Willy M.C. Sansen - Böcker

This work addresses the design methodologies and CAD tools that are available for the systematic design and design automation of analogue integrated circuits. Two complementary approaches are discussed. In the first part the AMGIE analogue synthesis system is described. AMGIE is the first analogue synthesis system that automates the full design process from specifications down to verified layout. It is targeted to the design of moderate-complexity circuits. It relies on design and circuit knowledge stored in the tool's libraries and can be used by both novice and experienced analogue designers as well as system-level designers. The inner workings are explained in detail, with (practical) examples to demonstrate how the implemented algorithms and techniques work. Experimental results obtained with the AMGIE system are reported, including actual fabricated and measured circuits. The second approach, that is, the systematic design of high-performance analog circuits, is discussed in the second part of the book. This approach is supported by tools to boost the productivity of the designer.An example of such a tool is Mondriaan, that is targeted towards the automatic layout generation of highly regular analog blocks. The proposed systematic design methodology is then applied to the design of high-accuracy current-steering digital to analog converters (DACs). The full design path is discussed in detail. By using the Mondriaan tool and other in-house developed and commercially available tools, the first 14-bit accurate current-steering DAC without tuning or trimming in CMOS technology has been fabricated and measured. Both complementary approaches increase analog design productivity. Design times of the different design experiments undertaken are reported throughout the book to demonstrate this.

This text contains the extended and revised editions of all the talks of the ninth AACD Workshop held in Hotel Bachmair, April 11-13, 2000, in Rottach-Egern, Germany. The aim of the workshop was to brainstorm on new and valuable design ideas in the area of analog circuit design. A series of nine books, published as a result of this conference and the previous eight, provides valuable information and good overviews of all analogue circuit techniques concerning design, CAD, simulation, and device modeling. These books can be seen as a reference to those people involved in analogue and mixed signal design.

With the increased efforts of the analogue design community to integrate analogue high-frequency front-ends for telecommunications, there has been heightened interest in the behaviour of nonlinear circuits since this can cause considerable degradation of signals. In analogue integrated circuits at lower frequencies, such as filters, nonlinear behaviour limits the dynamic range. Analogue integrated circuit designers often lack insight into nonlinear circuit behaviour. Indeed, designers are trained to reason in linear or linearized circuits but not in nonlinear ones. Numerical circuit simulations of nonlinear circuit behavior do not provide enough insight to the designer. This text attempts to provide both qualitative and quantitative insight into the nonlinear behavior of analogue integrated circuits at low and high frequencies. General techniques to suppress nonlinear behaviour such as pre-distortion, linear and nonlinear feedback are explained in detail and illustrated with realistic examples. In this way the book fills the gap between the theory of nonlinear systems and practical analogue integrated circuits.The book seeks to provide the reader with an in-depth analysis of elementary transistor stages, both CMOS and bipolar, as well as an analysis of several larger circuits. Use is made of advanced transistor models that are also discussed in the book. A calculation method yields closed-form expressions for nonlinear behaviour. These expressions are interpreted and illustrated with realistic numerical examples. The volume should be of interest to practising analog and mixed-signal design engineers and researchers in the field. It may also be suitable as a text for an advanced course on the subject.

This book contains the revised contributions of 18 tutorial speakers at the seventh AACD '98 in Copenhagen, April 28-30, 1998. The conference was organized by OIe Olesen, ofthe Technical University of Denmark. The pro gram committee consisted of Johan H. Huijsing from Delft University ofTechnology, The Netherlands, Willy Samsen from the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium and Rudy J. van de Plassche, Philips Research, The Netherlands. The pro gram was concentrated around three important topics in analog circuit design. Each of these three topics has been covered by six papers. Each of the three chapters of this book contains the six papers of one topic. The three topics are: I-Volt Electronics Design and implementation ofMixed Modes Systems. Low-Noise and RF power Amplifies for the communication. Other topics, which have been covered in this series before are: 1992 OpAmps ADC's AnalogCAD. 1993 Mixed-Mode AlD design Sensor Interfaces Communication circuits. 1994 Low-Power low-Voltage Integrated Filters Smart Power. 1995 Low-Noise, Low-Power, Low-Voltage Mixed Mode with CAD Tirals Voltage, Current and Time References. vii viii 1996 RF CMOS circuit design BandpassSigma Delta and other Converters Translinear circuits.1997 RF A-D Converters Sensor and Actuator Interfaces Low-noise Oscillators, PLL's and and Synthesizers. We hope to serve the analog design community with these series of books and plan to continue this series in the future.

