Nowadays, developers have to face the proliferation of hardware and software environments, the increasing demands of the users, the growing number of p- grams and the sharing of information, competences and services thanks to the generalization ofdatabasesandcommunication networks. Aprogramisnomore a monolithic entity conceived, produced and ?nalized before being used. A p- gram is now seen as an open and adaptive frame, which, for example, can - namically incorporate services not foreseen by the initial designer. These new needs call for new control structures and program interactions. Unconventionalapproachestoprogramminghavelongbeendevelopedinv- iousnichesandconstituteareservoirofalternativewaystofacetheprogramming languages crisis. New models of programming (e. g. , bio-inspired computing, - ti?cialchemistry,amorphouscomputing,. . . )arealsocurrentlyexperiencinga renewed period of growth as they face speci?c needs and new application - mains. These approaches provide new abstractions and notations or develop new ways of interacting with programs. They are implemented by embedding new sophisticated data structures in a classical programming model (API), by extending an existing language with new constructs (to handle concurrency, - ceptions, open environments, . . . ), by conceiving new software life cycles and program executions (aspect weaving, run-time compilation) or by relying on an entire new paradigm to specify a computation. They are inspired by theoretical considerations (e. g. , topological, algebraic or logical foundations), driven by the domain at hand (domain-speci?c languages like PostScript, musical notation, animation, signal processing, etc. ) or by metaphors taken from various areas (quantum computing, computing with molecules, informationprocessing in - ological tissues, problem solving from nature, ethological and social modeling).

Nowadays, developers have to face the proliferation of hardware and software environments, the increasing demands of the users, the growing number of p- grams and the sharing of information, competences and services thanks to the generalization ofdatabasesandcommunication networks. Aprogramisnomore a monolithic entity conceived, produced and ?nalized before being used. A p- gram is now seen as an open and adaptive frame, which, for example, can - namically incorporate services not foreseen by the initial designer. These new needs call for new control structures and program interactions. Unconventionalapproachestoprogramminghavelongbeendevelopedinv- iousnichesandconstituteareservoirofalternativewaystofacetheprogramming languages crisis. New models of programming (e. g. , bio-inspired computing, - ti?cialchemistry,amorphouscomputing,. . . )arealsocurrentlyexperiencinga renewed period of growth as they face speci?c needs and new application - mains. These approaches provide new abstractions and notations or develop new ways of interacting with programs. They are implemented by embedding new sophisticated data structures in a classical programming model (API), by extending an existing language with new constructs (to handle concurrency, - ceptions, open environments, . . . ), by conceiving new software life cycles and program executions (aspect weaving, run-time compilation) or by relying on an entire new paradigm to specify a computation. They are inspired by theoretical considerations (e. g. , topological, algebraic or logical foundations), driven by the domain at hand (domain-speci?c languages like PostScript, musical notation, animation, signal processing, etc. ) or by metaphors taken from various areas (quantum computing, computing with molecules, informationprocessing in - ological tissues, problem solving from nature, ethological and social modeling).

The aim of this study is to provide evidence of the relevance of functional programming for software engineering, both from a research and from a practical point of view. The software development process is studied and a brief introduction to functional programming and languages is provided. Functional programming tends to promote locality which makes it possible to reason about a component of a program, independent of the rest of the program. The significance of the functional approach for formal program manipulation is illustrated by two important techniques, abstract interpretation and program transformation. Abstract interpretation is applied to the compilation of memory management and program transformation is illustrated with many applications such as program correctness proofs, program analysis and compilation. A correct compiler is described entirely in terms of program transformations. Regarding program construction, it is shown that input/output and state-oriented problems can be described in a purely functional framework.

