Gungwu Wang – författare

Humans have been on the move for millennia. They have done so slowly as well as quickly, sometimes involuntarily, sometimes transported by force, often relocated at great cost in lives, but they have always moved. Over the centuries, improved transportation has eased the movement, even in the face of man-made or natural obstacles. But in modern tim

Humans have been on the move for millennia. They have done so slowly as well as quickly, sometimes involuntarily, sometimes transported by force, often relocated at great cost in lives, but they have always moved. Over the centuries, improved transportation has eased the movement, even in the face of man-made or natural obstacles. But in modern times, migration has accelerated and its reach has become truly global.Whether it is Turkish gastarbeiter in Germany, Japanese Nisei in Seattle, Filipinos in Kuwait, or Haitians in Brooklyn, the costs and benefits of human mobility on such a wide and rapid scale are hotly debated. Global History and Migrations, the second volume of the Global History Series, explores the historical background of this issue by focusing on recent history, a time when human movements have been at their most dynamic. This book provides a rich, cross-cultural foundation for a more enlightened understanding of migration and its role in the unfolding shape of global history.

Humans have been on the move for millennia. They have done so slowly as well as quickly, sometimes involuntarily, sometimes transported by force, often relocated at great cost in lives, but they have always moved. Over the centuries, improved transportation has eased the movement, even in the face of man-made or natural obstacles. But in modern times, migration has accelerated and its reach has become truly global.Whether it is Turkish gastarbeiter in Germany, Japanese Nisei in Seattle, Filipinos in Kuwait, or Haitians in Brooklyn, the costs and benefits of human mobility on such a wide and rapid scale are hotly debated. Global History and Migrations, the second volume of the Global History Series, explores the historical background of this issue by focusing on recent history, a time when human movements have been at their most dynamic. This book provides a rich, cross-cultural foundation for a more enlightened understanding of migration and its role in the unfolding shape of global history.

The Chinese overseas now number 25 to 30 million, yet the 2,000-year history of Chinese attempts to venture abroad and the underlying values affecting that migration have never before been presented in a broad overview. Despite centuries of prohibition against leaving the land and traveling and settling overseas, the "earthbound" Chinese--first traders, then peasants and workers--eventually found new sources of livelihood abroad. The practice of sojourning, being always temporarily away from home, was the answer the Chinese overseas found to deal with imperial and orthodox concerns. Today their challenge is to find an alternative to either returning or assimilating by seeking a new kind of autonomy in a world that will come to acknowledge the ideal of multicultural states.In pursuing this story, international scholar Wang Gungwu uncovers some major themes of global history: the coming together of Asian and European civilizations, the ambiguities of ethnicity and diasporic consciousness, and the tension between maintaining one's culture and assimilation.

Humans have been on the move for millennia. They have done so slowly as well as quickly, sometimes involuntarily, sometimes transported by force, often relocated at great cost in lives, but they have always moved. Over the centuries, improved transportation has eased the movement, even in the face of man-made or natural obstacles. But in modern times, migration has accelerated and its reach has become truly global.Whether it is Turkish gastarbeiter in Germany, Japanese Nisei in Seattle, Filipinos in Kuwait, or Haitians in Brooklyn, the costs and benefits of human mobility on such a wide and rapid scale are hotly debated. Global History and Migrations, the second volume of the Global History Series, explores the historical background of this issue by focusing on recent history, a time when human movements have been at their most dynamic. This book provides a rich, cross-cultural foundation for a more enlightened understanding of migration and its role in the unfolding shape of global history.

"The book is engaging, informative, and provocative and can profitably be read by undergraduates and professors alike. You do not have to agree with the dean of China studies to learn from him."China Review International The book shows how the Chinese are now confident of their capacity to learn all they need from the developed world and are keen to know which parts of the past they would need to build a modern Chinese civilization. They are very conscious of the challenges coming from the United States, and are looking for ways and means to respond to a superpower that wants to preserve its dominant position in the international status quo.The book seeks to explain what China is doing and what its immediate and long-term interests are. It is not to defend or judge China. It does not employ theoretical frameworks that are not appropriate for describing Chinese conditions. It calls for understanding why history is particularly relevant to the Chinese state and most of its people. That way, we also see how the present and hopes for the future changes our perspectives of the past. Related Link(s)

