Metin Kozak - Böcker

The aim of this book are two-fold: (1) to evaluate the current progress of theoretical approaches to tourism marketing and (2) to show the ways to further develop the concept of tourism marketing for application within tourist destinations and individual businesses and evaluate its potential impact on performance improvement. The structure is based upon the inclusion of an introduction and four main parts, namely IT marketing, destination competitiveness, image measurement, and consumer behaviour. There is a brief introduction for each part prior to the discussion of specific chapters just to make the readers familiar with their content. The editors believe that there is a need for information on how to better apply both traditional and contemporary marketing tools in order to be more competitive within the international arena.Metin Kozak serves as an Associate Professor of Marketing in the School of Tourism and Hotel Management, Mugla University, Turkey. Also, he is a visiting fellow in the Department of Marketing, University of Namur, Belgium. Following a successful career within the last five years (since the approval of PhD degree in 2000), Metin has received two awards to mark his achievements. In 2001, his PhD dissertation on benchmarking was nominated, by the EFQM- EU, among the best three PhD studies on TQM. In 2004, by a committee of the Turkish Tourism Investors’ Association, he was awarded the grand prize of the tourism researcher of the year 2003 in Turkey. He has published mainly in tourism journals and authored a book on Destination Benchmarking. His main research interests focus on consumer behavior, benchmarking, competitiveness, cross-cultural research, destination management and marketing, and European tourist markets.Luisa Andreu is Assistant Professor of Marketing in the Department of Marketing, University of Valencia, Spain. She obtained her Master's degree in Tourism from the International Centre for Tourism, Bournemouth University, UK, and a Ph.D. in Business Administration from the University of Valencia, Spain. She is a member of the Spanish Association of Scientifics in Tourism. She has published various articles in Annals of Tourism Research, Tourism Management, European Journal of Marketing, Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing, among others. She has presented papers at several conferences organized by the European Marketing Academy, Academy of Marketing Science, CPTHL, and State of the Art: Tourism. She has also involved in numerous academic and industrial projects. Her research interests include consumer behavior and cross-cultural issues in service marketing.

According to the World Tourism Organization (UNWTO), international tourists engaging in cultural activities accounted for more than 500 million of international tourist numbers in 2017. City tourism relies on culture as a major product, providing benefits not only for interested visitors, but also for the local resident population. New trends in tourism include "experiential tourism", where the interactions between tourists and residents become a key part of the tourism experience and overall customer satisfaction. New technologies and IT applications allow tourists to design their own trip, given the presence of global companies like Trip Advisor, Booking.com and AirBnB.This comprehensive volume explores new trends in cultural tourism, demonstrating how and why culture has become a central factor in tourism. The authors analyse a wide range of relevant issues, including: how heritage-based and cultural tourism could contribute to the sustainability of destinations; the increase of religious travels to and within Arab countries; and how cultural tourism fosters understanding among people and cultures, and could even potentially help to consolidate peace at a regional level. The book also analyses interactions between hosts (the local residents) and guests (the cultural visitors), revisiting the pioneer hippy travelling experiences in Turkey of the 1960s and how they shaped youth culture.This book will be of great interest to students and researchers of cultural tourism. The chapters were originally published in the journal Anatolia.

Assuming an international perspective, Chinese Tourist Outbound Behaviour presents an insightful exploration of the evolution of China’s tourism market, explores Chinese tourists’ behaviour, and considers how the country’s tourism landscape will expand in the future. Featuring 16 chapters compiled and written by industry experts representing 11 countries, this collection offers a vivid profile of Chinese tourists and the characteristics distinguishing them from other market segments. This book coincides with the growing interest in Chinese tourism and tourist behaviour as the top market in the world in terms of tourism spending and arrival numbers, presenting an overview of Chinese tourist segments and travel-related concerns to paint a clear picture of the market’s status. Chapters address the future of Chinese tourism, providing industry stakeholders an up-to-date view on this valuable market along with suggestions to best harness the market’s power.Providing an up-to-date exploration of numerous contemporary issues, this book will be valuable to a wide audience, including advanced students in tourism, hospitality and leisure and recreation studies and stakeholders, authorities, establishments and employees within the tourism industry. This book offers readers greater knowledge about the past, present and future of the Chinese outbound tourism market.