This text investigates the feasibility of designing delta-sigma analogue to digital converters for very low supply voltage and low power operation in standard CMOS processes. The chosen technique of implementation is the Switched Opamp Technique which provides switched capacitor operation at low supply voltage without the need to apply voltage multipliers or low VtMOST devices. A method of implementing the classic single loop and cascaded delta-sigma modulator topologies with half delay integrators is presented. Those topologies are studied in order to find the parameters that maximize the performance in terms of peak SNR. Based on a linear model, the performance degradations of higher order single loop and cascaded modulators, compared to a hypothetical ideal modulator, are quantified. An overview of low voltage switched capacitor design techniques, such as the use of voltage multipliers, low VtMOST devices and the Switched Opamp Technique, is given.A discussion of the present status of the Switched Opamp Technique covers the single-ended Original Switched Opamp Technique, the Modified Switched Opamp Technique, which allows lower supply voltage operation, and differential implementation including common mode control techniques. The restrictions imposed on the analogue circuits by low supply voltage operation are investigated. Several low voltage circuit building blocks, some of which are new, are discussed. A new low voltage class AB OTA, especially suited for differential Switched Opamp applications, together with a common mode feedback amplifier and a comparator are presented and analyzed. As part of a systematic top-down design approach, the non-ideal charge transfer of the Switched Opamp integrator cell is modelled, based upon several models of the main opamp non-ideal characteristics. Behavioural simulations carried out with these models yield the required opamp specifications that ensure that the intended performance is met in an implementation. A power consumption analysis is performed. The influence of all design parameters, especially the low power supply voltage, is highlighted.Design guidelines towards low power operation are distilled. Two implementations are presented together with measurement results. The first one is a single-ended implementation of a delta-sigma ADC operating with 1.5V supply voltage and consuming 100 mW for a 74 dB dynamic range in a 3.4 kHz bandwidth. The second implementation is differential and operates with 900 mV. It achieves 77 dB dynamic range in 16 kHz bandwidth and consumes 40 mW. This book is a reference for analogue design engineers and researchers.

Analog integrated circuits are very important as interfaces between the digital parts of integrated electronic systems and the outside world. A large portion of the effort involved in designing these circuits is spent in the layout phase. Whereas the physical design of digital circuits is automated to a large extent, the layout of analog circuits is still a manual, time-consuming and error-prone task. This is mainly due to the continuous nature of analog signals, which causes analog circuit performance to be very sensitive to layout parasitics. The parasitic elements associated with interconnect wires cause loading and coupling effects that degrade the frequency behaviour and the noise performance of analog circuits. Device mismatch and thermal effects put a fundamental limit on the achievable accuracy of circuits. For successful automation of analog layout, advanced place and route tools that can handle these critical parasitics are required. In the past, automatic analog layout tools tried to optimize the layout without quantifying the performance degradation introduced by layout parasitics.Therefore, it was not guaranteed that the resulting layout met the specifications and one or more layout iterations could be needed. The authors propose a performance-driven layout strategy to overcome this problem. In this methodology, the layout tools are driven by performance constraints, such that the final layout, with parasitic effects, still satisfies the specifications of the circuit. The performance degradation associated with an intermediate layout solution is evaluated at runtime using predetermined sensitivities. In contrast with other performance-driven layout methodologies, the tools proposed in this book operate directly on the performance constraints, without an intermediate parasitic constraint generation step. Besides its influence on the performance, layout also has a profound impact on the yield and testability of an analog circuit. The authors outline a new criterion to quantify the detectability of a fault and combine this with a yield model to evaluate the testability of an integrated circuit layout.They then integrate this technique with their performance-driven routing algorithm to produce layouts that have optimal manufacturability while still meeting their performance specifications.

This volume concentrates on three topics: (X)DSL and other communication systems; RF MOST models; and integrated filters and oscillators. The book comprises five chapters on the first topic with six each on the other two, all written by internationally recognized experts. They are tutorial in nature and together make a contribution to improving the design of analogue circuits. The book is divided into three parts: Part I: X(DSL) and other communication systems presents some examples of recent improved modem techniques which have resulted in much higher transmission speeds over the local telephone network. It also presents components for the implementation of different standards. Part II: RF MOST Models investigates the state of the art in RF MOST models. It compares the existing BSIM3v3, Philips' Model 9 and the EKV model with respect to their capability to accurately predict GHz performance with submicron CMOST technologies. It shows how it has now become quite feasible to model a MOST at very high frequencies, giving rise to an increased use of MOST technologies in RF applications.