This volume contains most of the papers presented at theworkshop on research directions in high-level parallelprogramming languages, held at Mont Saint-Michel, France, inJune 1991. The motivation for organizing this workshop camefrom the emergence of a new class of formalisms fordescribing parallel computations in the last few years.Linda, Unity, Gamma, and the Cham are the most significantrepresentatives of this new class. Formalisms of this familypromote simple but powerful language features for describingdata and programs. These proposals appeared in differentcontexts and were applied in different domains, and the goalof the workshop was to review the status of this new fieldand compare experiences. The workshop was organized intofour main sessions: Unity, Linda, Gamma, and ParallelProgram Design. The corresponding parts ofthe volume areintroduced respectively by J. Misra, D. Gelernter, D. LeMtayer, and J.-P. Ban tre.

Software-intensive systems have become increasingly important for a multitude of products and services from all sectors of the economy, our national and - ternational infrastructure, and our daily lives. The ongoing decrease in size and cost of microprocessorsandstoragedevicesis leading to the development of ever more distributed and decentralized systems. Systems are assembled as dynamic federationsofautonomousandevolvingcomponents insteadof monolithicapp- cations, they perform tasks of staggering complexity with continuously cha- ing requirements and in a permanently evolving environment. In the near - ture novel technologies will allow the construction of systems with millions of nodes,and systems will be likely to containsubsystems basedonnew computing paradigms such as molecular computing. To identify these emergent trends, their impact on the information society in the next 10-15 years, and the challenges they present to computing, software engineering, cognition and intelligence, the European Commission has estab- 1 lished two Coordinated Actions: initially the project "Beyond the Horizon" 2 and then, starting in 2006, the project "InterLink" .Both projects are coor- nated by the European Research Consortium for Informatics and Mathematics (ERCIM EEIG) and funded by the Future and Emerging Technologies (FET) Unit of the European Commission. The ongoing project InterLink is composed of three thematic working groups: software-intensive systems and new comp- ingparadigms;ambientcomputingandcommunicationenvironments;intelligent and cognitive systems. This volume presents the results of the working group on software-intensive systemsandnovelcomputing paradigms.Theobjectivewasto imaginethela- scape in which the next generations of software-intensive systems will operate.

This text comprises the edited collection of papers presented at the NATO Advanced Study Institute which took place at Altmyunus,

Nowadays, developers have to face the proliferation of hardware and software environments, the increasing demands of the users, the growing number of p- grams and the sharing of information, competences and services thanks to the generalization ofdatabasesandcommunication networks. Aprogramisnomore a monolithic entity conceived, produced and ?nalized before being used. A p- gram is now seen as an open and adaptive frame, which, for example, can - namically incorporate services not foreseen by the initial designer. These new needs call for new control structures and program interactions. Unconventionalapproachestoprogramminghavelongbeendevelopedinv- iousnichesandconstituteareservoirofalternativewaystofacetheprogramming languages crisis. New models of programming (e. g. , bio-inspired computing, - ti?cialchemistry,amorphouscomputing,. . . )arealsocurrentlyexperiencinga renewed period of growth as they face speci?c needs and new application - mains. These approaches provide new abstractions and notations or develop new ways of interacting with programs. They are implemented by embedding new sophisticated data structures in a classical programming model (API), by extending an existing language with new constructs (to handle concurrency, - ceptions, open environments, . . . ), by conceiving new software life cycles and program executions (aspect weaving, run-time compilation) or by relying on an entire new paradigm to specify a computation. They are inspired by theoretical considerations (e. g. , topological, algebraic or logical foundations), driven by the domain at hand (domain-speci?c languages like PostScript, musical notation, animation, signal processing, etc. ) or by metaphors taken from various areas (quantum computing, computing with molecules, informationprocessing in - ological tissues, problem solving from nature, ethological and social modeling).

