Michael S. Shur - Böcker

GaAs devices and integrated circuits have emerged as leading contenders for ultra-high-speed applications. This book is intended to be a reference for a rapidly growing GaAs community of researchers and graduate students. It was written over several years and parts of it were used for courses on GaAs devices and integrated circuits and on heterojunction GaAs devices developed and taught at the University of Minnesota. Many people helped me in writing this book. I would like to express my deep gratitude to Professor Lester Eastman of Cornell University, whose ideas and thoughts inspired me and helped to determine the direction of my research work for many years. I also benefited from numerous discussions with his students and associates and from the very atmosphere of the pursuit of excellence which exists in his group. I would like to thank my former and present co-workers and colleagues-Drs. Levinstein and Gelmont of the A. F. Ioffe Institute of Physics and Technology, Professor Melvin Shaw of Wayne State University, Dr. Kastalsky of Bell Communi­ cations, Professor Gary Robinson of Colorado State University, Professor Tony Valois, and Dr. Tim Drummond of Sandia Labs-for their contributions to our joint research and for valuable discussions. My special thanks to Professor Morko.;, for his help, his ideas, and the example set by his pioneering work. Since 1978 I have been working with engineers from Honeywell, Inc.-Drs.

This book gives readers enough knowledge of the required principles so they can adapt the knowledge to new materials and types of devices. As device dimensions shrink and more exotic compound semiconductor materials are used in electronic circuits, the physics involved in understanding the device behavior becomes more complicated and more fascinating.

This book is a useful reference for practicing electrical engineers as well as a textbook for a junior/senior or graduate level course in electrical engineering. The authors combine two subjects: device modeling and circuit simulation - by providing a large number of well-prepared examples of circuit simulations immediately following the description of many device models.

A thorough reference that sheds light on the promising field of solid-state lightingSolid-state lighting is a rapidly emerging field. Light Emitting Diodes are already used in traffic signals, signage/contour lighting, large area displays, and automotive applications. But its greatest future lies in the possibility of applying solid-state lamps to general lighting. Solid-state lighting promises to reduce energy consumption as much as fifty percent, cut down on carbon-dioxide emission, and even spur the development of a completely new lighting industry.Giving this important emerging field the attention it deserves, Introduction to Solid-State Lighting comprehensively covers:* The history of lighting* The characterization of visible light* Conventional light sources* LED basics* Extraction of light from high-brightness LEDs* White LED* Applications of solid-state lamps

Containing the most reliable parameter values for each of these semiconductor materials, along with applicable references, these data are organized in a structured, logical way for each semiconductor material.* Reviews traditional semiconductor materials as well as new, advanced semiconductors.* Essential authoritative handbook on the properties of semiconductor materials.

Together with the internet site, this book is ideally suited for independent and remote studyWeb site is kept to date and guest educational institutions are invited to join in creating their own lab modules on different device aspectsFirst such programReputation of the authors who are leaders in the field of semiconductor electronics

This book on gallium nitride (GaN) and associated materials focuses on advances in basic science, as well as the rapidly maturing technologies involving blue/green light emitters, detectors and high-power electronics. A highlight is a report on wide-bandgap semiconductor research done in Europe. Also reported is the commercialization of a laser operating at 405nm wavelength with a 4000-hour device lifetime. At 450nm emission wavelength, significant reductions in lifetime were found, and are believed to arise from nonideal properties of the InGaN alloy used in the active layer of the device. Additional topics include: the significant success of transistors for microwave applications; improvements in the epitaxy of GaN, using both selective area growth techniques (lateral epitaxy overgrowth) and introducing low-temperature intralayers in the films; advances in both molecular beam epitaxy and metal-organic vapor phase epitaxy, including several studies of quantum dot formation in strained alloys and improvements in hydride vapor phase epitaxy, particularly for providing very thick films.

Comprehensive resource reviewing fundamentals, device physics and reliability, fabrication processes, and numerous emerging applications of oxide thin film transistor technology over performing traditional thin film transistor technologies Oxide Thin Film Transistors book presents a comprehensive overview of oxide thin film transistor (TFT) science and technology, including fundamental material properties, device operation principles, modeling, fabrication processes, and applications. Split into four sections, the book first details oxide TFT materials including material parameters, and electrical and contact properties. The next section describes oxide TFT devices including designs, reliability, and comparison with other TFT types. The third part delves into the fabrication processes of oxide TFTs. The last section provides insight into existing and emerging applications of oxide TFTs including displays, imagers, circuits, sensors, flexible electronics, and circuits. Written by a team of well-reputed researchers in the field including the inventor of the IGZO TFT, Oxide Thin Film Transistors include information on: Electronic and crystal structure of widegap oxides, covering electronic structure of n- and p-type oxide semiconductors as well as doping limit and band alignmentDevice physics, covering operation principles, reliability, comparison with other TFT types, and high-frequency performanceFabrication processes, covering deposition methods, gate insulators, and passivation layersApplications, covering liquid crystal, light emitting diode, and electrophoretic displays, flexible electronics, imagers, and integrated circuitsOxide Thin Film Transistors is an ideal textbook resource for students who want to learn about oxide TFTs and a useful, up-to-date reference for researchers and engineers working on oxide TFTs and in related areas.

