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44 produkter
44 produkter
Inbunden, Engelska, 1998
2 203 kr
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The International Symposium on Prostaglandins and Related Compounds, first held in Vienna 1972, revisited the city after 24 years for the 10TH Symposium. For the many re searchers working in this multi-disciplinary field it was an opportunity to exchange their ex periences and share new data with colleagues from all around the world. This scientific exchange was largely encouraged by the unseasonably cold and rainy weather. For the first time, there was quite a large attendance from the former Communist countries. Eugene Garfield prepared a key note address delivered during the meeting (The Sci entist 1996, 12) reviewing the contribution of the Nobel Laureates U.S. von Euler, l.R. Vane, S.K. Bergstrom, and B.I. Samuelsson, discussing the relevance of the more than 40,000 pa pers in this area published since 1991. Overall, there is still a rapidly growing interest, and in particular a great variety of clinical applications of this family of compounds which were dis cussed in detail during the meeting. Beside the lectures there were 19 workshops covering nearly all the topics of key in terest. All the speakers were invited to prepare a manuscript which has resulted in the volume now in your hands. Special thanks to Dr. Patrick Wong and the new publisher of this series who helped to publish the proceedings in the usual quality and reasonable period of time. Looking forward to seeing all of you again in Florence in 1999, hopefully with much more sun.
Inbunden, Engelska, 1989
3 302 kr
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This volume represents the proceedings ofthe invited lectures ofthe first International Symposium on "Serotonin from Cell Biology to Pharmacology and Therapeutics" which was held in Florence on March 29 -Aprill, 1989. This meeting, held under the co-sponsorship of the Serotonin Club and the Fondazione Giovanni Lorenzini, represents the first attempt to bring together scientists fascinated by the complexity of the action of 5-hydroxytryptamine throughout the body and in various species. Hence this volume provides the reader with the unique overview of the sources, effects, receptors, physiological actions and pathological role of Serotonin. As such it will be of interest not only to the person devoting herorhis research efforts to the study of 5-hydroxytryptamine but also to all scholars and even clinicians wanting to know how the powerful monoamine can modulate cellular functions. To accelerate the publication of these proceedings the Editors and the publishers have selected the camera ready format and have avoided a lengthy refereeing process. Hence the scientific content of, and the opinions expressed in the chapters are the sole responsibility of the authors. The Editors Milan and Houston The Editors want to thank Mrs. H. Liepman and her staff at Kluwer for the prompt and efficient handling of the manuscripts.
Inbunden, Engelska, 1993
2 203 kr
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This volume represents the proceedings of the invited lectures of the Second International Symposium on Serotonin from Cell Biology to Pharmacology and Therapeutics, which was held in Houston, September 1992, under the co-sponsorship of the Serotonin Club, Baylor College of Medicine, the Giovanni Lorenzini Medical Foundation (Houston), and the Fondazione Giovanni Lorenzini (Milan). The symposium brought together pharmacologists, physiologists, molecular biologists, and clinical scientists working in the complex field of serotonin. Hence this volume provides the reader with a unique overview of the sources, effects, receptors, molecular biology, physiological actions and pathological roles of serotonin agonists and antagonists. As such the book should be of interest both to persons devoting their research efforts to serotonin as well as to all scholars and clinicians wanting to know how this powerful monoamine can modulate cellular functions.
Inbunden, Engelska, 1994
2 203 kr
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The reasons why an immune system should attack itself are far from clear. The input of the biotechnogical revolution has enabled us to readdress many of the fundamental questions raised by clinical and serological associations with autoimmune disease. The ability to dissect the immune response to those infectious agents that are associated with autoimmune features, in addition to the ability to clone and sequence immune response genes, has given us a much better understanding of the complexity of "autoimmunity". This volume, a collection of papers from the BIOTECH '93 symposium with the same title, is a clear and informative summary of its theme.
Inbunden, Engelska, 1994
885 kr
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Few topics in women's medicine today are as fraught with confusion and controversy as the question of appropriate treatment for menopausal symptoms and the prevention of negative long term health outcomes common to post-menopausal women. Cardiovascular disease (CVD), osteoporosis, and cancer - the most common causes of death, disability and impaired quality of life for women - can potentially be prevented or forestalled by dietary, behavioural and drug interventions. A better understanding of the natural history of the menopause is critical to providing better care. If women and their physicians have a better understanding of predictors of risk, they could make more informed decisions about interventions related to menopausal symptoms, CVD, osteoporosis and gynaecologic and breast cancer. Few other recently introduced medical interventions have as great a potential of affecting morbidity and mortality as does hormone replacement therapy (HRT). HRT has produced effect on health risk: some are reduced, some are raised, and some uncertain, and these data are interpreted differently by various scientific, medical and consumer groups.
