Jonathan Ben-Dov – författare

Calendars and the celebration of feasts and holidays form an important part of religious and national movements. Often they cause debate and lead to schism. It is well documented that the Qumran community followed a solar calendar which differed fundamentally from the lunar calendar observed at the Temple in Jerusalem. This volume contains texts composed by the Qumran community which delineated its calendar, considered 'God-ordained'. Some of the texts were written in a unique script known as 'Cryptic A' indicating their esoteric and secret nature.

Time has always held a fascination for human beings, who have attempted to relate to it and to make sense of it, constructing and deconstructing it through its various prisms, since time cannot be experienced in an unmediated way. This book answers the needs of a growing community of scholars and readers who are interested in this interaction. It offers a series of innovative studies by both senior and younger experts on various aspects of the construction of time in antiquity. Some articles in this book contain visual material published for the first time, while other studies update the field with new theories or apply new approaches to relevant sources. Within the study of antiquity, the book covers the disciplines of Classics and Ancient History, Assyriology, Egyptology, Ancient Judaism, and Early Christianity, with thematic contributions on rituals, festivals, astronomy, calendars, medicine, art, and narrative.

Until very recently, the idea of ancient Jewish sciences would have been considered unacceptable. Since the 1990s, Early Modern and Medieval Science in Jewish sources has been actively studied, but the consensus was that no real scientific themes could be found in earlier Judaism. This work points them out in detail and posits a new field of research: the scientific activity evident in the Dead Sea Scrolls and early Jewish pseudepigrapha. The publication of new texts and new analyses of older ones reveals crucial elements that are best illuminated by the history of science, and may have interesting consequences for it. The contributors evaluate these texts in relation to astronomy, astrology, and physiognomy, marking the first comprehensive attempt to accountfor scientific themes in Second Temple Judaism. They investigate the meaning and purpose of scientific explorations in an apocalyptic setting. An appreciation of these topics paves the way to a renewed understanding of the scientific fragments scattered throughout rabbinic literature.The book first places the Jewish material in the ancient context of the Near Eastern and Hellenistic worlds. While the Jewish texts were not on the cutting edge of scientific discovery, they find a meaningful place in the history of science, between Babylonia and Egypt, in the time period between Hipparchus and Ptolemy. Thebook uses recent advances in method to examine the contacts and networks of Jewish scholars in their ancient setting. Second, the essays here tackle the problematic concept of a national scientific tradition. Although science is nowadays often conceived as universal, the historiography of ancient Jewish sciences demonstratesthe importance of seeing the development of science in a local context. The book explores the tension between the hegemony of central scientific traditions and local scientific enterprises, showing the relevance of ancient data to contemporary postcolonial historiography of science. Finally, philosophical questions of the demarcation of science are addressed in a way that can advance the discussion of related ancient materials.Online edition available as part of the NYU Library's Ancient World Digital Library and in partnership with the Institute for the Study of the Ancient World (ISAW).

Lunar calendars suffer from an inherent uncertainty in the length of each month and the number of months in the year. Variable atmospheric conditions, weather and the acuity of the eye of an observer mean that the first sighting of the new moon crescent can never be known in advance. Calendars which rely on such observations to define the beginning of a new month therefore suffer from this lack of certainty as to whether a month will begin on a given day or the next. The papers in this volume address the question of how ancient and medieval societies lived with the uncertainties of a lunar calendar. How did lack of foreknowledge of the beginning of the month impact upon administration, the planning of festivals, and historical record keeping? Did societies replace the observation of the new moon crescent with schematic calendars or calendars based upon astronomical calculations and what were the ideological and practical consequences of such a change? The contributors to this volume address these topics from the perspectives of a variety of Ancient Near Eastern, Jewish, Ancient and Medieval European, Asian and American cultures.

Der Text Miqṣat Ma῾aśe Ha-Torah, Einiges von den Werken der Tora (4QMMT), ist eine der interessantesten Schriften unter den berühmten Texten vom Toten Meer, die um die Mitte des 20. Jahrhunderts in den Höhlen nahe der Siedlung Khirbet Qumran gefunden wurden und mittlerweile vollständig publiziert sind. Es handelt sich um ein Lehrschreiben in der Form eines Briefes, das von einem unbekannten Autor verfasst ist und sich an einen - im Singular und Plural angesprochenen - unbekannten Adressaten richtet. Das Lehrschreiben ist der älteste Zeuge aus vorchristlicher, hellenistischer Zeit für die explizite Auslegung des jüdischen Gesetzes, die sogenannte Halakha, wie sie in der späteren rabbinischen Überlieferung üblich geworden und breit bezeugt ist. Der vorliegende Band bietet nach einer Einführung in die Funde vom Toten Meer im Allgemeinen und den Text Miqṣat Ma῾aśe Ha-Torah im Speziellen eine Neuedition und Übersetzung sowie Beiträge ausgewiesener Spezialisten zu der handschriftlichen Überlieferung, der Sprache, den Inhalten sowie den literatur- und zeitgeschichtlichen Kontexten der Schrift.

Der vorliegende Band versammelt Beiträge renommierter internationaler Wissenschaftler, die im akademischen Dialog mit dem Werk von Albert Baumgarten stehen. Sie kontextualisieren antike jüdische Texte, um die Antike im Allgemeinen zu beleuchten und befassen sich mit Texten aus der klassischen Altertumswissenschaft, des hellenistischen Judentums, der Sekten zur Zeit des Zweiten Tempels, der rabbinischen Literatur und verschiedener Facetten des frühen Christentums. Darüber hinaus beschäftigen sich einige Artikel mit vergleichender Religionswissenschaft, Wissenssoziologie, Anthropologie und Wirtschaftsgeschichte. Zusammengenommen bilden die Artikel in diesem Band eine eingehende Analyse der Sozialgeschichte der Juden in der Antike.

Rather than being an isolated, primitive body of knowledge the Jewish calendar tradition of 364 days constituted an integral part of the astronomical science of the ancient world. This tradition—attested in the Dead Sea Scrolls and in the Pseudepigrapha—stands out as a coherent, novel synthesis, representing the Jewish authors’ apocalyptic worldview. The calendar is studied here both “from within”—analyzing its textual manifestations —and “from without”—via a comparison with ancient Mesopotamian astronomy. This analysis reveals that the calendrical realm constituted a significant case of inter-cultural borrowing, pertinent to similar such cases in ancient literature. Special attention is given to the “Book of Astronomy” (1 Enoch 72-82) and a variety of calendrical and liturgical texts from Qumran.