Zhong-lin Wang - Böcker

For a long time, I have wished to systematically summarize various dynamic theories associated with quantitative electron micros­ copy and their applications in simulations of electron diffraction patterns and images. This book assumes that readers have some preknowledge of electron microscopy, electron diffraction, and quantum mechanics.

Nanostructures refer to materials that have relevant dimensions on the nanometer length scales and reside in the mesoscopic regime between isolated atoms and molecules in bulk matter. These materials have unique physical properties that are distinctly different from bulk materials. This title provides systematic coverage of basic nanomaterials science including materials assembly and synthesis, characterization, and application. Aimed at both beginners and experts, it balances the chemistry aspects of nanomaterials with physical principles. It also highlights nanomaterial-based architectures including assembled or self-assembled systems. Filled with in-depth discussion of important applications of nano-architectures as well as potential applications ranging from physical to chemical and biological systems, the book should prove a useful reference or text for scientists involved with nanostructures.

Nanowires, nanobelts, nanoribbons, nanorods ..., are a new class of quasi-one- dimensional materials that have been attracting a great research interest in the last few years. These non-carbon based materials have been demonstrated to exhibit superior electrical, optical, mechanical and thermal properties, and can be used as fundamen- tal building blocks for nano-scale science and technology, ranging from chemical and biological sensors, field effect transistors to logic circuits. Nanocircuits built using semiconductor nanowires demonstrated were declared a "breakthrough in science" by Science magazine in 2001. Nature magazine recently published a report claiming that "Nanowires, nanorods, nanowhiskers, it does not matter what you call them, they are the hottest property in nanotechnology" (Nature 419 (2002) 553). There is no doubt that nanowire based quasi-one-dimensional materials will be the new focal point of research in the next decades.Volume 1: Metal and Semiconductor Nanowires covers a wide range of mate- rials systems, from noble metals (such as Au, Ag, Cu), single element semiconductors (such as Si and Ge), compound semiconductors (such as lnP, CdS and GaAs as well as heterostructures), nitrides (such as GaN and SiN ) to carbides (such as SiC). The 3 4 of this volume is to cover the synthesis, properties and device applications objective of nanowires based on metal and semiconductor materials. The volume starts with a review on novel electronic and optical nanodevices, nanosensors and logic circuits that have been built using individual nanowires as building blocks.

Nanowires, nanobelts, nanoribbons, nanorods..., are a new class of quasi-o- dimensional materials that have been attracting a great research interest in the last few years. These non-carbon based materials have been demonstrated to exhibit superior electrical, optical, mechanical and thermal properties, and can be used as fundam- tal building blocks for nano-scale science and technology, ranging from chemical and biological sensors, field effect transistors to logic circuits. Nanocircuits built using semiconductor nanowires demonstrated were declared a "breakthrough in science" by Science magazine in 2001. Nature magazine recently published a report claiming that "Nanowires, nanorods, nanowhiskers, it does not matter what you call them, they are the hottest property in nanotechnology" (Nature 419 (2002) 553). There is no doubt that nanowire based quasi-one-dimensional materials will the new focal point of research in the next decades.Volume 1: Metal and Semiconductor Nanowires covers a wide range of ma- rials systems, from noble metals (such as Au,Ag, Cu), single element semiconductors (such as Si and Ge), compound semiconductors (such as InP, CdS and GaAs as well as heterostructures), nitrides (such as GaN and Si N ) to carbides (such as SiC). The 3 4 objective of this volume is to cover the synthesis, properties and device applications of nanowires based on metal and semiconductor materials. The volume starts with a review on novel electronic and optical nanodevices, nanosensors and logic circuits that have been built using individual nanowires as building blocks.

Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) can be exploited not only for nanomaterials characterization but also integrated with new technologies for in-situ nanomaterials engineering and manipulation. Scanning Microscopy for Nanotechnology addresses the rapid development of these techniques for nanotechnology, in both technique and application chapters by leading practitioners. The book covers topics including nanomaterials imaging, X-ray microanalysis, high-resolution SEM, low kV SEM, cryo-SEM, as well as new techniques such as electron back scatter diffraction (EBSD) and scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM). Fabrication techniques integrated with SEM, such as e-beam nanolithography, nanomanipulation, and focused ion beam nanofabrication, are major new dimensions for SEM application. Application areas include the study of nanoparticles, nanowires and nanotubes, three-dimensional nanostructures, quantum dots, magnetic nanomaterials, photonic structures, and bio-inspired nanomaterials. This book will appeal not only to a broad spectrum of nanomaterials researchers, but also to SEM development specialists.