Analog circuit design has grown in importance because so many circuits cannot be realized with digital techniques. Examples are receiver front-ends, particle detector circuits, etc. Actually, all circuits which require high precision, high speed and low power consumption need analog solutions. High precision also needs low noise. Much has been written already on low noise design and optimization for low noise. Very little is available however if the source is not resistive but capacitive or inductive as is the case with antennas or semiconductor detectors. This book provides design techniques for these types of optimization. This book is thus intended firstly for engineers on senior or graduate level who have already designed their first operational amplifiers and want to go further. It is especially for engineers who do not want just a circuit but the best circuit. Design techniques are given that lead to the best performance within a certain technology. Moreover, this is done for all important technologies such as bipolar, CMOS and BiCMOS. Secondly, this book is intended for engineers who want to understand what they are doing. The design techniques are intended to provide insight. In this way, the design techniques can easily be extended to other circuits as well. Also, the design techniques form a first step towards design automation. Thirdly, this book is intended for analog design engineers who want to become familiar with both bipolar and CMOS technologies and who want to learn more about which transistor to choose in BiCMOS.

It is a great honor to provide a few words of introduction for Dr. Georges Gielen's and Prof. Willy Sansen's book "Symbolic analysis for automated design of analog integrated circuits". The symbolic analysis method presented in this book represents a significant step forward in the area of analog circuit design. As demonstrated in this book, symbolic analysis opens up new possibilities for the development of computer-aided design (CAD) tools that can analyze an analog circuit topology and automatically size the components for a given set of specifications. Symbolic analysis even has the potential to improve the training of young analog circuit designers and to guide more experienced designers through second-order phenomena such as distortion. This book can also serve as an excellent reference for researchers in the analog circuit design area and creators of CAD tools, as it provides a comprehensive overview and comparison of various approaches for analog circuit design automation and an extensive bibliography. The world is essentially analog in nature, hence most electronic systems involve both analog and digital circuitry. As the number of transistors that can be integrated on a single integrated circuit (IC) substrate steadily increases over time, an ever increasing number of systems will be implemented with one, or a few, very complex ICs because of their lower production costs.

Concentrating on three topics - operational amplifiers, A-to-D converters and analog CAD - this work comprises six papers on each topic written by internationally recognized experts. These papers have a tutorial nature aimed at improving the design of analog circuits. The papers are based on those presented at the Workshop of Advances in Analog Circuit Design held in Delft, Netherlands in 1992. The main intention of the workshop was to brainstorm with a group of some 100 analog design experts on the new possibilities and future developments on the above topics. The results of this brainstorming are contained in "Analog Circuit Design", which should thus serve as an important reference for researchers and design engineers working in the forefront of analog circuit design and research.

Devoted to the design of CMOS continuous-time filters, this book shows that CMOS is employed because the most complex integrated circuits have been realized with this technology for two decades. The most important advantages and drawbacks of continuous-time filters are clearly shown. The transfer function is one of the most important filter parameters but several others (like intermodulation distortion; power-supply rejection ratio; noise level and dynamic range) are fundamental in the design of high-performance systems. Special attention is paid to the practical aspects of the design, which shows the difference between an academic design and an industrial design. Step-by-step design procedures are often used to clarify the use of the techniques and topologies. The organisation of this text is hierarchical, starting with the design consideration of the basic building blocks and ending with the design of several high-performance continuous-time filters. Most of the circuits have been fabricated, theoretically analyzed and simulated, and silicon measurement results are compared with each other.This book can be used as a text book for senior or graduate courses in this field and can also be useful for industrial engineers.

The ever-increasing complexity and speed of digital circuits has considerably modified the architecture of integrated signal processing systems, resulting in the analogue parts of the system being pushed towards the boundaries of the signal processing chain. The specification requirements of these analogue interface circuits are becoming very strict, in order to fully benefit from the speed performance and the high dynamic range offered by digital circuits. This book analyzes the analogue interfaces of a digital signal processing chain, and presents techniques to obtain maximum performance for various technologies and applications. The book serves as a general introduction and as a reference work in the fields of low-distortion analogue circuits and over-sampled data converters. It can also be used as the text for advanced courses covering these topics.

