Jürgen Klüver - Böcker

This text discusses the mathematical analysis of social systems, understood in the following way: social systems consist of social actors who interact according to specific rules of interactions; the dynamics of social systems is then the consequences of these interactions, viz., the self-organization of social systems. According to particular demands of their environment, social systems are able to behave in an adaptive manner, that is they can change their rules of interaction by certain meta rules and thus generate a meta dynamics. It is possible to model and analyze mathematically both dynamics and meta dynamics, using cellular automata and genetic algorithms. These tools allow social systems theory to be carried through as precisely as the theories of natural systems, a feat that has not previously been possible. The text should be of use to researchers and graduate students in the fields of theoretical sociology and social and general systems theory and other interested scientists.

This volume deals with the question of regularities in the course of sociocultural evolution. The evolutionary process of societies is defined as the generation of social roles and their relations; a role is understood as a pair of social rules and role specific knowledge. Accordingly evolution is the growth of cultural knowledge and the development of a network of social roles. These theoretical assumptions are clarified and tested via a mathematical model, that is, a sociocultural algorithm (SCA). Computer simulations show that the evolutionary course of societies is determined by an evolutionary parameter, that is the degree of differentiation or role autonomy respectively. An additional model of cognitive ontogenesis is provided; it can be shown that cognitive ontogenesis and sociocultural evolution are interdependent processes which basically follow the same logic. These considerations and results offer an explanation for the unique evolutionary path of Western civilization.

This book originated in the last four years when we were lecturing both in communication and computer science at the University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany. Therefore, it was rather obvious for us to integrate these two sci- tific disciplines and to analyze the problem of the general logic of communicative processes by the use of suited computer models and mathematical concepts. The result of these efforts is this book and it is up to the readers if our attempts are successful. We could never have finished this study without the enthusiastic interest of many students in both sciences. Several of them are named in the book who implemented specific computer programs as part of their respective MA-thesis. We have also to thank several colleagues in communication and computer science, who supported our work in many ways. We frequently experienced that the old and venerable paradigm of especially the German University "the unity of research and teaching" (Humboldt) is far from dead and can be updated any time, provided a suited research project. Our special thanks go to Jörn Schmidt from the former Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Higher Education at our University, whose constant help was invaluable to us. Each new scientific approach is only possible because it stands, to quote Newton, “on the shoulders of giants”. Therefore, we dedicate this book in memoriam to two great pioneers in communication science, namely Claude E. Shannon and Gerold Ungeheuer.

Wie bereitet man einen Vortrag vor, was ist bei Medien zu beachten, wie geht man mit Nervosität um, wie erfasst man Stimmungen bei den Zuhörern?Wie erkennt man die eigene Rolle in einer sozialen Gruppe, wie verarbeitet man kommunikative Misserfolge und wie lernt man aus eigenen Fehlern?

In diesem Sammelband geht es darum, neue Algorithmen aus den Bereichen der Künstlichen Intelligenz (KI) und des Künstlichen Lebens (KL) und deren praktische Anwendung zu zeigen. Der wesentliche Aspekt des Bandes ist, dass in den Beiträgen exemplarisch gezeigt wird, dass und wie diese neuen Algorithmen auf praktische Probleme in sehr verschiedenen Bereichen erfolgreich eingesetzt werden können: Von der Modellierung betrieblicher Abläufe und des Managements bis zur Entscheidungsunterstützung bei der Wahl der Start- und Landebahn eines Flughafens, von der Analyse von Sensordaten bis zur Überwachung, Auswahl und Optimierung technischer Systeme sowie Alternativen für die Bildverarbeitung.

Dieses Buch ist eine Einführung in naturanaloge Techniken und verwandte formale Methoden. Zu jeder Technik werden Anwendungsbeispiele gegeben. Dargestellt werden Zellularautomaten und Boolesche Netze, Evolutionäre Algorithmen sowie Simulated Annealing, Fuzzy-Methoden, Neuronale Netze und schließlich Hybride Systeme, d.h. Koppelungen verschiedener dieser Techniken. Auf der Basis der Theorie komplexer dynamischer Systeme werden zusätzlich theoretische Grundlagen dargestellt und es wird auf die Gemeinsamkeiten der auf einen ersten Blick sehr heterogenen Techniken hingewiesen. Die Auflage wurde überarbeitet und erweitert mit aktuellen Trends wie ChatGPT.

This book is an introduction to nature-analogous techniques and related formal methods. It covers cellular automata and Boolean networks, evolutionary algorithms, as well as simulated annealing, fuzzy methods, neural networks, and finally hybrid systems, i.e., combinations of various techniques.

In diesem Buch geht es um die Programmiertechniken, die zur Implementation sog. naturanaloger Verfahren erforderlich sind. Dabei handelt es sich um Zellularautomaten, Boolesche Netze, Evolutionäre Algorithmen, Simulated Annealing, Fuzzy-Methoden und Neuronale Netze. Der Band ist wegen seiner Konzentration auf Programmiertechniken ein Ergänzungsband zu dem Buch „Modellierung von Komplexität durch naturanaloge Verfahren“. Es werden keine speziellen Programmierkenntnisse vorausgesetzt, sondern nur die Kenntnis einer der heute üblichen Sprachen wie JAVA oder C#. Die Anleitungen für das Programmieren sind in einem Pseudocode geschrieben, der auch für Anfänger verständlich ist und keine bestimmte Sprache voraussetzt. Nach erfolgreicher Lektüre sind die Leser in der Lage, selbst die genannten Modelle zu programmieren.

