Beat Schmid – författare

I3E 2001 is the first in a series of conferences on e-commerce, e-business, and- government organised by the three IFIP committees TC6, TC8, and TC11. It provides a forum, where users, engineers, and scientists from academia, industry, and government can present their latest findings in e-commerce, e-business, and- government applications and the underlying technology to support those applications. The conference comprises a main track and mini tracks dedicated to special topics. The papers presented in the main track were rigorously refereed and selected by the International Programme Committee of the conference. Thematically they were grouped in the following sessions: – Sessions on security and trust, comprising nine papers referring to both trust and security in general as well as presenting specific concepts for enhancing trust in the digital society. – Session on inter-organisational transactions, covering papers related to auditing of inter-organizational trade procedures, cross-organizational workflow and transactions in Business to Business platforms. – Session on virtual enterprises, encompassing papers describing innovative approaches for creating virtual enterprises as well as describing examples of virtual enterprises in specific industries. – Session on online communities containing three papers, which provide case studies of specific online communities and various concepts on how companies can build and harness the potential of online communities. – Sessions on strategies and business models with papers describing specific business models as well as general overviews of specific approaches for E- Strategy formulation.

This volume deals with innovative trends in communications systems, information processing, and security and trust in electronic commerce, business, and government. It contains results of research and development in the following areas: security and trust; inter-organizational transactions; virtual enterprises; online communities; strategies and business models; customer relationships; negotiations; formal E-models E-commerce-induced re-engineering; E-government; E-democracy; and M-commerce. "Towards the E-Society" comprises the proceedings of I3E 2001, the First International Conference on E-Commerce, E-Business, E-Government, which was held at the University of Zurich, Switzerland, in October 2001, and sponsored by the International Federation for Information Processing (IFIP).

I3E 2001 is the first in a series of conferences on e-commerce, e-business, and- government organised by the three IFIP committees TC6, TC8, and TC11. It provides a forum, where users, engineers, and scientists from academia, industry, and government can present their latest findings in e-commerce, e-business, and- government applications and the underlying technology to support those applications. The conference comprises a main track and mini tracks dedicated to special topics. The papers presented in the main track were rigorously refereed and selected by the International Programme Committee of the conference. Thematically they were grouped in the following sessions: – Sessions on security and trust, comprising nine papers referring to both trust and security in general as well as presenting specific concepts for enhancing trust in the digital society. – Session on inter-organisational transactions, covering papers related to auditing of inter-organizational trade procedures, cross-organizational workflow and transactions in Business to Business platforms. – Session on virtual enterprises, encompassing papers describing innovative approaches for creating virtual enterprises as well as describing examples of virtual enterprises in specific industries. – Session on online communities containing three papers, which provide case studies of specific online communities and various concepts on how companies can build and harness the potential of online communities. – Sessions on strategies and business models with papers describing specific business models as well as general overviews of specific approaches for E- Strategy formulation.

The conference ENTER • International Conference on However, the tourist market has several specific characteristics Information and Communications Technologies in Tourism with regard to the use of technological infrastructure: represents a fll'St attempt • On the demand side computerized reservation and general • to provide an international forum for the discussion of the distribution systems (eRS and GDS), managed by big role of telecommunication and information systems in airlines, are well organized and technological pioneers. In tourism, the past they typically focused on the business traveller, • to inform potential users and people concerned with the nowadays they also try to cover the vacation sector. These importance of such technologies and to explain their systems work on a world-wide level and are highly functioning sophisticated. However, it should be added that the • to give an opportunity to the research community, nowadays information provided is rather poor and also selective, scattered into different areas of research, to discuss their which may restrict its usefulness for the promotion of an results on a common platform, and, fmally, entire tourist region. • to intensify the contact and the communication between • Similar to CRSlGDS several tour operators have begun to develop their own systems, although with varying success. researchers, system developers and users.

Due to the great success of the First International Conference on Information and Communication Technologies in Tourism which took place in January 1994 there was common agreement among the participants as well as among the Programme Commit­ tee to organize the second Conference, contrary to the original intention, as soon as 1995 instead of 1996. A two year break in an area of rapid technological development might otherwise result in a completely different landscape of telecommunication with hardly any connection to the first Conference. The recent development as well as the publicity with regard to the so-called informa­ tion highway has justified this decision far beyond our expectations. The Programme Committee has decided to choose "Electronic Marketing" as the central topic of this Conference. The international network is opening up entirely new information and booking chan­ nels. Printed information is not disappearing from the scene, but is acquiring competi­ tion in the form of electronic media. That means new dimensions in the presentation of the selection, new ideas as to informative contents, new, direct paths from suppliers to potential clients - making their choice at home in front of their screen and able to book immediately - and, finally, a new form of democracy. The small economic units which shape tourism thus acquire more interesting opportunities. Information that can be published fast and easily updated, effective alliance and networking make it possible for the small to participate with the great and to safeguard their own interests.

