Jyotir Moy Chatterjee – författare

Artificial Intelligence and Industry 4.0 explores recent advancements in blockchain technology and artificial intelligence (AI) as well as their crucial impacts on realizing Industry 4.0 goals. The book explores AI applications in industry including Internet of Things (IoT) and Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) technology. Chapters explore how AI (machine learning, smart cities, healthcare, Society 5.0, etc.) have numerous potential applications in the Industry 4.0 era. This book is a useful resource for researchers and graduate students in computer science researching and developing AI and the IIoT.

Explores artificial intelligence applications within the industrial manufacturing and communications sectors Presents a wide range of machine learning, computer vision, and digital twin applications across the IoT sector Explores how deep learning and cognitive computing tools enable processing vast data sets, precise and comprehensive forecast of risks, and delivering recommended actions

Machine Learning for Healthcare: Handling and Managing Data provides in-depth information about handling and managing healthcare data through machine learning methods. This book expresses the long-standing challenges in healthcare informatics and provides rational explanations of how to deal with them.Machine Learning for Healthcare: Handling and Managing Data provides techniques on how to apply machine learning within your organization and evaluate the efficacy, suitability, and efficiency of machine learning applications. These are illustrated in a case study which examines how chronic disease is being redefined through patient-led data learning and the Internet of Things. This text offers a guided tour of machine learning algorithms, architecture design, and applications of learning in healthcare. Readers will discover the ethical implications of machine learning in healthcare and the future of machine learning in population and patient health optimization. This book can also help assist in the creation of a machine learning model, performance evaluation, and the operationalization of its outcomes within organizations. It may appeal to computer science/information technology professionals and researchers working in the area of machine learning, and is especially applicable to the healthcare sector.The features of this book include: A unique and complete focus on applications of machine learning in the healthcare sector. An examination of how data analysis can be done using healthcare data and bioinformatics. An investigation of how healthcare companies can leverage the tapestry of big data to discover new business values. An exploration of the concepts of machine learning, along with recent research developments in healthcare sectors.

Machine Learning for Healthcare: Handling and Managing Data provides in-depth information about handling and managing healthcare data through machine learning methods. This book expresses the long-standing challenges in healthcare informatics and provides rational explanations of how to deal with them.Machine Learning for Healthcare: Handling and Managing Data provides techniques on how to apply machine learning within your organization and evaluate the efficacy, suitability, and efficiency of machine learning applications. These are illustrated in a case study which examines how chronic disease is being redefined through patient-led data learning and the Internet of Things. This text offers a guided tour of machine learning algorithms, architecture design, and applications of learning in healthcare. Readers will discover the ethical implications of machine learning in healthcare and the future of machine learning in population and patient health optimization. This book can also help assist in the creation of a machine learning model, performance evaluation, and the operationalization of its outcomes within organizations. It may appeal to computer science/information technology professionals and researchers working in the area of machine learning, and is especially applicable to the healthcare sector.The features of this book include: A unique and complete focus on applications of machine learning in the healthcare sector. An examination of how data analysis can be done using healthcare data and bioinformatics. An investigation of how healthcare companies can leverage the tapestry of big data to discover new business values. An exploration of the concepts of machine learning, along with recent research developments in healthcare sectors.

Deep Learning in Personalized Healthcare and Decision Support discusses the potential of deep learning technologies in the healthcare sector. The book covers the application of deep learning tools and techniques in diverse areas of healthcare, such as medical image classification, telemedicine, clinical decision support system, clinical trials, electronic health records, precision medication, Parkinson disease detection, genomics, and drug discovery. In addition, it discusses the use of DL for fraud detection and internet of things. This is a valuable resource for researchers, graduate students and healthcare professionals who are interested in learning more about deep learning applied to the healthcare sector.

Although there is an increasing interest by clinicians and healthcare workers, they still lack enough knowledge to efficiently choose and make use of technologies currently available. This book fills that knowledge gap by bringing together experts from technology and clinical fields to cover the topics in depth.