Ultraviolet LEDs and solar blind detectors represent the next frontier in solid state emitter technology, holding out the prospect of many major applications, including the identification of hazardous biological agents. The current work draws together leading researchers in UV semiconductor technology and systems applications. Topics covered include basic device issues, substrates, epitaxial growth, materials characterization, nitride quaternary alloys, doping, strain energy band engineering, quantum phosphors, ohmic contacts and Schottky barriers, UV LED device design and performance, thermal management, and applications such as hazardous agent sensing, solid state lighting, environmental control, and optical measurement.

Ultraviolet LEDs and solar blind detectors represent the next frontier in solid state emitter technology, holding out the prospect of many major applications, including the identification of hazardous biological agents. The current work draws together leading researchers in UV semiconductor technology and systems applications. Topics covered include basic device issues, substrates, epitaxial growth, materials characterization, nitride quaternary alloys, doping, strain energy band engineering, quantum phosphors, ohmic contacts and Schottky barriers, UV LED device design and performance, thermal management, and applications such as hazardous agent sensing, solid state lighting, environmental control, and optical measurement.

GaAs devices and integrated circuits have emerged as leading contenders for ultra-high-speed applications. This book is intended to be a reference for a rapidly growing GaAs community of researchers and graduate students. It was written over several years and parts of it were used for courses on GaAs devices and integrated circuits and on heterojunction GaAs devices developed and taught at the University of Minnesota. Many people helped me in writing this book. I would like to express my deep gratitude to Professor Lester Eastman of Cornell University, whose ideas and thoughts inspired me and helped to determine the direction of my research work for many years. I also benefited from numerous discussions with his students and associates and from the very atmosphere of the pursuit of excellence which exists in his group. I would like to thank my former and present co-workers and colleagues-Drs. Levinstein and Gelmont of the A. F. Ioffe Institute of Physics and Technology, Professor Melvin Shaw of Wayne State University, Dr. Kastalsky of Bell Communi­ cations, Professor Gary Robinson of Colorado State University, Professor Tony Valois, and Dr. Tim Drummond of Sandia Labs-for their contributions to our joint research and for valuable discussions. My special thanks to Professor Morko.;, for his help, his ideas, and the example set by his pioneering work. Since 1978 I have been working with engineers from Honeywell, Inc.-Drs.

Each year a large number of first rate articles on the physics and technology of semiconductor devices, written by Soviet experts in the field, are published. However, due to the lack of exchange and personal contact, most of these, unfortunately, are neglected by many scientists from the United States, Japan as well as Western Europe. Consequently, many important developments in semiconductor physics are missed by the Western world.This book is a serious attempt to bridge the gap between the Soviet and Western scientific communities. Most of all, it is an effort towards facilitating the communication and sharing of knowledge amongst people from different parts of the world. Ultimately, the aim is to contribute towards the building of a better world for all — one where the knowledge of advanced technology and scientific discoveries is used to improve the quality of life and not the pursuit of selfish mutually destructive behavior. For those in the field who wish to partake in this exchange of knowledge and as a gesture of support for their Soviet counterparts, the reading of this book provides the first step.

In many respects, compound semiconductor technology has reached the age of maturity when applications will have been defined, yields are high enough and well established, and gallium arsenide and related compounds have carved many important niches in electronics. This book reviews the state-of-the-art of compound semiconductor electronics. It covers the microwave, millimeter wave, and submillimeter wave devices, monolithic microwave and digital integrated circuits made from compound semiconductors and emerging wide band semiconductor materials. The book is written by leading experts in compound semiconductor electronics from industry and academia and strikes the balance between practical applications, record-breaking results, and design and modeling tools specific for compound semiconductor technology. Engineers, scientists, and graduate students working in solid state electronics and especially in the area of compound semiconductor electronics will find this book very useful. It could also be used as a text or a supplementary text for graduate courses in this field.

The Handbook Series on Semiconductor Parameters will consist of 5 volumes and will include data on the most popular semiconductor materials. These volumes aim to be a basic reference for scientists, engineers, students and technicians working in semiconductor materials and devices. The books have been kept compact but comprehensive and contain the values of frequently needed parameters selected and commented by leading experts on these materials. The first volume will include data on Si, Ge, diamond, GaAs, GaP, GaSb, InAs, InP, and InSb.