Some examples have been presented of BiCMOS circuit design in mixed- signal ASICs. It is by no means an exhaustive list. Many cells have not been mentioned, including 300MHz CMOS Video DACs, 20 Bit Sigma-Delta ADCs, Real-time and Switched-Cap Filters, Line Drivers and Receivers and many more. References. [1] J.Corcoran "High Speed Sample and Hold and Analog-to-Digital Converter Circuits",Advances in Analog Circuit Design, April1992. [2] Y.S.Yee,L.M.Terman and L.G.Heller "A lmV MOS comparator," IEEE J. of Solid-State Circuits, vol. SC-13, June 1978. [3] M.Timko and P.Holloway "Circuit Techniques for Achieving High Speed- High Resolution AID Conversion" IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, vol. SC-15, No.6, December 1980. [4] W.H. Gross "New High Speed Amplifier Design, Design Techniques and Layout Problems", Advances in Analog Circuit Design, April 1992. MIXED SIGNAL ASIC DESIGN FOR AUTOMOTIVE AND INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS H. Casicr Mietcc Alcatel, Brussels, Belgium ABSTRACT This paper describes the special aspects of mixed signal design in the ASIC environment.The knowledge of the application specific environment and of the function of the ASIC can be used advantageously to lower the cost and to enhance the performance at all levels of design. Several examples of this cost improvement and performance enhancement at device, circuit and system level are shown.

This volume of "Analog Circuit Design" concentrates on three topics: low-power low-voltage design; integrated filters, and smart power. The book comprises six papers on each topic written by internationally recognised experts. These papers have a tutorial nature aimed at improving the design of analog circuits. The book is divided into three parts: - Part I, "Low-Power Low-Voltage Design", describes the latest techniques for producing analog circuits with low-voltage low-power requirements. These circuits have an important role to play in the increasing trend towards portable products, where battery life is an important design factor. The papers cover design techniques for amplifiers, analog-to-digital converters, micro-power analog filters and medical devices. Part II, "Integrated Filters", presents papers which detail nearly all known techniques to construct integrated filters. These filters all use resistors and capacitors to obtain the filtering function due to the low quality of inductors in silicon. Integration of the filtering function on chips is important to reduce system cost and provide greater accuracy.Part III, "Smart Power", illustrates up-to-date techniques for implementing thermal detectors and protection networks to improve reliability and the lifetime of many analog devices. These devices are more specifically those with different analog blocks operating at different temperatures. Smart Power is thus never limited to circuit design only, but must also include packaging and cooling considerations; it is system design. This text should be an essential reference source for analog design engineers wishing to keep abreast with the latest developments in the field. The tutorial nature of the contributions also makes the book suitable for use in an advanced course.

This volume of "Analog Circuit Design" concentrates on three topics: low-noise, low-power, low-voltage; mixed-mode design with CAD tools; and voltage, current and time references. The book contains six papers on each topic, written by internationally recognized experts. The papers are tutorial in nature and aim to make a contribution to improving the design of analogue circuits. The book is divided into three parts. Part 1, "Low-Noise, Low-Power, Low-Voltage", concentrates on the problems of the matching properties of high frequency MOS circuits caused by the continuous reduction in the size of integrated devices. These problems are considered in the light of maintaining the benefits of greater bandwidth and lower power consumption. Part 2, "Mixed Mode Design with CAD Tools", looks at the practicalities of providing CAD tools for circuits containing both digital and analogue elements. The papers consider both the simulation and synthesis aspects of designing CAD tools suitable for such designs. Part 3, "Voltage, Current and Time References", contains much new material describing all aspects of these reference circuits.This book is intended as a reference source for analogue design engineers and researchers wishing to keep abreast with the latest developments in the field. The tutorial nature of the contributions also makes it suitable for use in an advanced course.

This volume of analog circuit design concentrates on three topics: MOST RF circuits; Bandpass Delta-Sigma converters; translinear circuits. It comprises six papers on each topic written by internationally recognised experts. These papers are tutorial in nature and together make a substantial contribution to improving the design of analog circuits. The book is divided into three parts: Part I, MOST RF circuits, demonstrates the viability of using CMOS for high-frequency communication applications. This renaissance in radio-frequency design is largely driven by the explosion of interest in telecommunications and several of the papers are specifically targeted to wireless communication applications. Part II, Bandpass Delta-Sigma converters, describes the latest developments in analog-to-digital and digital-to-analog converters. These converters find applications in telecommunications, hearing aids and audio systems, particularly when they consume low-power and have high performance. This part concludes by looking at the CAD tools required for the design of such converters.Part III, translinear circuits, have become important devices in building analog linear functions with variable parameters. This part of the book presents the latest research and techniques for designing translinear circuits using both bipolar and CMOS technologies. This text should be an essential reference source for analog design engineers and researchers wishing to keep abreast with the latest developments in the field. The tutorial nature of the contributions also makes it suitable for use in an advanced course.