Discusses the application of deep learning in several areas of healthcare, including clinical trials, telemedicine and health records management Brings together experts in the intersection of deep learning, medicine, healthcare and programming to cover topics in an interdisciplinary way Uncovers the stakes and possibilities involved in realizing personalized healthcare services through efficient and effective deep learning technologies

Primer to Neuromorphic Computing highlights critical and ongoing research into the diverse applications of neuromorphic computing. It includes an overview of primary scientific concepts for the research topic of neuromorphic computing, such as neurons as computational units, artificial intelligence, machine learning, and neuromorphic models. It also discusses the fundamental design method and organization of neuromorphic architecture.Hardware for neuromorphic systems can be developed by exploiting the magnetic properties of different materials. These systems are more energy efficient and enable faster computation . Magnetic tunnel junctions and magnetic textures can be employed to act as neurons and synapses. Neuromorphic systems have general intelligence like humans as they can apply knowledge gained in one domain to other domains.

Discusses potential neuromorphic applications in computingPresents current trends and models in neuromorphic computing and neural network hardware architecturesShows the development of novel devices and hardware to enable neuromorphic computingOffers information about computation and learning principles for neuromorphic systemsProvides information about Neuromorphic implementations of neurobiological learning algorithmsDiscusses biologically inspired neuromorphic systems and devices (including adaptive bio interfacing and hybrid systems consisting of living matter and synthetic matter)

Federated Learning in Metaverse Healthcare: Personalized Medicine and Wellness explores the integration of the metaverse with healthcare, offering immersive experiences and personalized care. The book introduces federated learning, emphasizing its advantages over traditional centralized machine learning in healthcare. It provides a historical context and discusses the technological advancements that led to the emergence of metaverse healthcare. Privacy-preserving methods crucial for protecting sensitive healthcare data within federated learning environments are also examined, underscoring the importance of secure communication protocols. Other important points include the transformation of healthcare delivery through virtual environments, remote consultations, and immersive experiences.The role of telemedicine in facilitating remote diagnostics and consultations via virtual platforms, and the applications of augmented reality wearables for real-time health monitoring and wellness tracking are detailed. Additionally, the book discusses federated learning's ability to deliver personalized treatment plans tailored to individual patient needs, its role in predictive modeling for disease risks and prevention, as well as virtual health coaches offering personalized guidance for wellness management. The challenges and ethical dilemmas of metaverse healthcare and federated learning, along with potential solutions, are also considered.Explains privacy-preserving techniques in federated learning, such as federated averaging, differential privacy, and secure aggregation, thus ensuring the protection of sensitive healthcare dataPresents use cases and case studies that demonstrate the practical applications of federated learning in virtual healthcare settingsIllustrates its impact on patient care, medical research, and healthcare innovationContains contributions from leading experts in the fields of healthcare, artificial intelligence, and virtual reality, providing valuable insights and perspectives on the intersection of federated learning and metaverse healthcare

MetaConstructs: The Evolution of Digital Twins in the Metaverse Era provides information on emerging fields of next-generation digital twins, with a special emphasis on developments and applications in IoT, artificial intelligence, deep learning techniques, virtual reality, augmented reality, internet of medical things (IoMT), optimization techniques, decision-making, and cloud computing. The book provides a conceptual framework and roadmap for decision-makers for this transformation. The metaverse technology represents a comprehensive virtual world where everything and everyone interacts similarly to what we would do in the real world. The concept of the metaverse has gained a lot of prominence after several cryptocurrency networks adopted the technology.With the metaverse technology, virtual reality becomes a persistent virtual environment that exists even when you are not engaging with it. The digital twin in IoT (Internet of things) and the metaverse are the next big step in our technological evolution as these two technologies continue to shorten the gap between humans and the digital world.Provides a holistic discussion of digital twin and metaverse technologies, including AI, VR, AR, IoT, and IoMT.Offers insights about how DL and ML, computational intelligence, computer vision (CV), federated learning, and digital tools have numerous potential applications in the digital twin space, starting, of course, with the development of tools.Explains how to enable digital twin-based techniques and tools, and explores the real-world usage of the products they designed with all the benefits that bring.