Inbunden, Engelska, 1995
885 kr
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Patients with two or more risk factors have a very high risk of developing cardiovascular disease. It follows that the strategy for the intervention of multiple risk factors is in fact of paramount relevance in detecting patients at high risk of cardiovascular disease requiring therapeutic intervention. The text also discusses risk factors from the point of view of biochemists and pharmacologists by addressing the mechanisms underlying the onset of hypertension, hyperlipoproteinaemia, hypercoagulability and the possibility of therapeutic intervention.
Inbunden, Engelska, 1997
885 kr
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Despite its universality in human female ageing, the menopause and its biology are not completely understood. New biologic mechanisms by which sex hormones may be detrimental or confer protection are continually being discovered. We are now starting to understand that the role of the oestrogen receptor is not identical in all tissues. Important nongenomic effects for sex hormones have also been described. Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) has produced effects on health risks: some are reduced, some are increased, and the rest remain uncertain. HRT is being used by an increasing number of women to alleviate climacteric symptoms in the perimenopausal period and to prevent osteoporosis and cardiovascular disease later. Positive effects on Alzheimer's disease and dementia on the one hand, and an increase in venous thrombosis on the other, are currently being reported by several groups. Both the preventive benefits and the risk of breast cancer seem to be linked to long-term and current use. HRT requires further testing through specific clinical trials, currently underway in the United States, before confident recommendations may be made about the full range of benefits and risks.
Inbunden, Engelska, 1998
885 kr
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The issue of interaction of risk factors in cardiovascular disease is discussed in this text which is a collection of the scientific contributions to the 4th International Symposium on Multiple Risk Factors and Cardiovascular Disease: Strategies of Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease, Cardiac Failure, and Stroke. The book addresses the role of simultaneous risk factors in patients. Because patients with two or more risk factors are at very high risk for developing cardiovascular diseases, special care should be taken in the choice of appropriate therapeutic intervention. Risk factors are also discussed from the point of view of the biochemist and the pharmacologist by addressing the mechanisms underlying the onset of hypertension, hyperlipoproteinemia, hypercoagulability, and the possibility of therapeutic intervention. This book should therefore be of value to the biochemist, pharmacologist, and clinical pharmacologist, as well as to specialists in the field of cardiovascular medicine.
Inbunden, Engelska, 1999
1 654 kr
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List of Contributors xviii An Aging Humankind: New Realities E. Dicgalusy Does Menopause Increase the Risk of Coronary Heart Disease? M.V. Huisrnan Chronic Low-Grade Metabolic Acidosis in Normal Adult Humans: Pathophysiology and Consequences L. Frassetto, R.C. Morris, Jr., K. Todd, and A. Sebastian The Menopause, Sex Hormones, and Rheumatic Disease G. Hall Novel Mechanisms of Estrogen Action J.-A. Gustafsson The Action of Ovarian Steroid Hormones on Tissues and Organs M.J. Legato Nongenomic Mechanisms of Sex Hormones J.H.H. Thijssen Action of Specific Estrogens on Vascular Cells C.S. Wingrove and J.C. Stevenson Direct Actions of Estrogen on Vascular Cells Ameliorates Response to hjury D. W. Losordo ix Newer Progestogens G. Samsioe IV. 11. Cardiovascular Disease: Risk Factors Related to Thrombosis G. de Gaetano, M.B. Donati, and L. Iacoviello Estrogen Effect upon Coronary Vasculature G.M.C. Rosano, F. Leonardo, and G. Panina Estrogen and Endothelial Function A. Virdis, L. Ghiadoni, I. Sudano, S. Pinto, S. Taddei, and A. Salvetti Action of Specific Estrogens on the Coronary Artery: Effects on Lipoproteins, Coagulation, and Fibrinolysis J.M.Sullivan Coronary Heart Disease in Women: Status 1998 N. K. Wenger Introduction to Osteoporosis C. Christiansen Genetics of Osteoporosis L. Masi, L. Gennari, A. Falchetti, and M.L. Brandi The Clinical Management of Osteoporosis S.E. Papapou los VI.