In diesem Buch geht es um die praktischen und theoretischen Grundlagen des Lehrens und des Lernens, konkretisiert am Beispiel des Informatikunterrichts. Der erste Teil beschreibt kurz, welche Themen für eine systematische Vorbereitung des Unterrichts erforderlich sind. Dazu gehören beispielsweise die Sachanalyse, die Bestimmung von Lernzielen und auch die Theorien aus den verschiedenen erziehungs- und sozialwissenschaftlichen Disziplinen, die hier von Belang sind. Diese Theorien sind Gegenstand des zweiten Teils, nämlich Lern-theorien, Kommunikations- und Kognitionstheorien, Theorien des sozialen Milieus, Aspekte der Gruppendynamik und Theorien sozialer Rollen. Im dritten Teil werden diese Theorien durch Computermodelle präzisiert, die mit Techniken der Künstlichen Intelligenz realisiert worden sind. Lernprozesse und sozio-kognitive Prozesse werden in den Modellen analysiert und ermöglichen dadurch ein tieferes Verständnis der Aspekte, die für Lehren und Lernen von Bedeutung sind. Gleichzeitig werden Anregungen für den Informatikunterricht – und nicht nur für diesen – gegeben, da sich die hier dargestellten Programme auch sehr gut im Unterricht einsetzen lassen. Das gilt auch andere Schulfächer, die mit Hilfe dieser Modelle interdisziplinäre Lehr- und Lernprojekte realisieren können.

The central topic of this book is the mathematical analysis of social systems, understood in the following rather classical way: social systems consist of social actors who interact according to specific rules of interactions; the dynamics of social systems is then the consequences of these interactions, viz., the self-organization of social systems. According to particular demands of their environment, social systems are able to behave in an adaptive manner, that is they can change their rules of interaction by certain meta rules and thus generate a meta dynamics. It is possible to model and analyse mathematically both dynamics and meta dynamics, using cellular automata and genetic algorithms. These tools allow social systems theory to be carried through as precisely as the theories of natural systems, a feat that has not previously been possible. Readership: Researchers and graduate students in the fields of theoretical sociology and social and general systems theory and other interested scientists. No specialised knowledge of mathematics and/or computer science is required.

The volume deals with the question of regularities in the course of sociocultural evolution. The evolutionary process of societies is defined as the generation of social roles and their relations; a role is understood as a pair of social rules and role specific knowledge. Accordingly evolution is the growth of cultural knowledge and the development of a network of social roles. These theoretical assumptions are clarified and tested via a mathematical model, i.e., a sociocultural algorithm (SCA). Computer simulations show that the evolutionary course of societies is determined by an evolutionary parameter, that is the degree of differentiation or role autonomy respectively. An additional model of cognitive ontogenesis is provided; it can be shown that cognitive ontogenesis and sociocultural evolution are interdependent processes which basically follow the same logic. These considerations and results offer an explanation for the unique evolutionary path of Western civilization.

The operation of understanding is the fundamental methodical procedure of hermeneutics and is usually seen as contradiction to scientific explanation by the usage of mathematical models. Yet understanding is the basic way in which humans organize their everyday practice, namely by understanding other people and social situations. In this book the authors demonstrate how an integration of hermeneutical understanding and scientific explanation can be done via the construction of suited geometrical models with neural networks of processes of understanding. In this sense the authors develop some kind of mathematical hermeneutics.Connecting links for the integration of the two methodical poles are the developments of particular models of Artificial Intelligence (AI), which are able to perform certain tasks of understanding.

The operation of understanding is the fundamental methodical procedure of hermeneutics and is usually seen as contradiction to scientific explanation by the usage of mathematical models. Yet understanding is the basic way in which humans organize their everyday practice, namely by understanding other people and social situations. In this book the authors demonstrate how an integration of hermeneutical understanding and scientific explanation can be done via the construction of suited geometrical models with neural networks of processes of understanding. In this sense the authors develop some kind of mathematical hermeneutics.Connecting links for the integration of the two methodical poles are the developments of particular models of Artificial Intelligence (AI), which are able to perform certain tasks of understanding.

This book originated in the last four years when we were lecturing both in communication and computer science at the University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany. Therefore, it was rather obvious for us to integrate these two sci- tific disciplines and to analyze the problem of the general logic of communicative processes by the use of suited computer models and mathematical concepts. The result of these efforts is this book and it is up to the readers if our attempts are successful. We could never have finished this study without the enthusiastic interest of many students in both sciences. Several of them are named in the book who implemented specific computer programs as part of their respective MA-thesis. We have also to thank several colleagues in communication and computer science, who supported our work in many ways. We frequently experienced that the old and venerable paradigm of especially the German University "the unity of research and teaching" (Humboldt) is far from dead and can be updated any time, provided a suited research project. Our special thanks go to Jörn Schmidt from the former Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Higher Education at our University, whose constant help was invaluable to us. Each new scientific approach is only possible because it stands, to quote Newton, “on the shoulders of giants”. Therefore, we dedicate this book in memoriam to two great pioneers in communication science, namely Claude E. Shannon and Gerold Ungeheuer.