The Handbook Series on Semiconductor Parameters will consist of 5 volumes and will include data on the most popular semiconductor materials. These volumes aim to be a basic reference for scientists, engineers, students and technicians working in semiconductor materials and devices. The books have been kept compact but comprehensive and contain the values of frequently needed parameters selected and commented by leading experts on these materials. The first volume will include data on Si, Ge, diamond, GaAs, GaP, GaSb, InAs, InP, and InSb.

This important volume contains the 21 prize-winning papers presented at the Twentieth United States Army Science Conference under the sponsorship of the Assistant Secretary of the Army for Research, Development and Acquisition. The theme of the conference was “Science and Technology for Force XXI — the Force of the Twenty-First Century”. Original scientific and technical papers — written by U.S. Army civilian and military scientists and engineers — addressed the role of science and technology in providing a competitive edge for Force XXI. The papers in this book are in the following key technical areas: advanced materials and manufacturing including structures and energetics; microelectronics and photonics; sensors and information processing including communications; high-performance computing and simulation including modeling, displays, artificial intelligence, and virtual reality; advanced propulsion technologies including mobility and lethality; power generation, storage and conditioning including directed energy; biological, chemical and nuclear defense; life, medical and behavioral sciences including individual sustainability and soldier-system interface; environmental sciences and geosciences including atmospheric, space and environmental protection; engineering sciences including robotics, mechanics, fluid dynamics and survivability.

The steady downscaling of device-feature size combined with a rapid increase in circuit complexity as well as the introduction of new device concepts based on non-silicon-material systems poses great challenges for device and circuit designers. One of the major tasks is the development of new and improved device models needed for accurate device and circuit design. Another task is the development of new circuit-simulation tools to handle very large and complex circuits. This book addresses both these issues with up-to-date reviews written by leading experts in the field.The first three chapters of the book discuss advanced device models both for existing technologies and for new, emerging technologies. Among the topics covered are models for MOSFETs, thin-film transitors (TFTs), and compound semiconductor devices, including GaAs HEMTs and HFETs, heterodimensional devices, quantum-tunneling devices, as well as wide-bandgap devices. Chapters 4 and 5 discuss advanced circuit simulators that hold promise for handling circuits of much higher complexity than what is possible for typical state-of-the-art circuit simulators today.

The rapid pace of the electronic technology evolution compels a merger of technical areas such as low-power digital electronics, microwave power circuits, optoelectronics, etc., which collectively have become the foundation of today's electronic technology. The 1999 Workshop on Frontiers in Electronics gathered experts from academia, industry, and government agencies to review the recent exciting breakthroughs and their underlying physical mechanisms. The proceedings addresses controversial issues, provocative views, and visionary outlooks. Also included are discussions on the future trends, the directions of electronics technology and the market pulls, as well as the necessary policy and infrastructure changes.

This book covers the principles, methodology, and prototypes of sensing skin-like devices and related intelligence and software. Sensitive Skins are large-area and flexible arrays of sensors integrated onto the entire surface of machines. Sensitive Skin will endow these machines with the senses of proximity, touch, pressure, temperature, and chemical/biological agents, thus making possible the use of unsupervised machines in unstructured and unpredictable surroundings. Sensitive Skin will make machines “cautious” and thus friendly to their environment. It will revolutionize service industries, make important contributions to human prosthetics, and augment human sensing when fashioned into clothing. Being transducers producing massive data flow, Sensitive Skin devices will constitute yet another advance in the information revolution.

In this book, leading experts on quantum dot theory and technology provide comprehensive reviews of all aspects of quantum dot systems. The following topics are covered: (1) energy states in quantum dots, including the effects of strain and many-body effects; (2) self-assembly and self-ordering of quantum dots in semiconductor systems; (3) growth, structures, and optical properties of III-nitride quantum dots; (4) quantum dot lasers.

The unique compendium provides a broad up-to-date perspective on THz science and technology — enabling technology for 6G communication, detection of biological and chemical hazardous agents, cancer detection, monitoring of industrial processes and products, and detection of mines and explosives.Contributed by eminent researchers, this useful reference text links THz science and THz applications and combines a detailed review of the state-of-art with the most recent breakthrough research results.

The 2002 Workshop on Frontiers in Electronics was the third in the series of WOFE workshops. Over 70 leading experts from academia, industry, and government agencies reported on the most recent developments in their fields and exchanged views on future trends and directions of the electronics and photonics industry. The issues they addressed ranged from system-on-chip to DNA doping, from ultrathin SOI to electrotextiles, from photonics integration on the ULSI platform to wide band gap semiconductor devices and solid state lighting. The rapid pace of electronic technology evolution compels a merger of different technical areas, and WOFE-02 provided a unique opportunity for cross-fertilization of the emerging fields of microelectronics, photonics, and nanoelectronics. The workshop was informal and stimulated provocative views, visionary outlooks, and discussions on controversial issues.