Inbunden, Engelska, 2000
1 215 kr
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The complex relationships between alcohol use and human health represent an area of increasing interest to specialists interested in preventive cardiology. The inverse relationship between alcohol consumption and the incidence of cardiovascular diseases, especially myocardial infarction and ischemic stroke, has in fact gained sound scientific support in the last few years of the 20th century. This book, based in an international symposium on the topic held in Venice, October 30-31, 1999, analyzes in depth the epidemiological association between alcohol consumption and human diseases and discusses the possible mechanisms involved in alcohol-associated protection from atherosclerotic diseases. The oxidative effects of different amounts of alcohol intake and of various alcoholic beverages in the production of these effects - subjects of considerable debate - are also analyzed. This book should be of interest to clinicians and researchers active in the areas of atherosclerosis, public health, preventive medicine, and preventive cardiology.It is intended to specifically help practising clinicians provide their patients with evidence-based answers to the most commonly asked questions regarding alcohol use.
Inbunden, Engelska, 2002
1 654 kr
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The 11th international Conference on ADVANCES IN PROSTAGLANDIN AND LEUKOTRIENE RESEARCH: BASICSCIENCEANDNEWCLlNICALApPLlCA TIONS was held, as in the past, in Florence, Italy, on June 4-8, 2000. A selection of lectures presented at the meeting is included in this volume, which continues the tradition of covering both basic and clinical aspects of prostaglandin and leukotriene research. At this meeting particular emphasis was given to the lipid mediator circuits of lipoxin and leukotrienes and to the expression ofthe COX2 gene. The plenary lectures by C.N. Serhan (Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A.) and H.R. Herschman (Los Angeles, California, U.S.A.) were devoted to these areas, while S. Narumiya (Kyoto, Japan) and J.M. Drazen (Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A.) presented the latest advances in the fields ofprostanoid receptors and the genetics of asthma. Specific sessions focused on vascular physiopathology, cell differentiation and cancer, and the cardiovascular system. Lipoxygenases were discussed in detail at the molecular and cellular levels and attention was given to signal transduction pathways for leukotrienes and prostanoids. K.F. Austen (Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A.) and T.Izumi (Tokyo, Japan) clarified the role and regulation ofLTC synthase ofleukotriene biosynthesis. Other important sessions 4 described regulation and control of nitric oxide, cannabimimetic eicosanoids, and the roles of eicosanoids in neuroscience. Applied clinical sessions devoted to the respiratory system and inflammation, including cyclooxygenase pathways, concluded the meeting.
Inbunden, Engelska, 2002
1 654 kr
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The 4th International Symposium on Women's Health and Menopause, organized by the Giovanni Lorenzini Medical Foundation (Milan, Italy and Houston, Texas) focused on the new strategies to improve the quality of life of post-menopausal women.
Inbunden, Engelska, 2002
1 073 kr
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Peroxisome proliferator activated receptors (PPARs) attract great attention in light of the wide spectrum of genes of biological and medical relevance identified as under their control. As a consequence, our knowledge of the role of these receptors in physiology and pathology continues to grow at a fast pace and PPARs have become an interesting target for the treatment of many pathological conditions, including diabetes and atherosclerosis. This volume provides an authoritative view of the clinical and scientific developments within this evolving area of study.
Häftad, Engelska, 2012
1 654 kr
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The 4th International Symposium on Women's Health and Menopause, organized by the Giovanni Lorenzini Medical Foundation (Milan, Italy and Houston, Texas) focused on the new strategies to improve the quality of life of post-menopausal women.
Häftad, Engelska, 2012
1 105 kr
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Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptors (PPARs) attract great attention in light of the wide spectrum of genes of biological and medical relevance identified as under their control.
540 kr
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Interest in the field of atherosclerosis research has broadened in recent years. However the main focus remains on the physiopathology of the arterial wall and on its interaction with blood constituents. The purpose of this NATO Advanced Study Institute on "Factors in Formation and Regression of the Atherosclerotic Plaque" was to discuss the following points: a) The physiopathology of the arterial wall; b) Animal models; c) Methods of studying the progression and regression of atherosclerotic lesions quantitatively; d) The role of lipoproteins, platelets, smoke, alcohol, etc. in the formation of atherosclerotic lesions; e) The pharmacological and dietary control of "risk factors." This volume is a collection of the most relevant presentations on these topics. We hope it will provide a background for young scientists as well as a stimulus for further research to biologists and clinicians. We wish to acknowledge the support of NATO and the Nutrition Foundation of Italy in organizing this Advanced Study Institute.
