Wolfgang Wagner – författare

Punitive practices are highly revealing of a society's social fabric, its normative order, and power structure. Punishment in International Society examines the penal philosophies and practices in international society. The contributions to this book show the added value of a punitive lens to international politics in two major ways: First, punitive practices reveal the contours of the international normative order, its structures, and hierarchies. Such a perspective highlights the prominent position of individuals in the current normative order, but it also reveals a major divergence in the international normative order between a global North that emphasizes individualized, retributive punishment for atrocity crimes and a global South that puts reparations for past colonial wrongs on the agenda. Second, in contrast to a nation-state, the authority to sanction and act in defense of the normative order is far more dispersed and contested in international society. Although there is a demand to embed punitive practices in procedures and institutions, the most legitimate site of such authority remains contested as regional organizations such as the African Union compete with the United Nations for the authority to defend the normative order. This book brings together an international roster of scholars from the social sciences, law, and humanities. The contributions demonstrate that punitive practices have been more prevalent than commonly acknowledged as they have often been masked as (self-)defence, reparations, or coercive diplomacy. By approaching international punishment from various disciplines, this volume sheds new light on different dimensions of the punitive practices across the globe.

According to a widely shared notion, foreign affairs are exempted from democratic politics, i.e. party-political divisions are overcome-and should be overcome-for the sake of a common national interest. This book shows that this is not the case. Examining votes in the US Congress and several European parliaments, the book demonstrates that contestation over foreign affairs is barely different from contestation over domestic politics. Analyses of a new collection of deployment votes, of party manifestos, and of expert survey data show that political parties differ systematically over foreign policy and military interventions in particular. The left/right divide is the best guide to the pattern of party-political contestation: support is weakest at the far left of the spectrum and increases as one moves along the left/right axis to green, social democratic, liberal and conservative parties; amongst parties of the far right, support is again weaker than amongst parties of the centre. An analysis of parliamentary debates in Canada, Germany, and the United Kingdom about the interventions in Afghanistan and against Daesh in Iraq and Syria shows that political parties also differ systematically in how they frame the use of force abroad. For example, parties on the right tend to frame their country's participation in the US-led missions in terms of national security and national interests whereas parties on the left tend to engage in 'spiral model thinking', i.e. they critically reflect on the unintended consequences of the use of force in fuelling the conflicts with the Taliban and Daesh.

Bringing together scholars from Europe and North America, this book examines the engagement of legislatures across the world in foreign and security policy. The articles are specifically chosen to cover the whole range of foreign affairs questions from crisis management and military missions, arms trade, the Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) of the European Union (EU), international energy agreements, to international trade negotiations. Drawing on a principal-agent framework, the book challenges the conventional wisdom of ‘executive autonomy’ in foreign affairs, with parliaments using multiple ex ante and ex post instruments to monitor, oversee and control governments in external relations. Moving beyond the ‘politics stops at the water’s edge’ image, the articles highlight the role of party-political contestation instead of consensus in the name of national interest structuring parliamentary debates and decision-making in this increasingly politicized issue area. Considering the lack of research on parliamentary participation in foreign affairs beyond the specific case of the U.S. Congress, the book will also contribute to theory building and will deepen our understanding of legislative-executive relations. The chapters originally published as a special issue in West European Politics.