Assuming an international perspective, Chinese Tourist Outbound Behaviour presents an insightful exploration of the evolution of China’s tourism market, explores Chinese tourists’ behaviour, and considers how the country’s tourism landscape will expand in the future. Featuring 16 chapters compiled and written by industry experts representing 11 countries, this collection offers a vivid profile of Chinese tourists and the characteristics distinguishing them from other market segments. This book coincides with the growing interest in Chinese tourism and tourist behaviour as the top market in the world in terms of tourism spending and arrival numbers, presenting an overview of Chinese tourist segments and travel-related concerns to paint a clear picture of the market’s status. Chapters address the future of Chinese tourism, providing industry stakeholders an up-to-date view on this valuable market along with suggestions to best harness the market’s power.Providing an up-to-date exploration of numerous contemporary issues, this book will be valuable to a wide audience, including advanced students in tourism, hospitality and leisure and recreation studies and stakeholders, authorities, establishments and employees within the tourism industry. This book offers readers greater knowledge about the past, present and future of the Chinese outbound tourism market.

According to the World Tourism Organization (UNWTO), international tourists engaging in cultural activities accounted for more than 500 million of international tourist numbers in 2017. City tourism relies on culture as a major product, providing benefits not only for interested visitors, but also for the local resident population. New trends in tourism include "experiential tourism", where the interactions between tourists and residents become a key part of the tourism experience and overall customer satisfaction. New technologies and IT applications allow tourists to design their own trip, given the presence of global companies like Trip Advisor, Booking.com and AirBnB.This comprehensive volume explores new trends in cultural tourism, demonstrating how and why culture has become a central factor in tourism. The authors analyse a wide range of relevant issues, including: how heritage-based and cultural tourism could contribute to the sustainability of destinations; the increase of religious travels to and within Arab countries; and how cultural tourism fosters understanding among people and cultures, and could even potentially help to consolidate peace at a regional level. The book also analyses interactions between hosts (the local residents) and guests (the cultural visitors), revisiting the pioneer hippy travelling experiences in Turkey of the 1960s and how they shaped youth culture.This book will be of great interest to students and researchers of cultural tourism. The chapters were originally published in the journal Anatolia.

This volume provides original insight into the operational opportunities, challenges and constraints in managing Tourism Destination Marketing. It explores how the various tourist destination systems including tourist, places (as seen by the tourist), public and private tourism organisations and the social and physical environment can effectively communicate and co operate together at a profit for each. Advances in Destination Marketing offers a comprehensive review of a wide range of aspects related to marketing tourism products including networks in destinations, consumer experiences in destinations, destination branding, destination image, events in destinations and destination tourism products. Throughout the book a network analysis perspective is applied to offer alternative solutions of how each system can share network knowledge and system knowledge so profits can be created effectively and maximised. The exploration of new topics such as Destination Networks and Destination Branding as well as original international empirical research and case studies from well known researchers in the area, provides new thinking on Marketing Tourism Destinations.The relevance of the arguments and the salient conclusions are valuable in the study of an ever dynamic and burgeoning industry. This stimulating volume will be of interest to higher level students, academics, researchers within Tourism and practitioners in the industry.

In today’s highly competitive and global economy, understanding tourist behavior is imperative to success. Tourist behavior has become a cornerstone of any marketing strategy and action. Choosing, buying and consuming tourism/travel products and services includes a range of psycho-social processes and a number of personal and environmental influences that researchers and managers should take into account. This book provides an overview of such processes and influences and explains the basic concepts and theories that underlie tourist decision-making and behavior. It also incorporates a number of cases studies in order to aid readers to better appraise the application of those concepts and theories. The Handbook of Tourist Behavior will be of significant interest to researchers and students in tourism, leisure, marketing and psychology, and also to practitioners in the tourism industry.

Destination marketing is more challenging than other goods and services. The basis of competitive advantage shifts from tourism resources only (destination marketing) to a location-based or city-wide integrated management (place marketing). In this book, tourism scholars Metin Kozak and Seyhmus Baloglu discuss and synthesize theories, models, techniques, and principles for strategic marketing and management of tourist destinations, and demonstrate ways in which to further develop the concept of destination competitiveness for application within these destinations. The authors highlight the need for managing brand equity, tourist experience, and information systems, as well as involving internal and external stakeholders in strategic planning and implementation. This book offers practical information directly related to the tourism industry, using the examples of real-world cases to bridge marketing theory with practice. With its international focus and applications for developing a competitive advantage in today's global marketplace, this research will be indispensable to students and scholars of tourism, hospitality, and leisure and recreation programs, as well as practitioners within these industries.