650 kr
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Häftad, Engelska, 2013
556 kr
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J. Folch-Pi Director of Scientific Research, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Mass., U.S.A. The development of the central nervous system is possibly the most significant aspect of the growth of a mammal from embryo to adulthood. The central nervous system is obviously the main repository not only of the species' inherited functional characteristics but also of the process of individuation. Whatever "engrams" constitute the basis of individual characteristics are laid down mainly in the central nervous system, and especially the brain, during its growth. The chemical aspect of this process IS clearly of great importance and the significance of its study should be self evident. Nevertheless, it is only one aspect of a parel lei series of morphological, physiological, biochemical and psychological events which take place as an integrated process, the final result of which is the transformation of the post-embryonic nervous system into the functioning adult system. It is imperative, therefore, that any study or description of the chemical events during the development of the CNS should be undertaken in ful I awareness of the concomitant morphological, physiological and psychological events. It is only against this multidiscipl inary informational framework that the chemical events during 2 J. FOLCH-PI development can be correctly interpreted and acquire their ful I significance. With this in mind, the introduction to this volume may best serve its purpose by describing briefly the morphological and physiological events that accompany the chemical aspect of development.
Häftad, Engelska, 2012
556 kr
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This book contains the proceedings of the ARW NATO Conference on "Action of Free Radicals and Active Forms of Oxygen on Lipoproteins and Membrane Lipids: Cellular Interactions and Atherogenesis", held in Bendor, France, October 5-8,1988. Since the pioneer work of Mc Cord and Fridovitch, growing interest has been focused on the study of the role of oxyradicals role in pathology. This interest is reflected in the exponential increase in the number of papers on free radicals, the success of specialized journals and books on this theme, and the organization of national and international meetings. These meetings have discussed, from.a broad point of view, the problems concerning the mechanisms of production of free radicals, their effects on cell CO!1$tituants (lipids, proteins, nucleic acids) and cell function, the methods of analysis of these phenomena, the pathological states in which free radicals may be involved, natural biological defense systems, and the design of "antiradical" therapies. But it is now well established that the most common target of oxy free radicals are membrane lipids because of their chemical nature (cholesterol in saturation, malonic linkage of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA» and of their regular structural arrangement (monolayers in lipoproteins, bilayers in cell membranes). Thus the analysis of the products resulting from the action of oxy free radicals on PUFA is considered the best tool to indirectly evaluate the effects of tissue peroxidations, although the analytical basis for doing so is very questionable.
644 kr
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Häftad, Engelska, 2012
1 105 kr
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The circulatory system is usually considered to be composed of tubes of various diameters, characterized by collateral and terminal branches. There is also a tendency to treat blood vessels merely as conducting tubes in which the various structures of the wall act as mechanical pumps wlrich modify their diameter. This is, of course, not so. In fact, we know that blood vessels, and in particular arteries, are organs with personalities of their own and a particular susceptibility to several diseases. In addition, blood vessels differ in structure, according to their localization, and age at differing rates. The experimental work car ried out so far clearly confirms the data that have come from spontaneous human pathology; experimentally induced arterial lesions have a definite tendency to appear in certain arteries and not in others, depending on the experimental procedures used, and in each specific artery the lesions appear to have a specific location. We now know that the arterial wall is a metabo licallyactive structure, in which a number of enzyme activities have been clearly demonstrated. It possesses a sensitive vasa vasorum apparatus and a specific reactivity to various lesion-inducing stimuli. We must also remember that the arterial wall is in continuous contact with the blood circulating through the endothelial cells lining the vascular bed. It is obvious, therefore, that any variation in the circulating blood mass can modify the morphology as well as the function of the vessel wall.