Metaverse and AI in Healthcare: A Federated Learning Approach addresses the transformative integration of artificial intelligence and metaverse technologies in healthcare. The book fills a critical gap by exploring how federated learning enables secure, decentralized data sharing and personalized medicine in virtual health platforms, meeting urgent demands for privacy, interoperability, and innovation. The book is structured into four parts covering foundational AI and federated learning concepts, augmented reality and metaverse applications, legal and cybersecurity challenges, and emerging strategic trends.Contributors from academia and industry present chapters on predictive modeling, cybersecurity frameworks, AR fitness, legal perspectives, and AI-driven medical tourism which are supported by case studies and technical explanations. This reference equips graduate students, researchers, and professionals in academia and industry who specialize in computer science, federated learning, biomedical engineering, and digital healthcare with practical knowledge and forward-looking analysis.Explores cutting-edge AI and federated learning applications in healthcareProvides practical guidance on privacy and cybersecurity in digital healthIntegrates emerging metaverse and augmented reality technologiesPresents multidisciplinary perspectives with diverse expert contributorsIncludes real-world case studies and future trends in healthcare innovation

The purpose of this book is first to study cloud computing concepts, security concern in clouds and data centers, live migration and its importance for cloud computing, the role of firewalls in domains with particular focus on virtual machine (VM) migration and its security concerns. The book then tackles design, implementation of the frameworks and prepares test-beds for testing and evaluating VM migration procedures as well as firewall rule migration. The book demonstrates how cloud computing can produce an effective way of network management, especially from a security perspective.

The book contains several new concepts, techniques, applications and case studies for cyber securities in parallel and distributed computingThe main objective of this book is to explore the concept of cybersecurity in parallel and distributed computing along with recent research developments in the field. Also included are various real-time/offline applications and case studies in the fields of engineering and computer science and the modern tools and technologies used. Information concerning various topics relating to cybersecurity technologies is organized within the sixteen chapters of this book.Some of the important topics covered include: Research and solutions for the problem of hidden image detectionSecurity aspects of data mining and possible solution techniquesA comparative analysis of various methods used in e-commerce security and how to perform secure payment transactions in an efficient mannerBlockchain technology and how it is crucial to the security industrySecurity for the Internet of ThingsSecurity issues and challenges in distributed computing security such as heterogeneous computing, cloud computing, fog computing, etc.Demonstrates the administration task issue in unified cloud situations as a multi-target enhancement issue in light of securityExplores the concepts of cybercrime and cybersecurity and presents the statistical impact it is having on organizationsSecurity policies and mechanisms, various categories of attacks (e.g., denial-of-service), global security architecture, along with distribution of security mechanismsSecurity issues in the healthcare sector with existing solutions and emerging threats.

The purpose of this book is first to study MATLAB programming concepts, then the basic concepts of modeling and simulation analysis, particularly focus on digital communication simulation. The book will cover the topics practically to describe network routing simulation using MATLAB tool. It will cover the dimensions' like Wireless network and WSN simulation using MATLAB, then depict the modeling and simulation of vehicles power network in detail along with considering different case studies.Key features of the book include: Discusses different basics and advanced methodology with their fundamental concepts of exploration and exploitation in NETWORK SIMULATION.Elaborates practice questions and simulations in MATLABStudent-friendly and ConciseUseful for UG and PG level research scholarAimed at Practical approach for network simulation with more programs with step by step comments.Based on the Latest technologies, coverage of wireless simulation and WSN concepts and implementations

With the advancements of semantic web, ontology has become the crucial mechanism for representing concepts in various domains. For research and dispersal of customized healthcare services, a major challenge is to efficiently retrieve and analyze individual patient data from a large volume of heterogeneous data over a long time span. This requirement demands effective ontology-based information retrieval approaches for clinical information systems so that the pertinent information can be mined from large amount of distributed data.This unique and groundbreaking book highlights the key advances in ontology-based information retrieval techniques being applied in the healthcare domain and covers the following areas: Semantic data integration in e-health care systemsKeyword-based medical information retrievalOntology-based query retrieval support for e-health implementationOntologies as a database management system technology for medical information retrievalInformation integration using contextual knowledge and ontology mergingCollaborative ontology-based information indexing and retrieval in health informaticsAn ontology-based text mining framework for vulnerability assessment in health and social careAn ontology-based multi-agent system for matchmaking patient healthcare monitoringA multi-agent system for querying heterogeneous data sources with ontologies for reducing cost of customized healthcare systemsA methodology for ontology based multi agent systems developmentOntology based systems for clinical systems: validity, ethics and regulation