Destination marketing is more challenging than other goods and services. The basis of competitive advantage shifts from tourism resources only (destination marketing) to a location-based or city-wide integrated management (place marketing). In this book, tourism scholars Metin Kozak and Seyhmus Baloglu discuss and synthesize theories, models, techniques, and principles for strategic marketing and management of tourist destinations, and demonstrate ways in which to further develop the concept of destination competitiveness for application within these destinations. The authors highlight the need for managing brand equity, tourist experience, and information systems, as well as involving internal and external stakeholders in strategic planning and implementation. This book offers practical information directly related to the tourism industry, using the examples of real-world cases to bridge marketing theory with practice. With its international focus and applications for developing a competitive advantage in today's global marketplace, this research will be indispensable to students and scholars of tourism, hospitality, and leisure and recreation programs, as well as practitioners within these industries.

In today’s highly competitive and global economy, understanding tourist behavior is imperative to success. Tourist behavior has become a cornerstone of any marketing strategy and action. Choosing, buying and consuming tourism/travel products and services includes a range of psycho-social processes and a number of personal and environmental influences that researchers and managers should take into account. This book provides an overview of such processes and influences and explains the basic concepts and theories that underlie tourist decision-making and behavior. It also incorporates a number of cases studies in order to aid readers to better appraise the application of those concepts and theories. The Handbook of Tourist Behavior will be of significant interest to researchers and students in tourism, leisure, marketing and psychology, and also to practitioners in the tourism industry.

Develops a specific benchmarking methodology relevant to international tourism destinations. This book evaluates different approaches to benchmarking, and their application within tourism destinations. The book considers organization benchmarking - performance evaluation of a particular organization and its departments - and destination benchmarking, which involves all elements such as transport services, airport services, accommodation, leisure and sport, hospitality and local attitudes.

This book emphasises the work, the remarkable contributions, and the lifetime achievements of internationally respected scholars who have made lifelong contribution to advancing tourism studies and the dissemination of tourism–based knowledge and education across the world.Strengthening a field and its ability to form the own traditions is undoubtedly possible with a bridge to be established between the past, present and future. The capacity of research carried out today and in the future is built on the outputs of education and research completed in the past, adding new links to the chain. The history of tourism studies and education dates to the early years of the 20th century and began recording a momentum in its second half. There is, therefore, a lot more to do in terms of the institutionalization of such a young and dynamic field and this book aims to introduce tourism scholars with their widest geographical representation, dating from the first years of tourism research back in the early 1900s.Volume I of IV includes tributes to 20 scholars who have defined tourism as an object of academic study, established its foundations and organisations, and widened its scope to encompass thousands of empirical studies. Each of these volumes contains different profiles thereby bringing 80 of the pioneers in tourism more vividly to life.This book was originally published as a special issue of Anatolia: An International Journal of Tourism & Hospitality Research.

This book emphasises the work, the remarkable contributions, and the lifetime achievements of internationally respected scholars who have made lifelong contribution to advancing tourism studies and the dissemination of tourism–based knowledge and education across the world.Strengthening a field and its ability to form the own traditions is undoubtedly possible with a bridge to be established between the past, present and future. The capacity of research carried out today and in the future is built on the outputs of education and research completed in the past, adding new links to the chain. The history of tourism studies and education dates to the early years of the 20th century and began recording a momentum in its second half. There is, therefore, a lot more to do in terms of the institutionalization of such a young and dynamic field and this book aims to introduce tourism scholars with their widest geographical representation, dating from the first years of tourism research back in the early 1900s.Volume I of IV includes tributes to 20 scholars who have defined tourism as an object of academic study, established its foundations and organisations, and widened its scope to encompass thousands of empirical studies. Each of these volumes contains different profiles thereby bringing 80 of the pioneers in tourism more vividly to life.This book was originally published as a special issue of Anatolia: An International Journal of Tourism & Hospitality Research.