Häftad, Engelska, 2013
2 140 kr
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The International Symposium on Prostaglandins and Related Compounds, first held in Vienna 1972, revisited the city after 24 years for the 10TH Symposium. For the many re searchers working in this multi-disciplinary field it was an opportunity to exchange their ex periences and share new data with colleagues from all around the world. This scientific exchange was largely encouraged by the unseasonably cold and rainy weather. For the first time, there was quite a large attendance from the former Communist countries. Eugene Garfield prepared a key note address delivered during the meeting (The Sci entist 1996, 12) reviewing the contribution of the Nobel Laureates U.S. von Euler, l.R. Vane, S.K. Bergstrom, and B.I. Samuelsson, discussing the relevance of the more than 40,000 pa pers in this area published since 1991. Overall, there is still a rapidly growing interest, and in particular a great variety of clinical applications of this family of compounds which were dis cussed in detail during the meeting. Beside the lectures there were 19 workshops covering nearly all the topics of key in terest. All the speakers were invited to prepare a manuscript which has resulted in the volume now in your hands. Special thanks to Dr. Patrick Wong and the new publisher of this series who helped to publish the proceedings in the usual quality and reasonable period of time. Looking forward to seeing all of you again in Florence in 1999, hopefully with much more sun.
Häftad, Engelska, 2011
556 kr
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The recent symposium and the appearance of this new book on Drugs Affecting Lipid Metabolism take place at a very unusual time for the development of this area. After the publication and wide acceptance of the results of the cholestyramine study by the Lipid Clinics in the USA, showing for the first time a direct association between drug induced reduction of plasma levels of total and LDL cholesterol and coronary heart disease in a high risk population, an unparalleled interest in drugs and other procedures able to control plasma cholesterol levels has been activated. Two other significant events occurred during 1986 and 1987: the availability of compact instruments for the immediate determination of total cholesterol in plasma or total blood and the developments of new agents such as the inhibitors of HMG-CoA (hydroxymethyl glutaryl CoA) reductase and ACAT inhibitors, with potentially great effect on plasma lipid levels after oral administration. These new advances, together with the combined efforts of cell biologists and lipoprotein chemists, have set the pace for an exciting period of research and clinical applications of diets and drugs af fecting lipids. This volume, which includes the work of many of the leading world laboratories, represents an authoritative and up-to-date ap praisal of the status of the art and a stimulus to future research at laboratory and clinical level in an area of opportunity for clinical and preventive medicine.
Häftad, Engelska, 2011
1 105 kr
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Arachidonic acid metabolites are known to playa regulatory role in a number of biological systems, in which they function as microenviron mental hormones and intracellular signal mediators. One of the most exciting areas of research of these compounds is the one that studies the relationship between prostaglandins and tumor cell growth and function. In the last few years there has been an extraordinary evolution of data on prostaglandins (and related compounds) and cancer. This vol ume is based on papers presented at the 1986 International Confer ence on Prostaglandins and Cancer organized by the Italian National Research Council and the II University of Rome, and held in Rome, Italy, in June, 1986. This Conference brought together oncologists and specialists in the areas of prostaglandin chemistry, biochemistry, pharmacology, physiology, cellular and molecular biology to overview the actual state of knowledge on the role of eicosanoids in cancer and to focus on the key questions that need to be answered. The picture that comes out of this book describes a very complicated network of interactions between arachidonic acid metabolites and different as pects of the complex phenomenon "cancer". Eicosanoids participate in carcinogenesis initiation and promotion, and their relationship with tumor promoters and growth factors is well established. During cancer growth, different prostaglandins can have different roles in the regulation of cell proliferation and differentiation and in metastasis formation; meanwhile evidence is accumulating for a pos sible use of some of these compounds as antineoplastic agents.
Häftad, Engelska, 1998
556 kr
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This volume summarizes knowledge on vitamin C (ascorbic acid), the major water-soluble antioxidant vitamin which was discovered by Albert Szent-Gyrgyi resulting from research work in basic science, epidemiology and clinical medicine. Fundamental molecular, biological and physiological properties of ascorbic acid are presented, and knowledge on the role of vitamin C in major diseases such as cancer is critically evaluated. The aim of the book is to contribute to a better understanding of the potential beneficial use of the compound in disease prevention or treatment.