This book is a multi-disciplinary effort that involves world-wide experts from diverse fields, such as artificial intelligence, human computer interaction, information technology, data mining, statistics, adaptive user interfaces, decision support systems, marketing, and consumer behavior.  It comprehensively covers the topic of recommender systems, which provide personalized recommendations of items or services to the new users based on their past behavior.  Recommender system methods have been adapted to diverse applications including social networking, movie recommendation, query log mining, news recommendations, and computational advertising.This book synthesizes both fundamental and advanced topics of a research area that has now reached maturity. Recommendations in agricultural or healthcare domains and contexts, the context of a recommendation can be viewed as important side information that affects the recommendation goals. Different types of context such as temporal data, spatial data, social data, tagging data, and trustworthiness are explored. This book illustrates how this technology can support the user in decision-making, planning and purchasing processes in agricultural & healthcare sectors.

CLOUD AND IOT-BASED VEHICULAR AD HOC NETWORKS This book details the architecture behind smart cars being fitted and connected with vehicular cloud computing, IoT and VANET as part of the intelligent transport system (ITS). As technology continues to weave itself more tightly into everyday life, socioeconomic development has become intricately tied to ever-evolving innovations. An example of this is the technology being developed to address the massive increase in the number of vehicles on the road, which has resulted in more traffic congestion and road accidents. This challenge is being addressed by developing new technologies to optimize traffic management operations.This book describes the state-of-the-art of the recent developments of Internet of Things (IoT) and cloud computing-based concepts that have been introduced to improve Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks (VANET) with advanced cellular networks such as 5G networks and vehicular cloud concepts. 5G cellular networks provide consistent, faster and more reliable connections within the vehicular mobile nodes. By 2030, 5G networks will deliver the virtual reality content in VANET which will support vehicle navigation with real time communications capabilities, improving road safety and enhanced passenger comfort.In particular, the reader will learn:A range of new concepts in VANETs, integration with cloud computing and IoT, emerging wireless networking and computing models New VANET architecture, technology gap, business opportunities, future applications, worldwide applicability, challenges and drawbacks Details of the significance of 5G Networks in VANET, vehicular cloud computing, edge (fog) computing based on VANET.AudienceThe book will be widely used by researchers, automotive industry engineers, technology developers, system architects, IT specialists, policymakers and students.

SEMANTIC WEB FOR EFFECTIVE HEALTHCARE SYSTEMS The book summarizes the trends and current research advances in web semantics, delineating the existing tools, techniques, methodologies, and research solutions Semantic Web technologies have the opportunity to transform the way healthcare providers utilize technology to gain insights and knowledge from their data and make treatment decisions. Both Big Data and Semantic Web technologies can complement each other to address the challenges and add intelligence to healthcare management systems. The aim of this book is to analyze the current status on how the semantic web is used to solve health data integration and interoperability problems, and how it provides advanced data linking capabilities that can improve search and retrieval of medical data. Chapters analyze the tools and approaches to semantic health data analysis and knowledge discovery. The book discusses the role of semantic technologies in extracting and transforming healthcare data before storing it in repositories. It also discusses different approaches for integrating heterogeneous healthcare data. This innovative book offers: The first of its kind and highlights only the ontology driven information retrieval mechanisms and techniques being applied to healthcare as well as clinical information systems;Presents a comprehensive examination of the emerging research in areas of the semantic web; Discusses studies on new research areas including ontological engineering, semantic annotation and semantic sentiment analysis;Helps readers understand key concepts in semantic web applications for the biomedical engineering and healthcare fields;Includes coverage of key application areas of the semantic web.Audience: Researchers and graduate students in computer science, biomedical engineering, electronic and software engineering, as well as industry scientific researchers, clinicians, and systems managers in biomedical fields.

SMART CITY INFRASTRUCTURE The wide range of topics presented in this book have been chosen to provide the reader with a better understanding of smart cities integrated with AI and blockchain and related security issues. The goal of this book is to provide detailed, in-depth information on the state-of-the-art architecture and infrastructure used to develop smart cities using the Internet of Things (IoT), artificial intelligence (AI), and blockchain security—the key technologies of the fourth industrial revolution. The book outlines the theoretical concepts, experimental studies, and various smart city applications that create value for inhabitants of urban areas. Several issues that have arisen with the advent of smart cities and novel solutions to resolve these issues are presented. The IoT along with the integration of blockchain and AI provides efficient, safe, secure, and transparent ways to solve different types of social, governmental, and demographic issues in the dynamic urban environment. A top-down strategy is adopted to introduce the architecture, infrastructure, features, and security. Audience The core audience is researchers in artificial intelligence, information technology, electronic and electrical engineering, systems engineering, industrial engineering as well as government and city planners.

