John Cairns – författare

There are so many ways in which health might be improved today and, as technology improves, the opportunities will increase. However, there are limits to budgets as well as other resources so choices have to be made about what to spend money and time on. Economic evaluation can help set out the value of the costs and benefits from competing choices.

This book examines how to undertake economic evaluation of health care interventions in low, middle and high income countries. It covers:

Ways in which economic evaluations might be structured Approaches to measuring and valuing costs and effects Interpreting and presenting evidenceAppraising the quality and usefulness of economic evaluations

Series Editors: Rosalind Plowman and Nicki Thorogood.

Cancer has become the scourge of the twentieth century. It was always part of the human condition, but until recently it was not a common cause of death because most people died from the infectious diseases. Now that so many of us will live long enough to develop cancer, we need to learn as much about it as we can. This requires some understanding of molecular biology. John Cairns has made significant contributions to cancer research, molecular biology, and virology. He believes that it is possible to explain what is known about cancer and about molecular biology in terms that are easily understood by people with little or no scientific training. In this fascinating book, he explores the revolution in public health, the origins and principles of molecular biology, and our emerging understanding of the causes of cancer. Finally, he discusses how these developments are likely to affect future generations. As Cairns points out, the last two hundred years have altered our life expectations beyond all recognition.Even in the less developed nations of the world, people are starting to believe that everyone ought to be able to live into old age and be protected from the major causes of premature death. This change in our expectations is one of the major benefits of technology and the biological sciences. But the resulting explosion in the human population ultimately threatens everything we have gained by scientific progress.

Dr. Hueck explains in the "History and Development of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop" some ideas on the genesis of the Workshop. The reader should understand that this volume is a preliminary analysis of a problem that has not received much attention. The case histories, for example, are illustrative because one volume cannot include all histories, or even those in Europe. Consequently, case histories are lacking on many parts of the world, including central Europe and North America, not because these are unimportant or less disastrous ecologically than the case histories covered, but because selecting only a few illustrative cases was possible. The geographic and ecological coverage was originally much broader, but, unfortunately, some participants were unable to attend and this resulted in an even more skewed distribution geographically. However, participants generally agreed that the information necessary to analyze the problem was covered in sufficient depth by those in attendance and that other case histories would have been interesting, but would probably not have caused substantive changes in the conclusions or recommendations. The Workshop organizers did not selectively choose people, companies, or countries to the exclusion of others. The committee selected a broad array of people, countries, and industries, and the participants were those able to corne, prepare a manuscript, and meet the other conditions. Thus, what appears to be a skewed distribution was not planned as such, but was the consequence of people being unable to attend for various reasons.

This important collection of essays is at the cutting edge of contemporary research on Roman law, comparative law, and legal history. The international and distinguished group of authors address some of the most lively contemporary problems in their respective fields, and provide new perspectives and insights in a wide range of areas. With a firm focus on texts and contexts, the papers come together to provide a coherent volume dedicated to one of the greatest contemporary Romanists, legal historians and comparative lawyers. The book covers Professor Watson's main fields of interest in a clear and accessible form, while also making available the scholarship of some individuals who do not normally publish in English. This fully-indexed volume will be of interest to all scholars and students of Roman law, ancient Jewish and Chinese law, legal history and comparative law, and will be useful for teaching and research in these fields.

While much fundamental research in the recent past has been devoted to the criminal jury in England to 1800,there has been little work on the nineteenth century, and on the civil jury . This important study fills these obvious gaps in the literature. It also provides a re-assessment of standard issues such as jury lenity or equity, while raising questions about orthodoxies concerning the relationship of the jury to the development of laws of evidence. Moreover, re-assessment of the jury in nineteenth-century England rejects the thesis that juries were squeezed out by judges in favour of market principles. The book contributes a rounded picture of the jury as an institution, considering it in comparison to other modes of fact-finding, its development in both civil and criminal cases, and the significance, both practical and ideological, of its transplantation to North America and Scotland, while opening up new areas of investigation and research. Contributors: John W Cairns Richard D Friedman Joshua Getzler Roger D Groot Philip Handler Daffydd Jenkins Michael Lobban Grant McLeod Maureen Mulholland James C Oldham J R Pole David J Seipp