Professor Wang Gungwu is the Institute of Policy Studies' 12th S R Nathan Fellow for the Study of Singapore. This book is an edited collection of his four IPS-Nathan Lectures, delivered from November 2022 to March 2023, and includes highlights of his question-and-answer segments with our audience.The Southeast Asian region is home to a set of diverse local cultures and distinct local identities. In this lecture series, Professor Wang looks at how great civilisations came into contact with our region and shaped its local identities and cultures. Being at the centre of Southeast Asia, Singapore's national identity and development have also been moulded by great ancient civilisations, namely the Indic, Sinic and Islamic. Later on, the idea of modernity brought about by Christian European civilisation greatly impacted our region. Understanding the history of Singapore from this perspective will give us insight to how the country's modern identity is being shaped and enable us to better understand our region's place in the modern world order.The IPS-Nathan Lecture series was launched in 2014 as part of the S R Nathan Fellowship for the Study of Singapore, named after Singapore's sixth and longest-serving president. It seeks to advance public understanding and discussion of issues of critical national interest for Singapore.

Professor Wang Gungwu is the Institute of Policy Studies' 12th S R Nathan Fellow for the Study of Singapore. This book is an edited collection of his four IPS-Nathan Lectures, delivered from November 2022 to March 2023, and includes highlights of his question-and-answer segments with our audience.The Southeast Asian region is home to a set of diverse local cultures and distinct local identities. In this lecture series, Professor Wang looks at how great civilisations came into contact with our region and shaped its local identities and cultures. Being at the centre of Southeast Asia, Singapore's national identity and development have also been moulded by great ancient civilisations, namely the Indic, Sinic and Islamic. Later on, the idea of modernity brought about by Christian European civilisation greatly impacted our region. Understanding the history of Singapore from this perspective will give us insight to how the country's modern identity is being shaped and enable us to better understand our region's place in the modern world order.The IPS-Nathan Lecture series was launched in 2014 as part of the S R Nathan Fellowship for the Study of Singapore, named after Singapore's sixth and longest-serving president. It seeks to advance public understanding and discussion of issues of critical national interest for Singapore.

The oneness of China is the norm. Periods of divisions are aberrations. This is how Chinese thinkers, leaders and ultimately the majority of Chinese people have regarded Chinese politics and history for more than 2,000 years.The oneness was never perfect. As long as certain minimal conditions were met and the polity which proclaimed that oneness was widely acknowledged, that was enough. Chinese ruling elites adopted this pragmatic approach so they could ensure that the ideal could always approximate China's reality.This is a revised edition of a study undertaken to explain what happened during one of the worst periods of division in Chinese history. What were the key factors that helped the centripetal forces to get back to the imperial norm? It begins with the final stage of decline of the Tang dynasty (618-907) and ends 50 years later when it became clear that the foundations for a last push towards unification were in place.

In Interpreting China's Development, leading experts on China provide an overview of this growing superpower, highlighting key issues in the country's political, economic and social development.Underpinned by up-to-date scholarly research yet written in a readable and concise style, this volume of over 40 short chapters offers a very accessible way to understanding the major events and dominant issues that had emerged in China over the last few decades. The essays are grouped under four thematic sections — challenges of governance, growth and structural changes, coping with rising social problems and relations with major powers and neighbours — covering salient topics such as the emerging mode of leadership succession, sustainability of China's high growth, widening inequalities, environmental crisis and the external impact of China's rise.Non-specialists in particular, should find this volume useful in keeping up with China's fast changing developments.

Lee Kuan Yew through the Eyes of Chinese Scholars is a compilation of essays by highly-respected Chinese scholars in which they evaluate the life, work and philosophy of Lee Kuan Yew, founding Prime Minister of Singapore. Presenting a range of views from a uniquely Chinese/Asian perspective, this book provides valuable insights for those who wish to gain a fuller and deeper understanding of Lee Kuan Yew — the man, as well as Singapore — his nation.Marking the momentous event of his death as well as the 50th anniversary of Singapore's independence in 2015, this compilation reflects both the high regard in which Lee Kuan Yew is held across the Chinese-speaking world as well as the reservations of a few. The contributors are all ethnic Chinese from different academic disciplines ranging from a Nobel laureate in physics, Chen-Ning Yang, to historians, economists and political scientists. They include Singaporeans such as Wang Gungwu and Chew Cheng Hai, as well as scholars from China, the US and Hong Kong such as Yongnian Zheng, Ying-Shih Yu, Lawrence Lau and Hang-Chi Lam among others.Originally published in Chinese, this English translation makes the material accessible to a wider English-reading audience.