This book contains the extended and revised versions of the talks of all speakers presented at the sixth AACD Workshop held in Villa Olmo, April 2-4 1997 Como, Italy. The local chairman was Pietro Erratico and the organization was performed by Isabella De Quattro both of SGS- Thomson Microelectronics Cornareda and Agrate Brianza Italy. The program consisted of six tutorials per day during three days. These tutorials were presented by experts in the field to give state of the art information. Program topics for the following workshop are selected by the audience at the end of the workshop. The program committee, consisting of 10han Huijsing of Delft University of Technology, Willy Sansen of Katholieke Universiteit Leuven and Rudy van de Plassche of Philips Research Labs and University of Technology Eindhoven elaborates the selected topics into a three day program and selects the experts in the field for presentation. Each AACD Workshop has given rise to the publication of a book by Kluwer entitled "Analog Circuit Design".This series of six books in a row provides a valuable overview of all analog circuit techniques concerning design, CAD, simulation and device modeling and can be seen as a reference to those involved in analog circuits.

Static and Dynamic Performance Limitations for High Speed D/A Converters discusses the design and implementation of high speed current-steering CMOS digital-to-analog converters. Starting from the definition of the basic specifications for a D/A converter, the elements determining the static and dynamic performance are identified. Different guidelines based on scientific derivations are suggested to optimize this performance. Furthermore, a new closed formula has been derived to account for the influence of the transistor mismatch on the achievable resolution of the current-steering D/A converter. To allow a thorough understanding of the dynamic behavior, a new factor has been introduced. Moreover, the frequency dependency of the output impedance introduces harmonic distortion components which can limit the maximum attainable spurious free dynamic range. The validity of all the derived concepts has been demonstrated in the design and implementation of different D/A converters ranging from high resolution to high speed devices, which also resulted in the first published 10 bit 1GSample/s CMOS current-steering D/A converter.Finally, the last part of the book gives an overview on different existing transistor mismatch models and the link with the static performance of the D/A converter. Static and Dynamic Performance Limitations for High Speed D/A Converters serves as an invaluable reference book and may be used as a text for advanced courses on the subject.

This volume of Analog Circuit Design concentrates on 3 topics: High-Speed Analog-to-Digital Converters, Mixed Signal Design and PLLs and Synthesizers. The book comprises 6 papers on each topic written by internationally recognized experts. These papers have a tutorial nature aimed at improving the design of analog circuits. The book is divided into 3 parts: Part I, High-Speed Analog-to-Digital Converters, describes the latest techniques for producing analog-to-digital converters for applications in disk drives, radio circuits, XDSL and super HiFi audio conversion. Converters having resolutions between 7-bit and 12-bit using CMOS techniques are presented. A 13-bit bandpass sigma-delta modulator for IF signal conversion concludes this part. Part II, Mixed Signal Design, presents papers that detail nearly all known techniques and design issues for mixed signal circuits using CAD tools. Applications for telecom, sigma-delta converters, systems-on-a-chip and RF circuitry are described.Part III, PLLs and Synthesizers, illustrates up-to-date techniques for combination of inductors on a CMOS chip together with PLL techniques to obtain low-noise frequency synthesizers for telecom applications. Special attention is paid to fractional N synthesizers using sigma-delta algorithms. Analog Circuit Design is an essential reference source for analog design engineers and researchers wishing to keep abreast with the latest developments in the field. The tutorial nature of the contributions also makes it suitable for use in an advanced design course.

With the increased efforts of the analog design community to integrate analog high-frequency front-ends for telecommunications, there has been heightened interest in the behaviour of nonlinear circuits since this can cause considerable degradation of signals. In analog integrated circuits at lower frequencies, such as filters, nonlinear behaviour limits the dynamic range. Analog integrated circuit designers often lack insight into nonlinear circuit behaviour. Indeed, designers are trained to reason in linear or linearized circuits but not in nonlinear ones. Numerical circuit simulations of nonlinear circuit behavior do not provide enough insight to the designer. Distortion Analysis of Analog Integrated Circuits, with a foreword by Robert G. Meyer, provides both qualitative and quantitative insight into the nonlinear behavior of analog integrated circuits at low and high frequencies. General techniques to suppress nonlinear behavior such as pre-distortion, linear and nonlinear feedback are explained in detail and illustrated with realistic examples. In this way the book fills the gap between the theory of nonlinear systems and practical analog integrated circuits.Distortion Analysis of Analog Integrated Circuits provides the reader with an in-depth analysis of elementary transistor stages, both CMOS and bipolar, as well as an analysis of several larger circuits. Hereby use is made of advanced transistor models that are also discussed in the book. The analyses take into account many more effects than in existing publications, thanks to the use of a calculation method that yields closed-form expressions for nonlinear behavior. These expressions are interpreted and illustrated with realistic numerical examples. Distortion Analysis of Analog Integrated Circuits is essential reading for practicing analog and mixed-signal design engineers and researchers in the field. It is also suitable as a text for an advanced course on the subject. From the foreword: 'I am sure that the analog circuit design community will [...] welcome this work by Dr. Wambacq and Prof. Sansen as a major contribution to the analog circuit design literature in the area of distortion analysis of electronic circuits. I am personally looking forward to having a copy readily available for reference when designing integrated circuits for communication systems.'Robert G. Meyer, Professor, Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley.