For the third time now, experts in tourism from all over the world come to Innsbruck in order to exchange ideas, inform themselves and others about current developments and build a network of personal relations. The main topics of ENTER 96 are business engineering and standardisation, covering a wide area of subjects like the redesign of touristic products and the processes of their production. This covers, however, not only single business processes but also the entire value chain in tourism, ending up in redesign of distribution channel and changing relations among principals, tour operators, travel agents and customers. Standardisation increasingly becomes a prerequisite for interorganisational coordination and cooperation, EDI is slowly being introduced in tourism and Internet related standards like HTML and VRML. will have a major impact on the future development of electronic distribution platforms for services in tourism. As the proceedings underscore, ENTER has been established as an international platform for scientific and practical discourse on Information and Communication Technologies in Tourism. The close interdisciplinary link between technological and economic questions in tourism opens up new, promising threads for applied research and development likewise.

For the third time now, experts in tourism from all over the world come to Innsbruck in order to exchange ideas, inform themselves and others about current developments and build a network of personal relations. The main topics of ENTER 96 are business engineering and standardisation, covering a wide area of subjects like the redesign of touristic products and the processes of their production. This covers, however, not only single business processes but also the entire value chain in tourism, ending up in redesign of distribution channel and changing relations among principals, tour operators, travel agents and customers. Standardisation increasingly becomes a prerequisite for interorganisational coordination and cooperation, EDI is slowly being introduced in tourism and Internet related standards like HTML and VRML. will have a major impact on the future development of electronic distribution platforms for services in tourism. As the proceedings underscore, ENTER has been established as an international platform for scientific and practical discourse on Information and Communication Technologies in Tourism. The close interdisciplinary link between technological and economic questions in tourism opens up new, promising threads for applied research and development likewise.

The conference ENTER • International Conference on However, the tourist market has several specific characteristics Information and Communications Technologies in Tourism with regard to the use of technological infrastructure: represents a fll''St attempt • On the demand side computerized reservation and general • to provide an international forum for the discussion of the distribution systems (eRS and GDS), managed by big role of telecommunication and information systems in airlines, are well organized and technological pioneers. In tourism, the past they typically focused on the business traveller, • to inform potential users and people concerned with the nowadays they also try to cover the vacation sector. These importance of such technologies and to explain their systems work on a world-wide level and are highly functioning sophisticated. However, it should be added that the • to give an opportunity to the research community, nowadays information provided is rather poor and also selective, scattered into different areas of research, to discuss their which may restrict its usefulness for the promotion of an results on a common platform, and, fmally, entire tourist region. • to intensify the contact and the communication between • Similar to CRSlGDS several tour operators have begun to develop their own systems, although with varying success. researchers, system developers and users.

Vorwort Die rasante Beschleunigung der Kommunikation durch Technologien hat zur Wa- nehmung einer Zeitenwende geführt, umschrieben mit Begriffen wie Informations- sellschaft, Wissensgesellschaft, Mediengesellschaft oder Kommunikationsgesellschaft – und zur Gründung des Instituts für Medien- und Kommunikationsmanagement an der Universität St. Gallen vor zehn Jahren. Seine Mission war und ist, sich aus einer Managementperspektive mit dieser Wende zu befassen. Das Bedürfnis nach einem solchen Institut hat die Praxis artikuliert, weshalb das Ins- tut eine Joint Venture zwischen der Bertelsmann-Stiftung, der Heinz-Nixdorf-Stiftung und der Universität St. Gallen wurde. Es gehört inzwischen zu den anerkannten Ins- tutionen für Lehre, Forschung und Praxisberatung im Themenfeld Kommunikatio- management. Das 10-jährige Bestehen soll Anlass sein, einen Blick zurück zu werfen auf das Geleistete. Der vorliegende Band tut dies mit einer Sammlung von ausgewä- ten Forschungsbeiträgen – einer notgedrungen kleinen Auswahl aus dem Fundus von einigen Hundert Arbeiten. Sie sind die sichtbare Spur der Arbeit von den mehr als einem halben Dutzend Habilitanden, den Projektleitern und den etwa 100 Doktor- den, welche am Institut dessen Gebiete bearbeitet haben. So konnte das Institut vielen Wissenschaftlern und Studierenden eine fruchtbare Auseinandersetzung mit den Kommunikationsthemen ermöglichen und es ihnen erlauben, sich selbst und ihr W- sen zu entwickeln. Ohne sie und ihre Mitarbeit, ohne ihr Nehmen und Geben, hätte es nicht wachsen können. Ihnen muss deshalb zuerst gedankt werden. Dass dieses ‚Biotop’ entstehen konnte, verdanken wir aber seinen Stiftern.