In this book the theories, techniques and applications of reflection electron microscopy (REM), reflection high-energy electron diffraction (RHEED) and reflection electron energy-loss spectroscopy (REELS) are comprehensively reviewed for the first time. The book is divided into three parts: diffraction, imaging and spectroscopy. The text is written to combine basic techniques with special applications, theories with experiments, and the basic physics with materials science, so that a full picture of RHEED and REM emerges. An entirely self-contained study, the book contains much invaluable reference material, including FORTRAN source codes for calculating crystal structures data and electron energy loss spectra in different scattering geometries. This and many other features make the book an important and timely addition to the materials science literature.

In this book the theories, techniques and applications of reflection electron microscopy (REM), reflection high-energy electron diffraction (RHEED) and reflection electron energy-loss spectroscopy (REELS) are comprehensively reviewed for the first time. The book is divided into three parts: diffraction, imaging and spectroscopy. The text is written to combine basic techniques with special applications, theories with experiments, and the basic physics with materials science, so that a full picture of RHEED and REM emerges. An entirely self-contained study, the book contains much invaluable reference material, including FORTRAN source codes for calculating crystal structures data and electron energy loss spectra in different scattering geometries. This and many other features make the book an important and timely addition to the materials science literature.

Research in carbon nanotubes has reached a horizon that is impacting a variety of fields, such as nanoelectronics, flat panel display, composite materials, sensors, nanodevices and novel instrumentation. The unique structures of the nanotubes result in numerous superior physical and chemical properties, such as the strongest mechanical strength and the highest thermal conductivity, room temperature ballistic quantum conductance, electromechanical coupling, and super surface functionality. Among the various analytical techniques, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) has played a key role in the discovery and characterization of carbon nanotubes. It may be claimed that carbon nanotubes might not have been discovered without using HRTEM. There is a great need of a book that addresses specifically the theory, techniques and application of electron microscopy and associated techniques for nanotube research. The objective of this book is to fill this gap.

Nanotechnology is a field that has and will have substantial intrinsic merit to new technology advancement and to the world economy and quality of life. Nanostructure is concerned with materials and systems whose structures and components exhibit novel physical, chemical and biological properties due to their small size. The aim is to exploit these properties by gaining control of structures and devices at atomic, molecular, and supra-molecular levels and to learn to efficiently manufacture and use these devices. The potential of this technology is almost beyond comprehension and may include applications such as systems that conduct electricity without loss, materials with orders of magnitude more strength than steel at only a small fraction of the weight, devices that store information comparable in size to the information contained in the Library of Congress so small as to fit into in a shirt pocket, and effective treatments and cures for many diseases. Microscopy in Nanotechnology aims to provide an overview of the basics and applications of various microscopy techniques for nanotechnology.The attraction of such book is evident, since microscopy serves as the "eye" and "hand" of studying nanostructured materials. The structure-composition-processing-property relationships for these sub 100 nm-sized materials can only be understood by employing an array of modern microscopy and microanalysis tools. This book will highlight various microcopy techniques and their applications in this fast-growing field. Topics to be covered will include the following:

Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) can be exploited not only for nanomaterials characterization but also integrated with new technologies for in-situ nanomaterials engineering and manipulation. Scanning Microscopy for Nanotechnology addresses the rapid development of these techniques for nanotechnology, in both technique and application chapters by leading practitioners. The book covers topics including nanomaterials imaging, X-ray microanalysis, high-resolution SEM, low kV SEM, cryo-SEM, as well as new techniques such as electron back scatter diffraction (EBSD) and scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM). Fabrication techniques integrated with SEM, such as e-beam nanolithography, nanomanipulation, and focused ion beam nanofabrication, are major new dimensions for SEM application. Application areas include the study of nanoparticles, nanowires and nanotubes, three-dimensional nanostructures, quantum dots, magnetic nanomaterials, photonic structures, and bio-inspired nanomaterials. This book will appeal not only to a broad spectrum of nanomaterials researchers, but also to SEM development specialists.