Lee Kuan Yew through the Eyes of Chinese Scholars is a compilation of essays by highly-respected Chinese scholars in which they evaluate the life, work and philosophy of Lee Kuan Yew, founding Prime Minister of Singapore. Presenting a range of views from a uniquely Chinese/Asian perspective, this book provides valuable insights for those who wish to gain a fuller and deeper understanding of Lee Kuan Yew — the man, as well as Singapore — his nation.Marking the momentous event of his death as well as the 50th anniversary of Singapore's independence in 2015, this compilation reflects both the high regard in which Lee Kuan Yew is held across the Chinese-speaking world as well as the reservations of a few. The contributors are all ethnic Chinese from different academic disciplines ranging from a Nobel laureate in physics, Chen-Ning Yang, to historians, economists and political scientists. They include Singaporeans such as Wang Gungwu and Chew Cheng Hai, as well as scholars from China, the US and Hong Kong such as Yongnian Zheng, Ying-Shih Yu, Lawrence Lau and Hang-Chi Lam among others.Originally published in Chinese, this English translation makes the material accessible to a wider English-reading audience.

Political, social and economic transformations have marked the 20 years since Hong Kong became a Special Administrative Region of China. To mark the historic handover, the Institute of Advanced Studies (IAS) at Nanyang Technological University invited experts from various fields to share their unique insights on the developments and impact of the last 20 years on Hong Kong and Singapore in a conference in Singapore.This volume is a compilation of speeches and presentations delivered at the conference by such heavyweight experts as Wang Gungwu, Antony Leung and Yang Jinlin on the road travelled and the paths ahead for both cities. This volume is an invaluable collection on Hong Kong and Singapore's past, present and future. Readers can enjoy the salient analysis delivered with great thought and reflective humour.

"The book is engaging, informative, and provocative and can profitably be read by undergraduates and professors alike. You do not have to agree with the dean of China studies to learn from him."China Review International The book shows how the Chinese are now confident of their capacity to learn all they need from the developed world and are keen to know which parts of the past they would need to build a modern Chinese civilization. They are very conscious of the challenges coming from the United States, and are looking for ways and means to respond to a superpower that wants to preserve its dominant position in the international status quo.The book seeks to explain what China is doing and what its immediate and long-term interests are. It is not to defend or judge China. It does not employ theoretical frameworks that are not appropriate for describing Chinese conditions. It calls for understanding why history is particularly relevant to the Chinese state and most of its people. That way, we also see how the present and hopes for the future changes our perspectives of the past. Related Link(s)

China has achieved significant socio-economic progress and has become a key player on the international stage after several decades of open-door and reform policy. Looking beyond China's transformation, this book focusses on the theme of governance which is widely regarded as the next most critical element to ensure that China's growth remains sustainable.Today, China is confronted with a host of pressing challenges that call for urgent attention. These include the need to rebalance and restructure the economy, the widening income gaps, the poor integration of migrant populations in the urban areas, insufficient public housing and healthcare coverage, the seeming lack of political reforms and the degree of environmental degradation. In the foreign policy arena, China is likewise under pressure to do more to address global concerns while not appearing to be overly aggressive. The next steps that China takes would have a great deal to do with governance, in terms of how it tackles or fails to address the myriad of challenges, both domestic and foreign.China: Development and Governance, with 57 short chapters in total, is based on up-to-date scholarly research written in a readable and concise style. Besides China's domestic developments, it also covers China's external relations with the United States, Japan, Korea and Taiwan. Non-specialists, in particular, should find this volume accessible and useful in keeping up with fast-changing developments in East Asia.

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What is China? While many perceive it as a rising power challenging Western dominance, eminent historian Professor Gungwu Wang posits that the country has no ambitions on that front. In this illuminating book comprised of edited transcripts of selected lectures, it offers his interpretation of the answer. He traces China's roots as an ancient, borderless Sinic civilisation with a distinctive past that has been a source of strength. Following the establishment of the concept of a nation-state in the late 18th century, its identity was eventually forced to change from dynastic rule to a republic. Revolution and reform characterised much of the evolution, compelling it to define a national culture that would propel it down the road of progress and enable it to take its rightful place on the world stage. Interspersed with observations from his position as an overseas Chinese, this collection of insights is a must-read for anyone keen to understand China better.