Nowadays, developers have to face the proliferation of hardware and software environments, the increasing demands of the users, the growing number of p- grams and the sharing of information, competences and services thanks to the generalization ofdatabasesandcommunication networks. Aprogramisnomore a monolithic entity conceived, produced and ?nalized before being used. A p- gram is now seen as an open and adaptive frame, which, for example, can - namically incorporate services not foreseen by the initial designer. These new needs call for new control structures and program interactions. Unconventionalapproachestoprogramminghavelongbeendevelopedinv- iousnichesandconstituteareservoirofalternativewaystofacetheprogramming languages crisis. New models of programming (e. g. , bio-inspired computing, - ti?cialchemistry,amorphouscomputing,. . . )arealsocurrentlyexperiencinga renewed period of growth as they face speci?c needs and new application - mains. These approaches provide new abstractions and notations or develop new ways of interacting with programs. They are implemented by embedding new sophisticated data structures in a classical programming model (API), by extending an existing language with new constructs (to handle concurrency, - ceptions, open environments, . . . ), by conceiving new software life cycles and program executions (aspect weaving, run-time compilation) or by relying on an entire new paradigm to specify a computation. They are inspired by theoretical considerations (e. g. , topological, algebraic or logical foundations), driven by the domain at hand (domain-speci?c languages like PostScript, musical notation, animation, signal processing, etc. ) or by metaphors taken from various areas (quantum computing, computing with molecules, informationprocessing in - ological tissues, problem solving from nature, ethological and social modeling).

The aim of this study is to provide evidence of the relevance of functional programming for software engineering, both from a research and from a practical point of view. The software development process is studied and a brief introduction to functional programming and languages is provided. Functional programming tends to promote locality which makes it possible to reason about a component of a program, independent of the rest of the program. The significance of the functional approach for formal program manipulation is illustrated by two important techniques, abstract interpretation and program transformation. Abstract interpretation is applied to the compilation of memory management and program transformation is illustrated with many applications such as program correctness proofs, program analysis and compilation. A correct compiler is described entirely in terms of program transformations. Regarding program construction, it is shown that input/output and state-oriented problems can be described in a purely functional framework.

This volume contains most of the papers presented at theworkshop on research directions in high-level parallelprogramming languages, held at Mont Saint-Michel, France, inJune 1991. The motivation for organizing this workshop camefrom the emergence of a new class of formalisms fordescribing parallel computations in the last few years.Linda, Unity, Gamma, and the Cham are the most significantrepresentatives of this new class. Formalisms of this familypromote simple but powerful language features for describingdata and programs. These proposals appeared in differentcontexts and were applied in different domains, and the goalof the workshop was to review the status of this new fieldand compare experiences. The workshop was organized intofour main sessions: Unity, Linda, Gamma, and ParallelProgram Design. The corresponding parts ofthe volume areintroduced respectively by J. Misra, D. Gelernter, D. LeMtayer, and J.-P. Ban tre.

Software-intensive systems have become increasingly important for a multitude of products and services from all sectors of the economy, our national and - ternational infrastructure, and our daily lives. The ongoing decrease in size and cost of microprocessorsandstoragedevicesis leading to the development of ever more distributed and decentralized systems. Systems are assembled as dynamic federationsofautonomousandevolvingcomponents insteadof monolithicapp- cations, they perform tasks of staggering complexity with continuously cha- ing requirements and in a permanently evolving environment. In the near - ture novel technologies will allow the construction of systems with millions of nodes,and systems will be likely to containsubsystems basedonnew computing paradigms such as molecular computing. To identify these emergent trends, their impact on the information society in the next 10-15 years, and the challenges they present to computing, software engineering, cognition and intelligence, the European Commission has estab- 1 lished two Coordinated Actions: initially the project "Beyond the Horizon" 2 and then, starting in 2006, the project "InterLink" .Both projects are coor- nated by the European Research Consortium for Informatics and Mathematics (ERCIM EEIG) and funded by the Future and Emerging Technologies (FET) Unit of the European Commission. The ongoing project InterLink is composed of three thematic working groups: software-intensive systems and new comp- ingparadigms;ambientcomputingandcommunicationenvironments;intelligent and cognitive systems. This volume presents the results of the working group on software-intensive systemsandnovelcomputing paradigms.Theobjectivewasto imaginethela- scape in which the next generations of software-intensive systems will operate.

This text comprises the edited collection of papers presented at the NATO Advanced Study Institute which took place at Altmyunus,