Devices built from three-dimensional nanoarchitectures offer a number of advantages over those based on thin-film technology, such as larger surface area to enhance the sensitivity of sensors, to collect more sunlight to improve the efficiency of solar cells, and to supply higher density emitters for increased resolution in flat panel displays. Three-dimensional nanoscale assembly has already been used to generate many prototypes of devices and sensors, including piezoelectric nanogenerators based on ZnO nanowire arrays, photovoltaic devices based on silicon nanowire array p-n junctions, and highly sensitive gas sensors based on metal oxide nanowire arrays among others. Three-Dimensional Nanoarchitectures: Designing Next-Generation Devices describes state-of-the-art synthesis, integration, and design strategies used to create three-dimensional nanoarchitectures for functional nanodevice applications. With a focus on synthesis and fabrication methods for three-dimensional nanostructure assembly and construction, coverage includes resonators, nanophotonics, sensors, supercapacitors, solar cells, and more. This book is an essential reference for a broad audience of researchers in materials science, chemistry, physics, and electrical engineering who want the latest information on synthesis routes and assembly methods. Schematics of device integration and mechanisms as well as plots of measurement data are included.

In the search for new functional materials, a clear understanding about the relationship between the physical properties and the atomic-scale structure of materials is needed. Here, the authors provide graduate students and scientists with an in-depth account of the evolutionary behavior of oxide functional materials within specific structural systems, discussing the intrinsic connections among these different structural systems.Over 300 illustrations and key appendices support the text.

Nanostructures refer to materials that have relevant dimensions on the nanometer length scales and reside in the mesoscopic regime between isolated atoms and molecules in bulk matter. These materials have unique physical properties that are distinctly different from bulk materials. Self-Assembled Nanostructures provides systematic coverage of basic nanomaterials science including materials assembly and synthesis, characterization, and application. Suitable for both beginners and experts, it balances the chemistry aspects of nanomaterials with physical principles. It also highlights nanomaterial-based architectures including assembled or self-assembled systems. Filled with in-depth discussion of important applications of nano-architectures as well as potential applications ranging from physical to chemical and biological systems, Self-Assembled Nanostructures is the essential reference or text for scientists involved with nanostructures.

For a long time, I have wished to systematically summarize various dynamic theories associated with quantitative electron micros­ copy and their applications in simulations of electron diffraction patterns and images. This book assumes that readers have some preknowledge of electron microscopy, electron diffraction, and quantum mechanics.

Devices built from three-dimensional nanoarchitectures offer a number of advantages over those based on thin-film technology, such as larger surface area to enhance the sensitivity of sensors, to collect more sunlight to improve the efficiency of solar cells, and to supply higher density emitters for increased resolution in flat panel displays. Three-dimensional nanoscale assembly has already been used to generate many prototypes of devices and sensors, including piezoelectric nanogenerators based on ZnO nanowire arrays, photovoltaic devices based on silicon nanowire array p-n junctions, and highly sensitive gas sensors based on metal oxide nanowire arrays among others. Three-Dimensional Nanoarchitectures: Designing Next-Generation Devices describes state-of-the-art synthesis, integration, and design strategies used to create three-dimensional nanoarchitectures for functional nanodevice applications. With a focus on synthesis and fabrication methods for three-dimensional nanostructure assembly and construction, coverage includes resonators, nanophotonics, sensors, supercapacitors, solar cells, and more. This book is an essential reference for a broad audience of researchers in materials science, chemistry, physics, and electrical engineering who want the latest information on synthesis routes and assembly methods. Schematics of device integration and mechanisms as well as plots of measurement data are included.

This handbook comprehensively covers the rapidly evolving field of power generation using triboelectric nanogenerators.

Co-authored by the discoverer of the piezotronic effect, this book is a fundamental and comprehensive survey of piezotronics and piezo-phototronics.