This book contains the revised contributions of 18 tutorial speakers at the seventh AACD '98 in Copenhagen, April 28-30, 1998. The conference was organized by OIe Olesen, ofthe Technical University of Denmark. The pro gram committee consisted of Johan H. Huijsing from Delft University ofTechnology, The Netherlands, Willy Samsen from the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium and Rudy J. van de Plassche, Philips Research, The Netherlands. The pro gram was concentrated around three important topics in analog circuit design. Each of these three topics has been covered by six papers. Each of the three chapters of this book contains the six papers of one topic. The three topics are: I-Volt Electronics Design and implementation ofMixed Modes Systems. Low-Noise and RF power Amplifies for the communication. Other topics, which have been covered in this series before are: 1992 OpAmps ADC's AnalogCAD. 1993 Mixed-Mode AlD design Sensor Interfaces Communication circuits. 1994 Low-Power low-Voltage Integrated Filters Smart Power. 1995 Low-Noise, Low-Power, Low-Voltage Mixed Mode with CAD Tirals Voltage, Current and Time References. vii viii 1996 RF CMOS circuit design BandpassSigma Delta and other Converters Translinear circuits.1997 RF A-D Converters Sensor and Actuator Interfaces Low-noise Oscillators, PLL's and and Synthesizers. We hope to serve the analog design community with these series of books and plan to continue this series in the future.

Design of Low-Voltage Low-Power CMOS Delta-Sigma A/D Converters investigates the feasibility of designing Delta-Sigma Analog to Digital Converters for very low supply voltage (lower than 1.5V) and low power operation in standard CMOS processes. The chosen technique of implementation is the Switched Opamp Technique which provides Switched Capacitor operation at low supply voltage without the need to apply voltage multipliers or low VtMOST devices. A method of implementing the classic single loop and cascaded Delta-Sigma modulator topologies with half delay integrators is presented. Those topologies are studied in order to find the parameters that maximise the performance in terms of peak SNR. Based on a linear model, the performance degradations of higher order single loop and cascaded modulators, compared to a hypothetical ideal modulator, are quantified. An overview of low voltage Switched Capacitor design techniques, such as the use of voltage multipliers, low VtMOST devices and the Switched Opamp Technique, is given.An in-depth discussion of the present status of the Switched Opamp Technique covers the single-ended Original Switched Opamp Technique, the Modified Switched Opamp Technique, which allows lower supply voltage operation, and differential implementation including common mode control techniques. The restrictions imposed on the analog circuits by low supply voltage operation are investigated. Several low voltage circuit building blocks, some of which are new, are discussed. A new low voltage class AB OTA, especially suited for differential Switched Opamp applications, together with a common mode feedback amplifier and a comparator are presented and analyzed. As part of a systematic top-down design approach, the non-ideal charge transfer of the Switched Opamp integrator cell is modeled, based upon several models of the main opamp non-ideal characteristics. Behavioral simulations carried out with these models yield the required opamp specifications that ensure that the intended performance is met in an implementation. A power consumption analysis is performed. The influence of all design parameters, especially the low power supply voltage, is highlighted.Design guidelines towards low power operation are distilled. Two implementations are presented together with measurement results. The first one is a single-ended implementation of a Delta-Sigma ADC operating with 1.5V supply voltage and consuming 100 mW for a 74 dB dynamic range in a 3.4 kHz bandwidth. The second implementation is differential and operates with 900 mV. It achieves 77 dB dynamic range in 16 kHz bandwidth and consumes 40 mW. Design of Low-Voltage Low-Power CMOS Delta-Sigma A/D Converters is essential reading for analog design engineers and researchers.