Machine Learning Approach for Cloud Data Analytics in IoT The book covers the multidimensional perspective of machine learning through the perspective of cloud computing and Internet of Things ranging from fundamentals to advanced applications Sustainable computing paradigms like cloud and fog are capable of handling issues related to performance, storage and processing, maintenance, security, efficiency, integration, cost, energy and latency in an expeditious manner. In order to expedite decision-making involved in the complex computation and processing of collected data, IoT devices are connected to the cloud or fog environment. Since machine learning as a service provides the best support in business intelligence, organizations have been making significant investments in this technology. Machine Learning Approach for Cloud Data Analytics in IoT elucidates some of the best practices and their respective outcomes in cloud and fog computing environments. It focuses on all the various research issues related to big data storage and analysis, large-scale data processing, knowledge discovery and knowledge management, computational intelligence, data security and privacy, data representation and visualization, and data analytics. The featured technologies presented in the book optimizes various industry processes using business intelligence in engineering and technology. Light is also shed on cloud-based embedded software development practices to integrate complex machines so as to increase productivity and reduce operational costs. The various practices of data science and analytics which are used in all sectors to understand big data and analyze massive data patterns are also detailed in the book.

CYBER-PHYSICAL SYSTEMS The 13 chapters in this book cover the various aspects associated with Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) such as algorithms, application areas, and the improvement of existing technology such as machine learning, big data and robotics. Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) is the interconnection of the virtual or cyber and the physical system. It is realized by combining three well-known technologies, namely “Embedded Systems,” “Sensors and Actuators,” and “Network and Communication Systems.” These technologies combine to form a system known as CPS. In CPS, the physical process and information processing are so tightly connected that it is hard to distinguish the individual contribution of each process from the output. Some exciting innovations such as autonomous cars, quadcopter, spaceships, sophisticated medical devices fall under CPS. The scope of CPS is tremendous. In CPS, one sees the applications of various emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI), Internet of Things (IoT), machine learning (ML), deep learning (DL), big data (BD), robotics, quantum technology, etc. In almost all sectors, whether it is education, health, human resource development, skill improvement, startup strategy, etc., one sees an enhancement in the quality of output because of the emergence of CPS into the field. AudienceResearchers in Information technology, artificial intelligence, robotics, electronics and electrical engineering.

A ROADMAP FOR ENABLING INDUSTRY 4.0 BY ARTIFICAIAL INTELLIGENCE The book presents comprehensive and up-to-date technological solutions to the main aspects regarding the applications of artificial intelligence to Industry 4.0. The industry 4.0 vision has been discussed for quite a while and the enabling technologies are now mature enough to turn this vision into a grand reality sooner rather than later. The fourth industrial revolution, or Industry 4.0, involves the infusion of technology-enabled deeper and decisive automation into manufacturing processes and activities. Several information and communication technologies (ICT) are being integrated and used towards attaining manufacturing process acceleration and augmentation. This book explores and educates the recent advancements in blockchain technology, artificial intelligence, supply chains in manufacturing, cryptocurrencies, and their crucial impact on realizing the Industry 4.0 goals. The book thus provides a conceptual framework and roadmap for decision-makers for implementing this transformation. Audience Computer and artificial intelligence scientists, information and communication technology specialists, and engineers in electronics and industrial manufacturing will find this book very useful.

