Daryl E. Chubin – författare

David D. Kumar and Daryl E. Chubin We live in an information age. Technology abounds: information tech­ nology, communication technology, learning technology. As a once popular song went, "Something's happening here, but it's just not exactly clear." The world appears to be a smaller, less remote place. We live in it, but we are not necessarily closely tied to it. We lack a satisfactory understanding of it. So we are left with a paradox: In an information age, information alone will neither inform nor improve us as citizens nor our democracy, society, or in­ stitutions. No, improvement will take some effort. It is a heavy burden to be reflective, indeed analytical, and disciplined but only constructively constrained by different perspectives. The science-based technology that makes for the complexity, contro­ versy, and uncertainty of life sows the seeds of understanding in Science, Technology, and Society. STS, as it is known, encompasses a hybrid area of scholarship now nearly three decades old. As D. R. Sarewitz,a former geologist now congressional staffer and an author, put it After all, the important and often controversial policy dilemmas posed by issues such as nuclear energy, toxic waste disposal, global climate change, or biotech­ nology cannot be resolved by authoritative scientific knowledge; instead, they must involve a balancing of technical considerations with other criteria that are explicitly nonscientific: ethics, esthetics, equity, ideology. Trade-offs must be made in light of inevitable uncertainties (Sarewitz, 1996, p. 182).

What can one life teach about the unfolding of opportunities into developing careers? From a 20th century social scientist at the forefront of science education and science policy who transitioned between positions in universities, federal agencies, and nonprofit organizations, we learn 21st century lessons. Daryl Chubin speaks to students, educators, and program directors about demographic changes, forms of scholarship, the functions of community, and marginality as an analytical perspective on the contexts of careers. As physicist-historian Thomas Kuhn asserted in his 1977 book, The Essential Tension, a prerequisite for making progress in science is the need to preserve an essential tension between tradition and innovation. Similarly, one beholds “essential tensions” when looking in on organizations, policies, and careers. As a white man studying the underrepresentation of women and persons of color in science and engineering, Chubin by definition was on the outside, different from his subjects while straddling a range of professional roles. He asks: What are the advantages and disadvantages of an outsider perspective? How should advocacy emerge from analysis? How do organizations capitalize on “difference”? If diversity, equity, and inclusion are valued, how does this change the way staff views its work, workforce, and place in the national culture? Science Organizations and Careers illustrates that social science differs from natural science and engineering. Each has its methods, norms, and heroes, but social science looks in and is parasitic on scientists and engineers—administrators in research institutions, scholars, elected officials, and educators at all levels of sophistication. These have been Chubin’s subjects, colleagues, and conundrums. They have shaped him, bent him toward their view, educated, alienated, and applauded him. Readers, too, will have their own characters, organizations, and ambivalence with which to cope in the contradictions of their careers. This book helps to make sense of it all.

David D. Kumar and Daryl E. Chubin We live in an information age. Technology abounds: information tech­ nology, communication technology, learning technology. As a once popular song went, "Something''s happening here, but it''s just not exactly clear." The world appears to be a smaller, less remote place. We live in it, but we are not necessarily closely tied to it. We lack a satisfactory understanding of it. So we are left with a paradox: In an information age, information alone will neither inform nor improve us as citizens nor our democracy, society, or in­ stitutions. No, improvement will take some effort. It is a heavy burden to be reflective, indeed analytical, and disciplined but only constructively constrained by different perspectives. The science-based technology that makes for the complexity, contro­ versy, and uncertainty of life sows the seeds of understanding in Science, Technology, and Society. STS, as it is known, encompasses a hybrid area of scholarship now nearly three decades old. As D. R. Sarewitz,a former geologist now congressional staffer and an author, put it After all, the important and often controversial policy dilemmas posed by issues such as nuclear energy, toxic waste disposal, global climate change, or biotech­ nology cannot be resolved by authoritative scientific knowledge; instead, they must involve a balancing of technical considerations with other criteria that are explicitly nonscientific: ethics, esthetics, equity, ideology. Trade-offs must be made in light of inevitable uncertainties (Sarewitz, 1996, p. 182).

This book examines the structure and operation of peer review as a family of quality control mechanisms and looks at the burdens placed on the various forms of peer review. Assuming that peer review is central to the functioning of U.S. science policy, Chubin and Hackett explore the symbolic and practical value of peer review in the making, implementing, and analysis of this policy.