Vorwort Die gezielte und professionelle Kommunikation mit den Anspruchsgruppen ist heute unverzichtbar Bestandteil der strategischen Führung eines Unternehmens. Die Pflege der Kommunikationsbeziehungen des Unternehmens trägt unmittelbar zu seiner Unterstützung durch relevante Kooperationspartner bei und beeinflusst so den Geschäftserfolg und Wert sowie die strategischen Handlungsoptionen der Organi sation. Nur diejenigen, die bereit und fähig sind, angemessen zu kommunizieren, werden in der Lage sein, das eigene Unternehmen in einer fortschreitendglobalisiere nden und sich ständig verändernden Welt zu führen. Kommunikationen wird immer mehr zu einer strategischen Aufgabe für Organisationen, da sie einen direkten Einfluss auf das Ansehen der Organisationen innerhalb der Gesellschaft, bei den Anspruchs gruppen und in der Öffentlichkeit hat. In einem globalisierten Wirtschaftssystem, in dem intangible Assets immer stärker zur Wertschöpfung der Unternehmen beitra gen, avanciert Kommunikation auch zu einem zentralen Treiber der unternehmeri schen Wertschöpfung. Aus Fachverbandsstudien, die unser Institut jährlich erstellt, wird deutlich: Kommu nikation ist nicht nur eine wichtige strategische Aufgabe im Unternehmen, sie ver schafft den Kommunikationsprofis auch Freude und Zufriedenheit. Die Mehrheit der Kommunikationsmanager in Europa ist mit ihrem Beruf sehr zufrieden und würde ihn wieder wählen. Dieses bestätigt aus der Sicht der beruflichen Bildung an Hoch schulen, dass die Studentinnen und Studenten für ein Arbeitsfeld ausgebildet wer den, das vielfältige Möglichkeiten sowie ein hohes Mass an Professionalisierung und persönlicher Entwicklung bietet.

Vorwort Die rasante Beschleunigung der Kommunikation durch Technologien hat zur Wa- nehmung einer Zeitenwende geführt, umschrieben mit Begriffen wie Informations- sellschaft, Wissensgesellschaft, Mediengesellschaft oder Kommunikationsgesellschaft – und zur Gründung des Instituts für Medien- und Kommunikationsmanagement an der Universität St. Gallen vor zehn Jahren. Seine Mission war und ist, sich aus einer Managementperspektive mit dieser Wende zu befassen. Das Bedürfnis nach einem solchen Institut hat die Praxis artikuliert, weshalb das Ins- tut eine Joint Venture zwischen der Bertelsmann-Stiftung, der Heinz-Nixdorf-Stiftung und der Universität St. Gallen wurde. Es gehört inzwischen zu den anerkannten Ins- tutionen für Lehre, Forschung und Praxisberatung im Themenfeld Kommunikatio- management. Das 10-jährige Bestehen soll Anlass sein, einen Blick zurück zu werfen auf das Geleistete. Der vorliegende Band tut dies mit einer Sammlung von ausgewä- ten Forschungsbeiträgen – einer notgedrungen kleinen Auswahl aus dem Fundus von einigen Hundert Arbeiten. Sie sind die sichtbare Spur der Arbeit von den mehr als einem halben Dutzend Habilitanden, den Projektleitern und den etwa 100 Doktor- den, welche am Institut dessen Gebiete bearbeitet haben. So konnte das Institut vielen Wissenschaftlern und Studierenden eine fruchtbare Auseinandersetzung mit den Kommunikationsthemen ermöglichen und es ihnen erlauben, sich selbst und ihr W- sen zu entwickeln. Ohne sie und ihre Mitarbeit, ohne ihr Nehmen und Geben, hätte es nicht wachsen können. Ihnen muss deshalb zuerst gedankt werden. Dass dieses ‚Biotop’ entstehen konnte, verdanken wir aber seinen Stiftern.