Analog integrated circuits are very important as interfaces between the digital parts of integrated electronic systems and the outside world. A large portion of the effort involved in designing these circuits is spent in the layout phase. Whereas the physical design of digital circuits is automated to a large extent, the layout of analog circuits is still a manual, time-consuming and error-prone task. This is mainly due to the continuous nature of analog signals, which causes analog circuit performance to be very sensitive to layout parasitics. The parasitic elements associated with interconnect wires cause loading and coupling effects that degrade the frequency behaviour and the noise performance of analog circuits. Device mismatch and thermal effects put a fundamental limit on the achievable accuracy of circuits. For successful automation of analog layout, advanced place and route tools that can handle these critical parasitics are required. In the past, automatic analog layout tools tried to optimize the layout without quantifying the performance degradation introduced by layout parasitics.Therefore, it was not guaranteed that the resulting layout met the specifications and one or more layout iterations could be needed. In Analog Layout Generation for Performance and Manufacturability, the authors propose a performance driven layout strategy to overcome this problem. In this methodology, the layout tools are driven by performance constraints, such that the final layout, with parasitic effects, still satisfies the specifications of the circuit. The performance degradation associated with an intermediate layout solution is evaluated at runtime using predetermined sensitivities. In contrast with other performance driven layout methodologies, the tools proposed in this book operate directly on the performance constraints, without an intermediate parasitic constraint generation step. This approach makes a complete and sensible trade-off between the different layout alternatives possible at runtime and therefore eliminates the possible feedback route between constraint derivation, placement and layout extraction. Besides its influence on the performance, layout also has a profound impact on the yield and testability of an analog circuit.In Analog Layout Generation for Performance and Manufacturability, the authors outline a new criterion to quantify the detectability of a fault and combine this with a yield model to evaluate the testability of an integrated circuit layout. They then integrate this technique with their performance driven routing algorithm to produce layouts that have optimal manufacturability while still meeting their performance specifications. Analog Layout Generation for Performance and Manufacturability will be of interest to analog engineers, researchers and students.

This volume of Analog Circuit Design concentrates on three topics: (X)DSL and other communication systems; RF MOST models; and integrated filters and oscillators. The book comprises five chapters on the first topic with six each on the other two, all written by internationally recognized experts. They are tutorial in nature and together make a substantial contribution to improving the design of analog circuits. The book is divided into three parts: Part I: (X)DSL and other Communication Systems presents some examples of recent improved modem techniques which have resulted in much higher transmission speeds over the local telephone network. It also presents components for the implementation of different standards. Part II: RF MOST Models investigates the state of the art in RF MOST models. It compares the existing BSIM3v3, Philips' Model 9 and the EKV model with respect to their capability to accurately predict GHz performance with submicron CMOST technologies. It shows how it has now become quite feasible to model a MOST at very high frequencies, giving rise to an increased use of MOST technologies in RF applications.Part III: Integrated Filters and Oscillators illustrates how the increasing use of communication tools goes hand-in-hand with the design of analog filters and oscillators with greater flexibility and higher bandwidth.

Analog circuit design has grown in importance because so many circuits cannot be realized with digital techniques. Examples are receiver front-ends, particle detector circuits, etc. Actually, all circuits which require high precision, high speed and low power consumption need analog solutions. High precision also needs low noise. Much has been written already on low noise design and optimization for low noise. Very little is available however if the source is not resistive but capacitive or inductive as is the case with antennas or semiconductor detectors. This book provides design techniques for these types of optimization. This book is thus intended firstly for engineers on senior or graduate level who have already designed their first operational amplifiers and want to go further. It is especially for engineers who do not want just a circuit but the best circuit. Design techniques are given that lead to the best performance within a certain technology. Moreover, this is done for all important technologies such as bipolar, CMOS and BiCMOS. Secondly, this book is intended for engineers who want to understand what they are doing. The design techniques are intended to provide insight. In this way, the design techniques can easily be extended to other circuits as well. Also, the design techniques form a first step towards design automation. Thirdly, this book is intended for analog design engineers who want to become familiar with both bipolar and CMOS technologies and who want to learn more about which transistor to choose in BiCMOS.

This volume of Analog Circuit Design concentrates on three topics: Operational Amplifiers. A-to-D converters and Analog CAD. The book comprises six papers on each topic written by internationally recognised experts. These papers have a tutorial nature aimed at improving the design of analog circuits. The book is divided into three parts. Part I, Operational Amplifiers, presents new technologies for the design of Op-Amps in both bipolar and CMOS technologies. Two papers demonstrate techniques for improving frequency and gain behavior at high voltage. Low voltage bipolar Op-Amp design is treated in another paper. The realization high-speed and high gain VLSI building blocks in CMOS is demonstrated in two papers. The final paper shows how to provide output power with CMOS buffer amplifiers. Part II, Analog-to-Digital Conversion, presents papers which address very high conversion speeds and very high resolution implementations using sigma-delta modulation architectures. Analog to Digital converters provide the link between the analog world of transducers and the digital world of signal processing and computing.High-performance bipolar and MOS technologies result in high-resolution or high-speed convertors which can be applied in digital audio or video systems. Furthermore, the advanced high-speed bipolar technologies show an increase in conversion speed into the gigahertz range. Part III, Analog Computer Aided Design, presents the latest research towards providing analog circuit designers with the tools needed to automate much of the design process. The techniques and methodologies described demonstrate the advances being made in developing analog design tools comparable with those already available for digital design. The papers in this volume are based on those presented at the Workshop on Advances in Analog Circuit Design held in Delft, The Netherlands in 1992. The main intention of the workshop was to brainstorm with a group of about 100 analog design experts on the new possibilities and future developments on the above topics. The result of this brainstorming is contained in Analog Circuit Design, which is thus an important reference for researchers and design engineers working in the forefront of analog circuit design and research.