Co-authored by the discoverer of the piezotronic effect, this book is a fundamental and comprehensive survey of piezotronics and piezo-phototronics.

This book offers a comprehensive examination of ongoing advancements in theoretical and experimental approaches to Maxwell's equations. It focuses on three key aspects: quantum effects, scale effects, and kinetic effects, which exert subtle influences at microscopic levels.

This book offers a comprehensive examination of ongoing advancements in theoretical and experimental approaches to Maxwell's equations. It focuses on three key aspects: quantum effects, scale effects, and kinetic effects, which exert subtle influences at microscopic levels. Addressing pressing challenges for future progress, the text explores the interplay of these phenomena within classical electromagnetism.The evolution of data communication and information technology has led to a demand for high-density, minimization, ultra-compact nano-photo-electronic integration. As electronic devices scale down to nanometer and sub-nanometer levels, classical Maxwell’s equations reveal quantum effects. This book provides insights into these advancements, focusing on potential applications in nano-scale electronic and optic devices.Tailored for physicists, engineering scientists, electronics engineers, and developers, this text serves as a valuable resource. It guides readers from classical Maxwell’s equations to their quantum-affected counterparts, providing essential insights for electromagnetic simulation and the design of nano-scale electronic and optic systems. With its blend of theoretical foundations and practical applications, this book equips professionals with the knowledge needed to apply these advancements in real-world scenarios.

This book provides a comprehensive exploration of contact electrification across solid-solid, solid-liquid, and gas-solid interfaces. It looks into the underlying physics mechanisms, offering theoretical models and experimental methods to quantify and understand this ubiquitous yet complex phenomenon.Covering fundamental concepts such as triboelectricity, energy band models, and tribovoltaic effects, the book discusses the interactions and charge transfer processes that occur at various interfaces. Special attention is given to the role of material properties, electron transfer dynamics, and external factors such as surface roughness and environmental conditions. Each chapter builds upon foundational principles to provide a cohesive framework for understanding both the beneficial applications and potential drawbacks of contact electrification.In addition to theoretical insights, this book highlights cutting-edge technological applications related to contact-electrification, including triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs), self-powered sensors, and contact-electro-catalysis. Practical implementations span fields such as sustainable energy harvesting, biomedical applications, environmental sensing, and advanced materials design.Written and edited by experts in the field, this book serves as an essential resource for researchers, engineers, and advanced students in materials science, physics, chemistry, and electrical engineering. With its rigorous treatment of the subject and focus on both foundational science and applied technologies, this book is poised to set the standard for research in contact electrification for years to come.

This book provides an in-depth exploration of the physics underlying electron diffraction and imaging, with a focus on their applications in materials characterization. Originally published in 1995, the first edition systematically summarized various dynamic theories associated with quantitative electron microscopy and their applications in simulations of electron diffraction patterns and images. Since then, significant progress has been made in the field, necessitating this revised second edition.The second edition introduces new content, particularly emphasizing the diffraction and imaging of inelastically scattered electrons, a topic that has not been extensively covered in existing literature. This edition also includes updated theories and methodologies, reflecting the advancements in the field over the past decades. The book assumes that readers have a foundational understanding of electron microscopy, electron diffraction, and quantum mechanics. It aims to serve as a comprehensive guide for approaching phenomena observed in electron microscopy from the perspective of diffraction physics.

This book introduces an innovative and high-efficiency technology for mechanical energy harvesting. The book covers the history and development of triboelectric nanogenerators, basic structures, working principles, performance characterization, and potential applications. It is divided into three parts: Part A illustrates the fundamental working modes of triboelectric nanogenerators with their prototype structures and theoretical analysis; Part B and Part C introduce two categories of applications, namely self-powered systems and self-powered active sensors.The book will be an ideal guide to scientists and engineers beginning to study triboelectric nanogenerators or wishing to deepen their knowledge of the field. Readers will be able to place the technical details about this technology in context, and acquire the necessary skills to reproduce the experimental setups for fabrication and measurement.

Part B and Part C introduce two categories of applications, namely self-powered systems and self-powered active sensors.The book will be an ideal guide to scientists and engineers beginning to study triboelectric nanogenerators or wishing to deepen their knowledge of the field.