Inbunden, Engelska, 2011
1 654 kr
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Cocoa and chocolate are the subjects of much research in the fields of food chemistry, food technology, and health science. We now know that cocoa contains a remarkable number of bioactive compounds, and these are being tested in humans to verify their disease prevention characteristics.This state of the art text thoroughly explores the different aspects of the relationship between chocolate and health. After introductory discussion of the historical background, careful attention is devoted to technological developments designed to improve the health-giving qualities of chocolate and biochemical and clinical trials of cocoa and its components. Various health impacts of cocoa and chocolate are thoroughly evaluated, including acute vascular effects and effects on blood pressure, blood lipids, and platelets. Psychological drivers of chocolate consumption and craving are also considered.Readers will find this book to be a rich source of essential information on cocoa and chocolate, their purported health-giving qualities, and the advances that are being made in this area.
Häftad, Engelska, 2016
1 654 kr
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Cocoa and chocolate are the subjects of much research in the fields of food chemistry, food technology, and health science.
Häftad, Engelska, 2010
1 654 kr
Skickas inom 10-15 vardagar
The 11th international Conference on ADVANCES IN PROSTAGLANDIN AND LEUKOTRIENE RESEARCH: BASICSCIENCEANDNEWCLlNICALApPLlCA TIONS was held, as in the past, in Florence, Italy, on June 4-8, 2000. A selection of lectures presented at the meeting is included in this volume, which continues the tradition of covering both basic and clinical aspects of prostaglandin and leukotriene research. At this meeting particular emphasis was given to the lipid mediator circuits of lipoxin and leukotrienes and to the expression ofthe COX2 gene. The plenary lectures by C.N. Serhan (Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A.) and H.R. Herschman (Los Angeles, California, U.S.A.) were devoted to these areas, while S. Narumiya (Kyoto, Japan) and J.M. Drazen (Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A.) presented the latest advances in the fields ofprostanoid receptors and the genetics of asthma. Specific sessions focused on vascular physiopathology, cell differentiation and cancer, and the cardiovascular system. Lipoxygenases were discussed in detail at the molecular and cellular levels and attention was given to signal transduction pathways for leukotrienes and prostanoids. K.F. Austen (Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A.) and T.Izumi (Tokyo, Japan) clarified the role and regulation ofLTC synthase ofleukotriene biosynthesis. Other important sessions 4 described regulation and control of nitric oxide, cannabimimetic eicosanoids, and the roles of eicosanoids in neuroscience. Applied clinical sessions devoted to the respiratory system and inflammation, including cyclooxygenase pathways, concluded the meeting.
Häftad, Engelska, 2012
556 kr
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This book includes the most significant contributions of the 3rd International Symposium on MULTIPLE RISK FACTORS IN CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE held in Florence, Italy, July 6-9, 1994. The meeting focused on the risk factors for cardiovascular disease and their interactions. The need for this symposium is based on the epidemiological evidence that individuals from industrialized countries often possess two or more risk factors which synergistically increase the global risk profile. This has become more evident in recent years with the increase in life expectancy of the general population. The evidence that in high risk patients, a combination of risk factors often is detected, is highlighted in these Proceedings. Many recent epidemiological data identifYing the intrinsic and environmental factors contributing to the development of atherosclerosis are discussed. These results, in parallel with basic and clinical research, underline how atherosclerosis is a complex and multifactorial process involving the influences of lipids, including lipoprotein subfractions, blood pressure, rheologic forces, carbohydrate tolerance, and thrombogenic factors. Furthermore, the risk associated with anyone of these risk factors varies widely depending on level of the associated atherogenic risk factors.
Del 7 - Medical Science Symposia Series
Women’s Health in Menopause
Behaviour, Cancer, Cardiovascular Disease, Hormone Replacement Therapy
Häftad, Engelska, 2012
556 kr
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Few topics in women's medicine today are as fraught with confusion and controversy as the question of appropriate treatment for menopausal symptoms and the prevention of negative long term health outcomes common to post-menopausal women. Cardiovascular disease (CVD), osteoporosis, and cancer -- the most common causes of death, disability and impaired quality of life for women -- can potentially be prevented or forestalled by dietary, behavioral, and drug interventions. A better understanding of the natural history of the menopause is critical to providing better care. If women and their physicians have a better understanding of predictors of risk, they could make more informed decisions about interventions related to menopausal symptoms, CVD, osteoporosis and gynecologic and breast cancer. Few other recently introduced medical interventions have as great a potential of affecting morbidity and mortality as does hormone replacement therapy (HRT). HRT has produced effect on health risk: some are reduced, some are raised, and some uncertain, and these data are interpreted differently by various scientific, medical and consumer groups.