. It presents the educational and cultural commonalities amongst these countries, examines the drivers of demand and supply of shadow education, and considers the dynamics of tutoring and how it impacts on education in schools.In addition to its pertinence within the Middle East itself, the book will be of considerable interest to academics and education policy makers broadly concerned with changing roles of the state and private sectors in education.The Open Access version of this book, available at www.taylorfrancis.com, has been made available under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives 4.0 license.

This volume offers insights into the role of private supplementary tutoring in the Middle East, and its far-reaching implications for social structures and mainstream education. Around the world, increasing numbers of children receive private tutoring to supplement their schooling. In much of the academic literature this is called shadow education because the content of tutoring commonly mimics that of schooling: as the curriculum changes in the schools, so it changes in the shadow.While much research and policy attention has focused on private tutoring in East Asia and some other world regions, less attention has been given to the topic in the Middle East. Drawing on both Arabic-language and English-language literature, this study commences with the global picture before comparing patterns within and among 12 Arabic-speaking countries of the Middle East. It presents the educational and cultural commonalities amongst these countries, examines the drivers of demand and supply of shadow education, and considers the dynamics of tutoring and how it impacts on education in schools.In addition to its pertinence within the Middle East itself, the book will be of considerable interest to academics and education policy makers broadly concerned with changing roles of the state and private sectors in education.The Open Access version of this book, available at www.taylorfrancis.com, has been made available under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives 4.0 license.

Manan and Hajar invite experts and seasoned researchers from Asian contexts to explore the nuanced dynamics of language policy and educational practices in Asia, underscoring the importance of understanding local agency at a micro-level. The chapters of this title engage in the critical exploration of the tensions between structure and agency, and spotlight the institutional constraints these micro-level actors face in the enactment of multilingual education policy and planning.The contributors’ chapters provide case study examples of local actors responses towards policies at the micro-level when creating potential spaces for multilingual pedagogies and possible affirmation of multilingual identities. It also provides an analysis of how and why micro-level actors engage in the exercise of their agency, and what motives drive their responses. The volume serves as a challenge to, with the hope to change, the normative assumptions, pervasive postcolonial hierarchies, and hierarchical multilingualism in favour of more egalitarian and inclusive multilingual policies and practices, both within and outside, the classroom. More specifically, the volume shares significant developments occurring around the role of agency in negotiating the prevailing Anglophonic and Anglonormative trends and practices. This book will be of value to researchers and postgraduate students working in the fields of language policy and planning, multilingualism and language education.

This pioneering volume brings together established and emerging scholars to explore English Medium Instruction (EMI) through a critical lens across post-Soviet regions, including Central Asian republics and countries like Azerbaijan, Georgia, Latvia, Estonia, Ukraine, and Russia.As English rapidly expands within educational spheres across these nations—driven by globalization, neoliberalism, and Englishization, this volume addresses a significant research gap by moving beyond traditional managerial and administrative approaches to EMI. The contributors examine how EMI intersects with five critical dimensions: ideology, policy, identity, social justice, and the politics of English. Rather than focusing solely on technical aspects like language proficiency and teacher training, the volume interrogates how EMI reshapes linguistic hierarchies, influences teacher and learner identities, and potentially perpetuates linguistic imperialism and Eurocentric paradigms. By situating EMI within local sociolinguistic ecologies and cultural contexts, the authors advocate for more equitable, transformative educational practices that acknowledge multilingual repertoires and indigenous knowledge systems. Bringing together empirical data and theoretical analyses of various critical aspects of EMI, the contributors shed light on the nuances, complexities, challenges, and opportunities that these highly diverse multilingual post-Soviet contexts present.Offering frameworks for recontextualizing EMI within Global South epistemologies, this book will be an essential reading for researchers, educators and policymakers engaged with language policy, internationalization, multilingual education, and decoloniality.

Study abroad is now both an international industry and an experience that can have a deep impact on students’ linguistic, cultural and personal development. This book explores ‘the social turn’ in the fields of study abroad and language learning strategies. The longitudinal qualitative study reported in this volume investigates the international educational experiences of Arab university students from diverse countries (Iraq, Libya, Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Syria and the United Arab Emirates) and represents one of the few empirical studies to capture an in-depth understanding of the study abroad experiences of newly-arrived international students in higher education. Particular attention is paid to their changing learning goals, underlying motivations and strategy uses during their attendance on both short and long academic programmes in a study abroad context. It also examines their past language learning experiences in their homelands retrospectively. Readers will gain a better understanding of international students’ study abroad experiences in terms of their expectations, aspirations, diverse difficulties and the strategies they deploy to deal with these difficulties.

This edited volume focuses on the experiences of individuals learning languages other than English (LOTEs) in a range of Asian contexts that have traditionally been under-represented in the literature. Aligning with the 'multilingual turn' in SLA, it views learners as individuals of a multilingual society with unique, complex, heterogenous and dynamic identities. The chapters explore the learners’ motivational trajectories, multilingual identities and their conceptualisations of the 'ideal multilingual self'. This volume enhances our critical understanding of language learning motivation through empirical findings and conceptual insights from studies of motivation in specific regions in Asia, including Greater China, Indonesia, Japan, Kazakhstan, Malaysia, Pakistan and Syria. Providing insight into the multilingual identities of individuals learning LOTEs, it will appeal to students and scholars in second language acquisition, researchers in language learning motivation and policymakers in language education.

This edited volume focuses on the experiences of individuals learning languages other than English (LOTEs) in a range of Asian contexts that have traditionally been under-represented in the literature. Aligning with the 'multilingual turn' in SLA, it views learners as individuals of a multilingual society with unique, complex, heterogenous and dynamic identities. The chapters explore the learners’ motivational trajectories, multilingual identities and their conceptualisations of the 'ideal multilingual self'. This volume enhances our critical understanding of language learning motivation through empirical findings and conceptual insights from studies of motivation in specific regions in Asia, including Greater China, Indonesia, Japan, Kazakhstan, Malaysia, Pakistan and Syria. Providing insight into the multilingual identities of individuals learning LOTEs, it will appeal to students and scholars in second language acquisition, researchers in language learning motivation and policymakers in language education.

Around the world, English language is one of the most popularly enrolled subjects in private tutoring, including both English as a first language and English as an additional language (EAL).