This book emphasises the work, the remarkable contributions, and the lifetime achievements of internationally respected scholars who have made lifelong contribution to advancing tourism studies and the dissemination of tourism–based knowledge and education across the world.Strengthening a field and its ability to form the own traditions is undoubtedly possible with a bridge to be established between the past, present and future. The capacity of research carried out today and in the future is built on the outputs of education and research completed in the past, adding new links to the chain. The history of tourism studies and education dates to the early years of the 20th century and began recording a momentum in its second half. There is, therefore, a lot more to do in terms of the institutionalization of such a young and dynamic field and this book aims to introduce tourism scholars with their widest geographical representation, dating from the first years of tourism research back in the early 1900s.Volume II of IV includes tributes to 20 scholars who have defined tourism as an object of academic study, established its foundations and organisations, and widened its scope to encompass thousands of empirical studies. Each of these volumes contains different profiles thereby bringing 80 of the pioneers in tourism more vividly to life.This book was originally published as a special issue of Anatolia: An International Journal of Tourism & Hospitality Research.

This book emphasises the work, the remarkable contributions, and the lifetime achievements of internationally respected scholars who have made lifelong contribution to advancing tourism studies and the dissemination of tourism–based knowledge and education across the world.Strengthening a field and its ability to form the own traditions is undoubtedly possible with a bridge to be established between the past, present and future. The capacity of research carried out today and in the future is built on the outputs of education and research completed in the past, adding new links to the chain. The history of tourism studies and education dates to the early years of the 20th century and began recording a momentum in its second half. There is, therefore, a lot more to do in terms of the institutionalization of such a young and dynamic field and this book aims to introduce tourism scholars with their widest geographical representation, dating from the first years of tourism research back in the early 1900s.Volume II of IV includes tributes to 20 scholars who have defined tourism as an object of academic study, established its foundations and organisations, and widened its scope to encompass thousands of empirical studies. Each of these volumes contains different profiles thereby bringing 80 of the pioneers in tourism more vividly to life.This book was originally published as a special issue of Anatolia: An International Journal of Tourism & Hospitality Research.

This international case study book provides 27 expertly curated case studies on the topic of tourism marketing, each with detailed implementation instructions for the instructor in order to maximise student participation and learning.The dynamic characteristic of the industry under the influence of micro and macro environment factors requires future professionals to be equipped with appropriate skills and competencies to deal with such factors in real-life practices. Curated and developed by industry experts and practitioners, these case studies embody real-world scenarios with the aim of best preparing students for their future careers. This compelling set of case studies follows a logical and uniform structure and covers topics such as marketing mix, crisis management, digital marketing, quality development, product development and sustainability. With reflective questions throughout to aid both in-class discussion and self-study, this book is an ideal study resource for use in higher and vocational education, and its unique, teaching-led approach positions it as a vital study tool for instructors and students alike.

This international case study book provides 27 expertly curated case studies on the topic of tourism marketing, each with detailed implementation instructions for the instructor in order to maximise student participation and learning.The dynamic characteristic of the industry under the influence of micro and macro environment factors requires future professionals to be equipped with appropriate skills and competencies to deal with such factors in real-life practices. Curated and developed by industry experts and practitioners, these case studies embody real-world scenarios with the aim of best preparing students for their future careers. This compelling set of case studies follows a logical and uniform structure and covers topics such as marketing mix, crisis management, digital marketing, quality development, product development and sustainability. With reflective questions throughout to aid both in-class discussion and self-study, this book is an ideal study resource for use in higher and vocational education, and its unique, teaching-led approach positions it as a vital study tool for instructors and students alike.

This international case study book provides 27 expertly curated case studies on the topic of events management, each with detailed implementation instructions for the instructor in order to maximise student participation and learning. Embellished with questions, diagrams and data throughout, these case studies have been developed by industry experts and practitioners with the aim of creating a more interactive teaching experience focused on ‘real world’ scenarios within the events industry. Each case study is logically structured and includes an aim and objectives, expected learning outcomes, required background knowledge, steps of implementation in class or online, as well as suggestions for further reading resources. Topics covered range from macro impacts of events on destinations to success criteria in event operations, with the aim of preparing future professionals and equipping them with the necessary skills and competencies to succeed within the events industry. Easy to use and international in scope, this volume is an ideal study resource for use in higher and vocational education, and its unique, teaching-led approach positions it as a vital study tool for instructors and students alike.