No Borders: Journeys Across Islands and Continents is the autobiography of eminent historian Professor Wang Gungwu. Respected the world over for his interpretation of the Sinic civilisation, he delves into his own annals to tell his story. From vantage points in Malaya, London, Australia, Hong Kong and Singapore, he has witnessed the trials and tribulations of China over the last 80 years — even as he devoted himself to studying its past. This he accomplished alongside a career defined by exceptional leadership, which saw him rise to become the vice-chancellor of the University of Hong Kong from 1986 to 1995. Eventually landing in Singapore in 1996, he has spent the last 30 years on the island-state at the tip of a vast continent, attracted by its commitment to stability after navigating a life of order and disorder. This book is written in his signature elegant prose, bearing the hallmarks of the scholarly gentleman he is recognised to be, with echoes of an English literature style that was his first love. Finely balanced with personal anecdotes and perspectives of the chaordic times he lived through, No Borders is an insightful oeuvre into how a masterful history specialist came to be.

No Borders: Journeys Across Islands and Continents is the autobiography of eminent historian Professor Wang Gungwu. Respected the world over for his interpretation of the Sinic civilisation, he delves into his own annals to tell his story. From vantage points in Malaya, London, Australia, Hong Kong and Singapore, he has witnessed the trials and tribulations of China over the last 80 years — even as he devoted himself to studying its past. This he accomplished alongside a career defined by exceptional leadership, which saw him rise to become the vice-chancellor of the University of Hong Kong from 1986 to 1995. Eventually landing in Singapore in 1996, he has spent the last 30 years on the island-state at the tip of a vast continent, attracted by its commitment to stability after navigating a life of order and disorder. This book is written in his signature elegant prose, bearing the hallmarks of the scholarly gentleman he is recognised to be, with echoes of an English literature style that was his first love. Finely balanced with personal anecdotes and perspectives of the chaordic times he lived through, No Borders is an insightful oeuvre into how a masterful history specialist came to be.

1997 was truly an eventful year for China, with many momentous happenings. In February of that year Deng Xiaoping passed away, thus marking the end of an era. Shortly after, the post-Deng Chinese leadership under Jiang Zemin had to mobilise great efforts to ensure the smooth resumption of sovereignty over Hong Kong on June 30. This was then followed by intensive preparation for the holding of the 15th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party in September, which set national priorities for China's medium- and long-term development as well as decided on the core team of younger leaders responsible for leading China into the 21st century.China is in the midst of great political, economic and social changes, which will intensify each other on account of their speed and scale. History has never before witnessed such a huge country as China industrialising and transforming itself so rapidly and so extensively.Accordingly, China's success or failure in its domestic development carries serious regional and international implications. There is still a great deal of uncertainty as to how soon in the next century China will become the world's most powerful economy. But what is happening in China today has already impinged on many aspects of life for people in the Asia-Pacific region, either in terms of growing trade and investment opportunities from China or in terms of regional security.This volume is largely based on public lectures and seminar papers by academic visitors and scholars at the East Asian Institute. Each has been written as a self-contained piece by a China expert, but presented primarily with non-specialist readers in mind.

The reemergence of China as a political force has triggered sharp reassessments of its future role in the Asia-Pacific region. There has been much hyperbole about China's economic power, especially if it is linked with the entrepreneurial talents of the ubiquitous Chinese spread around the globe. Some countries have been encouraged to sound warning bells about China's future ambitions to dominate the region. All this is not surprising, even understandable. But the danger of exaggeration to the point where efforts to predict what China and the Chinese will do become merely alarmist, and the predictions become self-fulfilling, has to be guarded against.There is no easy remedy for deep-seated suspicion and hostility leading to persistent attempts to mislead and provoke. The recent financial crisis in East Asia has aggravated some worst-case scenarios and these may bring additional worries to the region's plans for ultimate recovery. The three essays in this volume focus on some areas where myths and prejudices have long survived. They offer different perspectives and suggest alternative ways to approach certain problems of understanding China's relations with Southeast Asia.