Artificial Intelligence-Based System Models in Healthcare provides a comprehensive and insightful guide to the transformative applications of AI in the healthcare system. This book is a groundbreaking exploration of the synergies between artificial intelligence and healthcare innovation. In an era where technological advancements are reshaping the landscape of medical practices, this book provides a comprehensive and insightful guide to the transformative applications of AI in healthcare systems. From conceptual foundations to practical implementations, the book serves as a roadmap for understanding the intricate relationships between AI-based system models and the evolution of healthcare delivery. The first section delves into the fundamental role of technology in reshaping the healthcare landscape. With a focus on daily life activities, decision support systems, vision-based management, and semantic frameworks, this section lays the groundwork for understanding the pivotal role of AI in revolutionizing traditional healthcare approaches. Each chapter offers a unique perspective, emphasizing the intricate integration of technology into healthcare ecosystems. The second section takes a deep dive into specific applications of AI, ranging from predictive analysis and machine learning to deep learning, image analysis, and biomedical text processing. With a focus on decision-making support systems, this section aims to demystify the complex world of AI algorithms in healthcare, offering valuable insights into their practical implications and potential impact on patient outcomes. The final section addresses the modernization of healthcare practices and envisions the future landscape of AI applications. From medical imaging and diagnostics to predicting ventilation needs in intensive care units, modernizing health record maintenance, natural language processing, chatbots for medical inquiries, secured health insurance management, and glimpses into the future, the book concludes by exploring the frontiers of AI-driven healthcare innovations. Audience This book is intended for researchers and postgraduate students in artificial intelligence and the biomedical and healthcare sectors. Medical administrators, policymakers and regulatory specialists will also have an interest.

This new volume looks at the electrifying world of blockchain technology and how it has been revolutionizing the Internet of Things and cyber-physical systems. Aimed primarily at business users and developers who are considering blockchain-based projects, the volume provides a comprehensive introduction to the theoretical and practical aspects of blockchain technology. It presents a selection of chapters on topics that cover new information on blockchain and bitcoin security, IoT security threats and attacks, privacy issues, fault-tolerance mechanisms, and more. Some major software packages are discussed, and it also addresses the legal issues currently affecting the field. The information presented here is relevant to current and future problems relating to blockchain technology and will provide the tools to build efficient decentralized applications.Blockchain technology and the IoT can profoundly change how the world—and businesses—work, and this book provides a window into the current world of blockchain. No longer limited to just Bitcoin, blockchain technology has spread into many sectors and into a significant number of different technologies.

This new volume looks at the electrifying world of blockchain technology and how it has been revolutionizing the Internet of Things and cyber-physical systems. Aimed primarily at business users and developers who are considering blockchain-based projects, the volume provides a comprehensive introduction to the theoretical and practical aspects of blockchain technology. It presents a selection of chapters on topics that cover new information on blockchain and bitcoin security, IoT security threats and attacks, privacy issues, fault-tolerance mechanisms, and more. Some major software packages are discussed, and it also addresses the legal issues currently affecting the field. The information presented here is relevant to current and future problems relating to blockchain technology and will provide the tools to build efficient decentralized applications.Blockchain technology and the IoT can profoundly change how the world—and businesses—work, and this book provides a window into the current world of blockchain. No longer limited to just Bitcoin, blockchain technology has spread into many sectors and into a significant number of different technologies.

IoT-enabled healthcare technologies can be used for remote health monitoring, rehabilitation assessment and assisted ambient living. Healthcare analytics can be applied to the data gathered from these different areas to improve healthcare outcomes by providing clinicians with real-world, real-time data so they can more easily support and advise their patients.The book explores the application of AI systems to analyse patient data and guide interventions. IoT-based monitoring systems and their security challenges are also discussed.The book is designed to be a reference for healthcare informatics researchers, developers, practitioners, and people who are interested in the personalised healthcare sector. The book will be a valuable reference tool for those who identify and develop methodologies, frameworks, tools, and applications for working with medical big data and researchers in computer engineering, healthcare electronics, device design and related fields.

These sophisticated, smart healthcare applications are possible thanks to a growing ecosystem of healthcare sensors and actuators, new ad hoc and application-specific sensor and actuator networks, and advances in data capture, processing, storage, and mining.

These sophisticated, smart healthcare applications are possible thanks to a growing ecosystem of healthcare sensors and actuators, new ad hoc and application-specific sensor and actuator networks, and advances in data capture, processing, storage, and mining.

This unique book introduces a variety of techniques designed to represent, enhance and empower multi-disciplinary and multi-institutional machine learning research in healthcare informatics.

This unique book introduces a variety of techniques designed to represent, enhance and empower multi-disciplinary and multi-institutional machine learning research in healthcare informatics.

This book offers a holistic approach to the Internet of Things (IoT) model, covering both the technologies and their applications, focusing on uniquely identifiable objects and their virtual representations in an Internet-like structure.