This book, the first in a multi-volume history of German aviation, provides a comprehensive and detailed analysis of of jet aircraft design and development in Germany. The solid description, unique photo material, historical documents, numerous drawings and complete data tables – published for the first time – make this book not only a gripping story but also an indispensable reference work for anyone with an interest in the development of aviation. In August 1939 in Germany a small propellerless aircraft took off on its maiden flight under conditions of utmost secrecy: the world’s first jet aircraft. Apart from Ernst Heinkel, Hans Joachim Pabst von Ohain (inventor of the turbojet engine) and a small circle of their co-workers, no one suspected the profound effect that the successful flight of the tiny He 178 would have on aviation. Spurred on by Heinkel’s success, very high speed aircraft were also put into the air by Messerschmitt, Arado and Junkers. On the other hand the designers of jet engines initially encountered almost insuperable problems, for in wartime high-quality raw materials such as nickel, cobalt and molybdenum were unobtainable and substitute materials had to be used in their place. But the designers, who were rushing ahead with their own projects, found a way around this with the help of experienced test pilots: in 1940 the Heinkel 280, the first twin-engined jet aircraft, was flown without engines as a towed glider; Messerschmitt installed an auxiliary piston engine in the nose of its twin-engined Me 262; Arado equipped its twin-engined Ar 234 with jet engines intended for ground tests only. The test pilots became accustomed to landing on just one working engine or none at all. In spite of shortages of strategic materials and the use of replacements, jet engines reached the production stage by the end of the war. But it was only possible to put small numbers of the very high speed aircraft into service, too late to have any decisive effect on the war. The development work on these first jet aircraft led to a tremendous technological leap forward; it was the beginning of advanced technology in aircraft design.

Bringing together scholars from Europe and North America, this book examines the engagement of legislatures across the world in foreign and security policy. The articles are specifically chosen to cover the whole range of foreign affairs questions from crisis management and military missions, arms trade, the Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) of the European Union (EU), international energy agreements, to international trade negotiations. Drawing on a principal-agent framework, the book challenges the conventional wisdom of ‘executive autonomy’ in foreign affairs, with parliaments using multiple ex ante and ex post instruments to monitor, oversee and control governments in external relations. Moving beyond the ‘politics stops at the water’s edge’ image, the articles highlight the role of party-political contestation instead of consensus in the name of national interest structuring parliamentary debates and decision-making in this increasingly politicized issue area. Considering the lack of research on parliamentary participation in foreign affairs beyond the specific case of the U.S. Congress, the book will also contribute to theory building and will deepen our understanding of legislative-executive relations. The chapters originally published as a special issue in West European Politics.

Thinking and talking in everyday life differs from thinking and talking in more formal contexts, and that difference is not always taken into account in social psychology. What is needed is an approach that sets the man and woman in the street as competent actors in their own right, rather than just pinpointing their alleged cognitive shortcomings. This book proposes the theory of Social Representations, which allows us to articulate collective and individual psychological processes, as a solution. The text begins with a general analysis of everyday thinking in psychology, discussing research into socio-political, popular scientific and cultural systems of common-sense. The theory is presented through both classic and contemporary research into the construction of the social world, from the individual level of representations as metaphors, images and cognitive structures, to collective phenomena such as dialogue, discourse and shared understandings. The concluding chapters cover epistemological and methodological developments in the field. This book is the first comprehensive, integrative and book-length treatment of Moscovici's Theory of Social Representations in the English language.

This Open Access book examines how people often treat social group membership as inherent, immutable, informative and even intergenerationally inherited. Such essentialism remains one of the more puzzling folk intuitions, at odds with social science maintaining that people become culturally competent group members through enculturation, and that norms can change how group boundaries are defined quite substantially. Essentialism also features prominently in much rhetoric that justifies intergroup hostility and in researchers' attempts to explain it. Nonetheless, social scientists have not reached a consensus about essentialism's causal role in intergroup relations.In this Open Access book, contributors from a range of perspectives tackle fundamental questions in this field:Do humans share a tendency to essentialise groups?If so, where does this tendency come from?How is essentialism expressed in cognition, behavior, and institutions?What are its consequences for cooperation and social conflict?Psychologists, cultural anthropologists, and evolutionary biologists weigh in on these questions in this volume, often using specific cultural contexts as case studies to elucidate both the particularities and common patterns in the ways essentialism does, or does not, work in the real world.

The third main point is the involvement of the common, regular person, and a focus on children, as the unifying hope for the future.Throughout the volume, emphasis is on moral maturation, cultural interpretation in lieu of cultural imposition and creation of a sensitive media policy.