How has China's post-Deng leadership governed the country? How have the changing social and political environments shifted the bases of political legitimacy? What strategies has Jiang Zemin adopted to cope with new circumstances in order to strengthen his leadership? What are the challenges these new reform measures have generated for the leadership? And how have domestic concerns constrained the leadership's intention in China's foreign relations? These are some of the questions which this volume attempts to address.The authors agree that Jiang Zemin is not a man without any political initiative. He has struggled to establish his own style of leadership, and to strengthen the legitimacy of his leadership by setting forth new rules and institutions for political games and by finding new measures to cope with new challenges. This collection of articles shows the success Jiang and his colleagues have had in strengthening their leadership; how the different reform measures have strengthened Jiang's rule; and how the ongoing reform has created new challenges for his regime.

For the past century, all kinds of Chinese people seemed to have tried to be “modern”. At the same time, the standards of modernity have been set elsewhere and they seem always to be higher than what has been achieved. That makes most Chinese work harder, but some may well wonder if standards rise so that China will always get a poor report card at the end of each year.The ongoing drama of Chinese people seeking to be modern has been enacted in different parts of the world. There are interesting differences among these Chinese, depending on where they have been living. The general trend, however, is unmistakable. The striving for betterment is supported by a strong capacity to adapt and change, and this is reflected in the way the Chinese seize new opportunities when they occur. The essays here describe some of these efforts both inside and outside China, and form a small mosaic of Chinese practising the art of modernising.

An extraordinary collection of essays by Nobel Peace laureates and leading scholars on the concluded Iraq War, The Iraq War and its Consequences is the First and Only book that brings together more than 30 Nobel Peace laureates and eminent scholars to offer opinions, analyses and insights on the war that has drawn both widespread opposition and strong support.In this intellectually captivating book, Professor Irwin Abrams, considered the leading authority world-wide on the history of the Nobel Peace Prize and Distinguished University Professor Emeritus at Antioch University, and Professor Wang Gungwu, renowned historian and Director of the East Asian Institute at the National University of Singapore, have collected works of notable laureates and scholars from diverse backgrounds. The Nobel Peace laureates and eminent scholars, together, expound on the consequences and impacts of the Iraq War — an effort that has not been made before. In conclusion, there are two sermons by Gunnar Stålsett, Bishop of Oslo.The Prominent Contributors are:Nobel Peace LaureatesTenzin Gyatso (The Fourteenth Dalai Lama of Tibet, 1989)David Trimble (MP, Leader of the Ulster Unionist Party, UK, 1998)Jody Williams (International Ambassador of International Campaign to Ban Landmines, USA, 1997)Sir Joseph Rotblat (Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs, UK, 1995)Jose Ramos-Horta (Foreign Minister of East Timor, 1996)Frederik Willem de Klerk (Former President of South Africa, 1993)Mairead Corrigan Maguire (Co-founder, Community of Peace People, Northern Ireland, UK, 1976)Bernard Lown (Co-founder, International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War, 1985)Peter Hansen (Commissioner-General, United Nations Relief and Works Agency, UN, 1945)Irene Khan (Sec-General, Amnesty International, 1977)Mary Ellen McNish (Executive Secretary, American Friends Service Committee, USA, 1947)Brian Philips of Oxford Brookes University (Quaker Peace and Social Witness, UK, 1947)Cora Weiss, President (Permanent International Peace Bureau, 1910)Christian Dominice (Sec-General, Institute of International Law, 1904)Eminent ScholarsNoam Chomsky (Prominent Political Critic, Professor of Linguistics, MIT)Joseph Stiglitz (Nobel laureate in Economics 2001, Columbia University)Richard A Falk (Albert G Milbank Professor of International Law and Practice, Emeritus, Princeton University)Sir John Daniel (UNESCO Assistant Director-General for Education)John W Dower (Pulitzer Prize winner & Elting E. Morison Professor of History, MIT)Eric Stover (Director of Human Rights Center, UC Berkeley)Frank N von Hippel (Professor of Public and International Affairs, Princeton University)Lord Colin Renfrew of Kaimsthorn (Director of McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, Cambridge University)William Hartung (Director of Institute's Arms Trade Resource Center, World Policy Institute)Benjamin R Foster (Professor of Assyriology and Curator of the Yale Babylonian Collection, Yale University)Svetlana Broz (Sarajevo Cardiologist, Author and Lecturer)Faleh A Jabar (Iraq specialist and Research Fellow, Birkbeck College, London University)Lisa Martin (Professor of Government, Harvard University)Helena Cobban (Middle-East Specialist and Columnist for Christian Science Monitor)Mahmood Mamdani (Director of Institute of African Studies, Columbia University)Rosemary Foot (Professor of International Relations, Modern History, Oxford University)Robin Lakoff (Professor of Linguistics, UC Berkeley)Roland Paris (Political Science and International Affairs, University of Colorado at Boulder)