This international case study book provides 27 expertly curated case studies on the topic of events management, each with detailed implementation instructions for the instructor in order to maximise student participation and learning. Embellished with questions, diagrams and data throughout, these case studies have been developed by industry experts and practitioners with the aim of creating a more interactive teaching experience focused on ‘real world’ scenarios within the events industry. Each case study is logically structured and includes an aim and objectives, expected learning outcomes, required background knowledge, steps of implementation in class or online, as well as suggestions for further reading resources. Topics covered range from macro impacts of events on destinations to success criteria in event operations, with the aim of preparing future professionals and equipping them with the necessary skills and competencies to succeed within the events industry. Easy to use and international in scope, this volume is an ideal study resource for use in higher and vocational education, and its unique, teaching-led approach positions it as a vital study tool for instructors and students alike.

This book emphasises the work, the remarkable contributions, and the lifetime achievements of internationally respected scholars who have made lifelong contribution to advancing tourism studies and the dissemination of tourism–based knowledge and education across the world.Strengthening a field and its ability to form the own traditions is undoubtedly possible with a bridge to be established between the past, present and future. The capacity of research carried out today and in the future is built on the outputs of education and research completed in the past, adding new links to the chain. The history of tourism studies and education dates to the early years of the 20th century and began recording a momentum in its second half. There is, therefore, a lot more to do in terms of the institutionalization of such a young and dynamic field and this book aims to introduce tourism scholars with their widest geographical representation, dating from the first years of tourism research back in the early 1900s.Volume III of IV includes tributes to 20 scholars who have defined tourism as an object of academic study, established its foundations and organisations, and widened its scope to encompass thousands of empirical studies. Each of these volumes contains different profiles thereby bringing 80 of the pioneers in tourism more vividly to life.This book was originally published as a special issue of Anatolia: An International Journal of Tourism & Hospitality Research.

This book emphasises the work, the remarkable contributions, and the lifetime achievements of internationally respected scholars who have made lifelong contribution to advancing tourism studies and the dissemination of tourism–based knowledge and education across the world.Strengthening a field and its ability to form the own traditions is undoubtedly possible with a bridge to be established between the past, present and future. The capacity of research carried out today and in the future is built on the outputs of education and research completed in the past, adding new links to the chain. The history of tourism studies and education dates to the early years of the 20th century and began recording a momentum in its second half. There is, therefore, a lot more to do in terms of the institutionalization of such a young and dynamic field and this book aims to introduce tourism scholars with their widest geographical representation, dating from the first years of tourism research back in the early 1900s.Volume III of IV includes tributes to 20 scholars who have defined tourism as an object of academic study, established its foundations and organisations, and widened its scope to encompass thousands of empirical studies. Each of these volumes contains different profiles thereby bringing 80 of the pioneers in tourism more vividly to life.This book was originally published as a special issue of Anatolia: An International Journal of Tourism & Hospitality Research.

This significant book sheds light on the possibilities and importance of undertaking interdisciplinary research between tourism and adjacent disciplines in order to further promote the values and contributions of tourism research in both academia and society.The book critically explores the nexus between interdisciplinary research and tourism while also unpacking methods of tourism education through the lens of interdisciplinary research. Drawing on cutting-edge interdisciplinary tourism research, this volume ranges across various geographical regions and covers important contemporary themes such as gender tourism, senior leisure tourism, and the impacts of health and wellbeing on tourism experience.Written by leading academics, this insightful volume will be of interest to students and researchers working in tourism, sociology, anthropology, geography, and related disciplines.

This significant book sheds light on the nexus between tourism and sustainability through an interdisciplinary research lens to showcase tourism’s power in shaping a responsible society and sustainable tourism future.It achieves this by critically exploring core themes on climate change, AI, destination marketing strategies, smart cities, animal centrism, open-source intelligence and tourism from a wide range of disciplinary perspectives. It includes cutting-edge tourism interdisciplinary research with absolute freedom from different geographical regions.Written by leading academics, this significant volume will be of interest to students, researchers and academics interested in tourism and development studies, sociology, anthropology, leisure and geography.