This volume comprises an outstanding variety of chapters on Earth Observation based time series analyses, undertaken to reveal past and current land surface dynamics for large areas. What exactly are time series of Earth Observation data? Which sensors are available to generate real time series? How can they be processed to reveal their valuable hidden information? Which challenges are encountered on the way and which pre-processing is needed? And last but not least: which processes can be observed? How are large regions of our planet changing over time and which dynamics and trends are visible? These and many other questions are answered within this book “Remote Sensing Time Series Analyses – Revealing Land Surface Dynamics”. Internationally renowned experts from Europe, the USA and China present their exciting findings based on the exploitation of satellite data archives from well-known sensors such as AVHRR, MODIS, Landsat, ENVISAT, ERS and METOP amongst others. Selected review and methods chapters provide a good overview over time series processing and the recent advances in the optical and radar domain. A fine selection of application chapters addresses multi-class land cover and land use change at national to continental scale, the derivation of patterns of vegetation phenology, biomass assessments, investigations on snow cover duration and recent dynamics, as well as urban sprawl observed over time.

This volume comprises an outstanding variety of chapters on Earth Observation based time series analyses, undertaken to reveal past and current land surface dynamics for large areas. What exactly are time series of Earth Observation data? Which sensors are available to generate real time series? How can they be processed to reveal their valuable hidden information? Which challenges are encountered on the way and which pre-processing is needed? And last but not least: which processes can be observed? How are large regions of our planet changing over time and which dynamics and trends are visible? These and many other questions are answered within this book “Remote Sensing Time Series Analyses – Revealing Land Surface Dynamics”. Internationally renowned experts from Europe, the USA and China present their exciting findings based on the exploitation of satellite data archives from well-known sensors such as AVHRR, MODIS, Landsat, ENVISAT, ERS and METOP amongst others. Selected review and methods chapters provide a good overview over time series processing and the recent advances in the optical and radar domain. A fine selection of application chapters addresses multi-class land cover and land use change at national to continental scale, the derivation of patterns of vegetation phenology, biomass assessments, investigations on snow cover duration and recent dynamics, as well as urban sprawl observed over time.

Stochastic numerical methods play an important role in large scale computations in the applied sciences. The first goal of this book is to give a mathematical description of classical direct simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) procedures for rarefied gases, using the theory of Markov processes as a unifying framework. The second goal is a systematic treatment of an extension of DSMC, called stochastic weighted particle method. This method includes several new features, which are introduced for the purpose of variance reduction (rare event simulation). Rigorous convergence results as well as detailed numerical studies are presented.

Der Medizin des ausklingenden 20. Jahrhunderts - insbesondere im Bereich der Nervenheilkunde - stellen sich verstärkt Fragen nach dem Selbstbestimmungsrecht und der Würde des Patienten, nach den wachsenden Konflikten im Umgang mit Not, Schmerz und Krise, nach der Autorität des Therapeuten, aber auch nach den Grenzen des wissenschaftlichen FortschritÄs. Nirgendwo sind die diagnostischen Kriterien subjektiver, die Ermessungsspielräume weiter, die Grenzen zwischen gesund und krank fließender als in der Psychiatrie. Hier befindet sich der behandelnde Arzt in einem besonders starken Spannungsfeld zwischen individueller und sozialer Verantwortlichkeit, die Verletzlichkeit des Kranken in der ganzen Tie+ÄBseines Menschseins ist hier größer als in irgendeinem anderen medizinischen Bereich. Zwangshospitalisierung und Zwangsbehandlung sind extreme, aber bezeichnende Beispiele für die TrÄgweite der ethischen Probleme dieses Fachgebietes. In den Beiträgen dieses Bandes werden ethische Themenbereiche nach neuesten wissenschaftlichen Erkenntnissen behandelt. Untersucht wird sowohl die Rolle der Anthropologie und Metaphysik für die Herleitung ethischer Werte, die medizinethischen Prinzipien in ihrem Wandel als auch die praktischen Probleme, die sich dem Verantwortlichen in der täglichen Praxis stellen. Somit bietet das Buch eine umfassende Gesamtinformation und wichtige Grundlage für den notwendigen Dialog über ethische Probleme in der Psychiatrie.