An extraordinary collection of essays by Nobel Peace laureates and leading scholars on the concluded Iraq War, The Iraq War and its Consequences is the First and Only book that brings together more than 30 Nobel Peace laureates and eminent scholars to offer opinions, analyses and insights on the war that has drawn both widespread opposition and strong support.In this intellectually captivating book, Professor Irwin Abrams, considered the leading authority world-wide on the history of the Nobel Peace Prize and Distinguished University Professor Emeritus at Antioch University, and Professor Wang Gungwu, renowned historian and Director of the East Asian Institute at the National University of Singapore, have collected works of notable laureates and scholars from diverse backgrounds. The Nobel Peace laureates and eminent scholars, together, expound on the consequences and impacts of the Iraq War — an effort that has not been made before. In conclusion, there are two sermons by Gunnar Stålsett, Bishop of Oslo.The Prominent Contributors are:Nobel Peace LaureatesTenzin Gyatso (The Fourteenth Dalai Lama of Tibet, 1989)David Trimble (MP, Leader of the Ulster Unionist Party, UK, 1998)Jody Williams (International Ambassador of International Campaign to Ban Landmines, USA, 1997)Sir Joseph Rotblat (Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs, UK, 1995)Jose Ramos-Horta (Foreign Minister of East Timor, 1996)Frederik Willem de Klerk (Former President of South Africa, 1993)Mairead Corrigan Maguire (Co-founder, Community of Peace People, Northern Ireland, UK, 1976)Bernard Lown (Co-founder, International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War, 1985)Peter Hansen (Commissioner-General, United Nations Relief and Works Agency, UN, 1945)Irene Khan (Sec-General, Amnesty International, 1977)Mary Ellen McNish (Executive Secretary, American Friends Service Committee, USA, 1947)Brian Philips of Oxford Brookes University (Quaker Peace and Social Witness, UK, 1947)Cora Weiss, President (Permanent International Peace Bureau, 1910)Christian Dominice (Sec-General, Institute of International Law, 1904)Eminent ScholarsNoam Chomsky (Prominent Political Critic, Professor of Linguistics, MIT)Joseph Stiglitz (Nobel laureate in Economics 2001, Columbia University)Richard A Falk (Albert G Milbank Professor of International Law and Practice, Emeritus, Princeton University)Sir John Daniel (UNESCO Assistant Director-General for Education)John W Dower (Pulitzer Prize winner & Elting E. Morison Professor of History, MIT)Eric Stover (Director of Human Rights Center, UC Berkeley)Frank N von Hippel (Professor of Public and International Affairs, Princeton University)Lord Colin Renfrew of Kaimsthorn (Director of McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, Cambridge University)William Hartung (Director of Institute's Arms Trade Resource Center, World Policy Institute)Benjamin R Foster (Professor of Assyriology and Curator of the Yale Babylonian Collection, Yale University)Svetlana Broz (Sarajevo Cardiologist, Author and Lecturer)Faleh A Jabar (Iraq specialist and Research Fellow, Birkbeck College, London University)Lisa Martin (Professor of Government, Harvard University)Helena Cobban (Middle-East Specialist and Columnist for Christian Science Monitor)Mahmood Mamdani (Director of Institute of African Studies, Columbia University)Rosemary Foot (Professor of International Relations, Modern History, Oxford University)Robin Lakoff (Professor of Linguistics, UC Berkeley)Roland Paris (Political Science and International Affairs, University of Colorado at Boulder)

The oneness of China is the norm. Periods of divisions are aberrations. This is how Chinese thinkers, leaders and ultimately the majority of Chinese people have regarded Chinese politics and history for more than 2,000 years.The oneness was never perfect. As long as certain minimal conditions were met and the polity which proclaimed that oneness was widely acknowledged, that was enough. Chinese ruling elites adopted this pragmatic approach so they could ensure that the ideal could always approximate China's reality.This is a revised edition of a study undertaken to explain what happened during one of the worst periods of division in Chinese history. What were the key factors that helped the centripetal forces to get back to the imperial norm? It begins with the final stage of decline of the Tang dynasty (618-907) and ends 50 years later when it became clear that the foundations for a last push towards unification were in place.