This international case study book provides 28 expertly curated case studies on the topic of food tourism, each with detailed implementation instructions for the instructor to maximise student participation and learning.Embellished with questions, diagrams and data throughout, these case studies have been developed by academic and industry experts with the aim of creating a more interactive teaching experience focused on 'real-world' scenarios within food tourism. Each case study is logically structured and includes an aim and objectives, expected learning outcomes, required background knowledge, steps of implementation in class or online, as well as suggestions for further reading resources. Topics covered range from locally oriented gastronomy identity to innovation and sustainability, with the aim of preparing future professionals and equipping them with the necessary skills and competencies to succeed within the industry.Easy to use and international in scope, this volume is an ideal study resource for use in higher and vocational education, and its unique, teaching-led approach positions it as a vital study tool for instructors and students alike.

This international case study book provides 28 expertly curated case studies on the topic of food tourism, each with detailed implementation instructions for the instructor to maximise student participation and learning.Embellished with questions, diagrams and data throughout, these case studies have been developed by academic and industry experts with the aim of creating a more interactive teaching experience focused on 'real-world' scenarios within food tourism. Each case study is logically structured and includes an aim and objectives, expected learning outcomes, required background knowledge, steps of implementation in class or online, as well as suggestions for further reading resources. Topics covered range from locally oriented gastronomy identity to innovation and sustainability, with the aim of preparing future professionals and equipping them with the necessary skills and competencies to succeed within the industry.Easy to use and international in scope, this volume is an ideal study resource for use in higher and vocational education, and its unique, teaching-led approach positions it as a vital study tool for instructors and students alike.

This Handbook evaluates cutting-edge research on consumer behavior in the modern day, discussing key areas such as emerging tourism experiences and technology-enabled services.Presenting a comprehensive exploration of how global challenges are reshaping consumer behaviors in tourism, the Handbook investigates the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic alongside key issues such as climate change, aging populations and worldwide geopolitical tensions. Featuring interdisciplinary theoretical and empirical research, chapters examine post-pandemic travel and sustainability in tourism, highlighting a shift in the use of social media and in responsible travel behavior. Looking to the future, the Handbook also investigates wellness and health tourism post-pandemic alongside the concept of virtual reality tourism.The Handbook of Tourism and Consumer Behavior provides insightful research findings that academics in tourism and hospitality will find invaluable when applying consumer behavior to worldwide tourism. Researchers seeking comprehensive material on tourism, marketing, psychology and public health will find the included case studies informative and practical.

This book advances the current literature on destination marketing by using innovative up-to-date case studies from a wide geographical representation. The contributors examine new methods and marketing approaches used within the field through a combination of theoretical and practical approaches. With discussions of topics including image, branding, attractions and competitiveness, the chapters in this volume offer new insight into contemporary developments such as medical tourism, Islamic tourism and film-induced tourism. Presenting detailed findings and a range of methodologies, ranging from surveys to travel writings and ethnography, this book will be of interest to students, scholars and practitioners in the fields of tourism and marketing.

This book advances the current literature on destination marketing by using innovative up-to-date case studies from a wide geographical representation. The contributors examine new methods and marketing approaches used within the field through a combination of theoretical and practical approaches. With discussions of topics including image, branding, attractions and competitiveness, the chapters in this volume offer new insight into contemporary developments such as medical tourism, Islamic tourism and film-induced tourism. Presenting detailed findings and a range of methodologies, ranging from surveys to travel writings and ethnography, this book will be of interest to students, scholars and practitioners in the fields of tourism and marketing.

This volume provides original insight into the operational opportunities, challenges and constraints in managing Tourism Destination Marketing. It explores how the various tourist destination systems including tourist, places (as seen by the tourist), public and private tourism organisations and the social and physical environment can effectively communicate and co operate together at a profit for each. Advances in Destination Marketing offers a comprehensive review of a wide range of aspects related to marketing tourism products including networks in destinations, consumer experiences in destinations, destination branding, destination image, events in destinations and destination tourism products. Throughout the book a network analysis perspective is applied to offer alternative solutions of how each system can share network knowledge and system knowledge so profits can be created effectively and maximised. The exploration of new topics such as Destination Networks and Destination Branding as well as original international empirical research and case studies from well known researchers in the area, provides new thinking on Marketing Tourism Destinations.The relevance of the arguments and the salient conclusions are valuable in the study of an ever dynamic and burgeoning industry. This stimulating volume will be of interest to higher level students, academics, researchers within Tourism and practitioners in the industry.