High-Performance CMOS Continuous-Time Filters is devoted to the design of CMOS continuous-time filters. CMOS is employed because the most complex integrated circuits have been realized with this technology for two decades. The most important advantages and drawbacks of continuous-time filters are clearly shown. The transfer function is one of the most important filter parameters but several others (like intermodulation distortion, power-supply rejection ratio, noise level and dynamic range) are fundamental in the design of high-performance systems. Special attention is paid to the practical aspects of the design, which shows the difference between an academic design and an industrial design. A clear understanding of the behavior of the circuits and techniques is preferred over complex equations or interpretation of simulated results. Step-by-step design procedures are very often used to clarify the use of the techniques and topologies. The organization of this text is hierarchical, starting with the design consideration of the basic building blocks and ending with the design of several high-performance continuous-time filters.Most of the circuits have been fabricated, theoretically analyzed and simulated, and silicon measurement results are compared with each other. High-Performance CMOS Continuous-Time Filters can be used as a text book for senior or graduate courses on this topic and can also be useful for industrial engineers as a reference book.

Some examples have been presented of BiCMOS circuit design in mixed- signal ASICs. It is by no means an exhaustive list. Many cells have not been mentioned, including 300MHz CMOS Video DACs, 20 Bit Sigma-Delta ADCs, Real-time and Switched-Cap Filters, Line Drivers and Receivers and many more. References. [1] J.Corcoran "High Speed Sample and Hold and Analog-to-Digital Converter Circuits",Advances in Analog Circuit Design, April1992. [2] Y.S.Yee,L.M.Terman and L.G.Heller "A lmV MOS comparator," IEEE J. of Solid-State Circuits, vol. SC-13, June 1978. [3] M.Timko and P.Holloway "Circuit Techniques for Achieving High Speed- High Resolution AID Conversion" IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, vol. SC-15, No.6, December 1980. [4] W.H. Gross "New High Speed Amplifier Design, Design Techniques and Layout Problems", Advances in Analog Circuit Design, April 1992. MIXED SIGNAL ASIC DESIGN FOR AUTOMOTIVE AND INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS H. Casicr Mietcc Alcatel, Brussels, Belgium ABSTRACT This paper describes the special aspects of mixed signal design in the ASIC environment.The knowledge of the application specific environment and of the function of the ASIC can be used advantageously to lower the cost and to enhance the performance at all levels of design. Several examples of this cost improvement and performance enhancement at device, circuit and system level are shown.

This volume of Analog Circuit Design concentrates on three topics: Low-Power Low-Voltage Design; Integrated Filters, and Smart Power. The book comprises six papers on each topic written by internationally recognised experts. These papers have a tutorial nature aimed at improving the design of analog circuits. The book is divided into three parts: Part I, Low-Power Low-Voltage Design, describes the latest techniques for producing analog circuits with low-voltage low-power requirements. These circuits have an important role to play in the increasing trend towards portable products, where battery life is an important design factor. The papers cover design techniques for amplifiers, analog-to-digital converters, micro-power analog filters and medical devices. Part II, Integrated Filters, presents papers which detail nearly all known techniques to construct integrated filters. These filters all use resistors and capacitors to obtain the filtering function due to the low quality of inductors in silicon. Integration of the filtering function on chips is important to reduce system cost and provide greater accuracy.Part III, Smart Power, illustrates up-to-date techniques for implementing thermal detectors and protection networks to improve reliability and the lifetime of many analog devices. These devices are more specifically those with different analog blocks operating at different temperatures. Smart Power is thus never limited to circuit design only, but must also include packaging and cooling considerations; it is system design. Analog Circuit Design is an essential reference source for analog design engineers wishing to keep abreast with the latest developments in the field. The tutorial nature of the contributions also makes the book suitable for use in an advanced course.