Stochastic numerical methods play an important role in large scale computations in the applied sciences. The first goal of this book is to give a mathematical description of classical direct simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) procedures for rarefied gases, using the theory of Markov processes as a unifying framework. The second goal is a systematic treatment of an extension of DSMC, called stochastic weighted particle method. This method includes several new features, which are introduced for the purpose of variance reduction (rare event simulation). Rigorous convergence results as well as detailed numerical studies are presented.

The book gives an outline of prevailing hydrogeologic conditions in the Arab Middle East together with the geologic background. Emphasis is given to relationships between the main features influencing the hydrogeologic conditions - regional geologic developments, paleogeographic conditions, morphology, climate and paleo-climate - and the resulting hydrogeologic features: formation of aquifers, distribution of major aquifers, main groundwater flow systems, occurrence of renewable and fossil groundwater. Reported data on hydraulic aquifer parameters, recharge rates and groundwater flow volumes are evaluated with a view to arrive at characteristic values under the specific hydrogeologic and climatic conditions. The area considered covers approximately the Arabian Plate. Information on the following countries is included: Bahrain, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syria, United Arab Emirates, West Bank and Gaza, Yemen.

Steam tables for practical industrial use are presented which have been calculated using the international standard for the thermodynamic properties of water and steam, the IAPWS-IF97 formulation, and the international standards for transport and other properties. In addition, the complete set of equations of IAPWS-IF97 is presented including all supplementary backward equations adopted by IAPWS between 2001 and 2005 for fast calculations of heat cycles, boilers, and steam turbines. For the first time these steam tables contain the following features: Formulas to calculate from IAPWS-IF97 arbitrary partial derivatives of the eight most important properties; this is very helpful in non-stationary process modelling. Inclusion of the specific enthalpy and enthalpy differences into the uncertainty values of IPWS-IF97 regarding the most important properties. Pressure-temperature diagrams with isolines of all properties contained in the steam tables and further properties.Moreover,a Mollier h-s diagram and a T-s diagram are enclosed as full-colour wall charts in A1-format.

The book gives an outline of prevailing hydrogeologic conditions in the Arab Middle East together with the geologic background. Emphasis is given to relationships between the main features influencing the hydrogeologic conditions - regional geologic developments, paleogeographic conditions, morphology, climate and paleo-climate - and the resulting hydrogeologic features: formation of aquifers, distribution of major aquifers, main groundwater flow systems, occurrence of renewable and fossil groundwater. Reported data on hydraulic aquifer parameters, recharge rates and groundwater flow volumes are evaluated with a view to arrive at characteristic values under the specific hydrogeologic and climatic conditions. The area considered covers approximately the Arabian Plate. Information on the following countries is included: Bahrain, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syria, United Arab Emirates, West Bank and Gaza, Yemen.

Auf dem Fundament des Verantwortungsprinzips und einer Proze~analyse der Nutzen-Risiko-Abw{gung f}r das Arzneimittel wird ein systematisches Geb{ude der Pharmaethik errichtet. Seine f}nf Bausteine - Wirtschafts-, Forschungs-, Sicherheits-, Vertriebs- und Verteilungsethik - verdeutlichen die enorme Komplexit{t des Themas und strukturieren es gleichzeitig in anschaulicher Weise. Ein umfangreicher Anhang unterst}tzt die konkreten Handlungsentscheidungen, vor allem im Bereich der klinischen Pr}fung nach den neuen Good-Clinical-Practice-Richtlinien derEurop{ischen Gemeinschaft. Das Buch wendet sich an [rzte, Pharmazeuten, Philosphen, Soziologen, \konomen, Manager, Politiker, Medizinjournalisten sowie an interessierte Studenten und Verbraucher. Angesprochen sind alle, die dem breiten Spektrum an Fehleinsch{tzungen mit den Instrumenten der angewandten Ethik begegnen wollen: der Verdammung des Arzneimittels genauso wie seiner unkritischen Glorifizierung, Damit r}ckt die Pharmaethik in den Brennpunkt der Qualit{tssicherung f}r die Zukunft des gesamten Arzneimittelwesens.