The last research frontier in high frequency electronics now lies in the so-called THz (or submillimeter-wave) regime between the traditional microwave and infrared domains. Significant scientific and technical challenges within the terahertz (THz) frequency regime have recently motivated an array of new research activities. During the last few years, major research programs have emerged that are focused on advancing the state of the art in THz frequency electronic technology and on investigating novel applications of THz frequency sensing. This book serves as a detailed reference for the new THz frequency technological advances that are emerging across a wide spectrum of sensing and technology areas.

The last research frontier in high frequency electronics lies in the so-called terahertz (or submillimeter wave) regime, between the traditional microwave and the infrared domains. Significant scientific and technical challenges within the terahertz (THz) frequency regime have recently motivated an array of new research activities. During the last few years, major research programs have emerged that are focused on advancing the state of the art in THz frequency electronic technology and on investigating novel applications of THz frequency sensing. This book provides a detailed review of the new THz frequency technological developments that are emerging across a wide spectrum of sensing and technology areas.Volume II presents cutting edge results in two primary areas: (1) research that is attempting to establish THz-frequency sensing as a new characterization tool for chemical, biological and semiconductor materials, and (2) theoretical and experimental efforts to define new device concepts within the “THz gap”.

The unique materials properties of GaN-based semiconductors have stimulated a great deal of interest in research and development regarding nitride materials growth and optoelectronic and nitride-based electronic devices. High electron mobility and saturation velocity, high sheet carrier concentration at heterojunction interfaces, high breakdown field, and low thermal impedance of GaN-based films grown over SiC or bulk AlN substrates make nitride-based electronic devices very promising. The chemical inertness of nitrides is another key property.This volume, written by experts on different aspects of nitride technology, addresses the entire spectrum of issues related to nitride materials and devices, and it will be useful for technologists, scientists, engineers, and graduate students who are working on wide bandgap materials and devices. The book can also be used as a supplementary text for graduate courses on wide bandgap semiconductor technology.

After many years of research and development, silicon carbide has emerged as one of the most important wide band gap semiconductors. The first commercial SiC devices — power switching Schottky diodes and high temperature MESFETs — are now on the market. This two-volume book gives a comprehensive, up-to-date review of silicon carbide materials properties and devices. With contributions by recognized leaders in SiC technology and materials and device research, SiC Materials and Devices is essential reading for technologists, scientists and engineers who are working on silicon carbide or other wide band gap materials and devices. The volumes can also be used as supplementary textbooks for graduate courses on silicon carbide and wide band gap semiconductor technology.

Frontiers in Electronics reports on the most recent developments and future trends in the electronics and photonics industry. The issues address CMOS, SOI and wide band gap semiconductor technology, terahertz technology, and bioelectronics, providing a unique interdisciplinary overview of the key emerging issues.This volume accurately reflects the recent research and development trends: from pure research to research and development; and its contributors are leading experts in microelectronics, nanoelectronics, and nanophotonics from academia, industry, and government agencies.

Silicon carbide is known to have been investigated since 1907 when Captain H J Round demonstrated yellow and blue emission by applying bias between a metal needle and an SiC crystal. The potential of using SiC in semiconductor electronics was already recognized half a century ago. Despite its well-known properties, it has taken a few decades to overcome the exceptional technological difficulties of getting silicon carbide material to reach device quality and travel the road from basic research to commercialization.This second of two volumes reviews four important additional areas: the growth of SiC substrates; the deep defects in different SiC polytypes, which after many years of research still define the properties of bulk SiC and the performance and reliability of SiC devices; recent work on SiC JFETs; and the complex and controversial issues important for bipolar devices.Recognized leaders in the field, the contributors to this volume provide up-to-date reviews of further state-of-the-art areas in SiC technology and materials and device research.

This volume covers five emerging areas of advanced device technology: wide band gap devices, terahertz and millimeter waves, nanometer silicon and silicon-germanium devices, nanoelectronics and ballistic devices, and the characterization of advanced photonic and electronic devices. The papers by leading researchers in high speed and advanced electronic and photonic technology presented many “firsts” and breakthrough results, as has become a tradition with the Lester Eastman Conference, and will allow readers to obtain up-to-date information about emerging trends and future directions of these technologies. Key papers in each section present snap-shot and mini reviews of state-of-the-art and “hot off the press” results making the book required reading for engineers, scientists, and students working on advanced and high speed device technology.