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This book explores the role of expatriates in the mobilization, nurturing and sharing of knowledge between their original (parent/home) country and the MNCs'' host countries. Included are topics related to the management of knowledge and the tools, methods and practices that can be customized to facilitate the transfer of knowledge in MNC settings. The text is an in-depth international compendium of theoretical and empirical studies about the role of expatriates in knowledge transfer at global levels. Thorough and comprehensive, it covers topics recognized by practitioners, academics, and researchers, yet about which very little has been published at an international level. It provides coverage that includes: organizational culture; cross-cultural differences; globalization; cross-generational issues, technology based sharing systems; intellectual capital management; linguistic differences; and, distinctive political practices. This book also investigates the challenges imposed by culture, generations, tools, laws, regulations, and language, and examines the benefits of knowledge management principles that originate from different cultures, heterogeneous knowledge, and diverse intellectual capital management in global settings.

The 4th edition of this popular and well-cited text is now co-authored, and includes significant changes from earlier texts. Presenting a comprehensive review of over a century of research on information behavior (IB), this book is intended for students in information studies and disciplines interested in research on information activities. The initial two chapters introduce IB as a multi-disciplinary topic, the 3rd provides a brief history of research on information seeking. Chapter four discusses what is meant by the terms "information" and "knowledge. "Chapter five discusses "information needs," and how they are addressed. The 6th chapter identifies many related concepts. Twelve models of information behavior (expanded from earlier editions) are illustrated in chapter seven. Chapter eight reviews various paradigms and theories informing IB research. Chapter nine examines research methods invoked in IB studies and a discussion of qualitative and mixed approaches. The 10th chapter gives examples of IB studies by context. The final chapter looks at strengths and weaknesses, recent trends, and future development.

More than 190 million children under 15 are working in the world today. Academic and policy research on child labor and related questions about how children spend their time in low income countries has boomed in recent years. This volume contains fresh knowledge to help better understand the relationship between child labor and the transition between school and work. It contains 11 original research papers by authors from Africa, Asia, Latin America as well as the United States and Europe. These papers offer insights and answers to issues such as: how to measure child labor; how the returns to education in the adult labor market affect children''s school enrollment; how cash transfer programs affect schooling and children''s participation in market and non-market activities; how child labor and schooling affect health; why children participate in activities that are labeled worst forms of child labor; how children''s time is allocated along gender lines; what role local labor demand plays in shaping the work and schooling decisions of children; and, how many hours of work can be undertaken before negative effects on school attendance are observed.

"Economics of War and Peace: Economic, Legal, and Political Perspectives" brings together recent, cutting-edge research on economic factors affecting peace and war. This important area of continuing research was the focus of an international conference held at the University of Sydney in June 2009 and these chapters are partly drawn from among the best contributions to that meeting. The book weaves together threads from a number of themes in current research including new theoretical perspectives on the economic foundations of peace, violence and war within countries, connections between international trade and inter-state conflict, and the role of legal/institutional factors in international and internal conflict. Through a focused exploration of these related topics emerge areas of scholarly consensus as well as areas of continued debate. International in scope, it is the only book to explicitly bring together economic, legal and political scholarship to focus on the problem of conflict. It employs a range of modern social science analytical methods, including qualitative cases, econometrics, and game-theoretic models, to rigorously advance understanding of conflict within and between countries.

This book focuses on the concept and role of relational practices as a way to understand and study processes of organizing. Relational practices are conceived as an ongoing, everyday process resulting in more participative ways of organizing. Participative organizing works from and with the multiplicity of interactions inherent in processes of becoming; it reflects upon and experiments with how the diversity of participants and interactions can provide the potential for defining and redefining organizational realities. A" Through reflective essays and empirical research examples, this book illustrates that relational practices of everyday organizational life are strongly entangled with emotional, embodied, and aesthetic processes. The combination of these corollaries of participative organizing -- as an everyday, complex accomplishment, poised between intervention and invention, and between an affective and aesthetic ecology of belonging and becoming -- provides a new perspective on how the practice of organizing and the organizing of practice can be accomplished and managed in the years to come.

Drucker was timely and inopportune at the same time. It is clear that from his extensive, solid and continual formation there has been born a singular, and at the same time multi-faceted, philosophy, which is deliberately difficult to summarize. Drucker was one of the first, if not the first, to discover the imminence of this far-reaching change. Precisely because he is not a specialist, he was able to perceive details and nuances that had been missed by the great gurus of management. This is why Drucker is considered to be the forerunner of modern management, as well as other concepts. This book shows the lesser-known side of Peter Drucker as far as his views on his own ideas are concerned. Drucker is most commonly thought of as a management theoretician; undoubtedly this is the most well known dimension of his work. What could be considered new and useful is that Drucker''s aim was to write about man in his (man''s own) social context. Drucker poured and concentrated his knowledge on man and organizations, drawing from what he learned from his European background and after expanded and practically texted in his American years.

Research in Social Movements, Conflicts and Change seeks to encourage dialogue and cross-fertilization across a number of related but too disconnected research literatures: social movements, conflict resolution, and social and political change. This volume showcases deeply empirical and often multi-method research by senior and junior scholars alike. Divided into three sections, the first section casts a spotlight on the institution that the RSMCC series exists within and primarily serves: higher education. Papers in the middle section are linked by their investigation of the dynamics of political protest. The volume concludes with three papers linked by their various connections to the theoretical framework of frame analysis in social movements research. Topics discussed include: framing illegal immigration at the U.S.-Mexican Border; movement publications as data; social networks and social protest; and the ethics of social movement research in a post-9/11 political climate. Comparative case analysis and qualitative studies push into new theoretical territories in this illuminating and important research which helps define and advance the multiple fields reflected in the series title.

This collection includes both refereed articles and review essays. The articles highlight research on the role of western economic advisors in China before the Communist Revolution (Paul Trescott), John Ryan on minimum wage legislation, a symposium on Clement Juglar, and a comparison of recent work in the history of economics and the history of science. Review essays on new publications examine a range of subjects, including: David Hume''s political economy; conceptions of economic morality in American thought; Frank Knight and the Austrians on institutions; Friedrich Engels; Austrian views on entrepreneurship; Coase and Pigou on government intervention; Hayek and conservatism; the history of the ''living wage'' notion; methodological consideration of economics and econometrics; and, Paul Heyne''s essays on economic and ethics.

This volume presents commissioned essays on important, but often neglected, Irish and English economists of the 18th and 19th centuries. Noticeable papers include Tom Sowell on ''Observations on Certain Verbal Disputes'' and Sam Hollander''s extended essay on Samuel Bailey, which adds to his voluminous treatment of the great classical economists. This volume intends to bring much needed attention back onto forgotten economists that shaped economic history.

This volume of "Research in the History of Economic Thought and Methodology" offers a unique insight into early American economic theory. The notes reproduced in this volume were taken by a student, Maurice Beck Hexter, in ''Economics 11-12'', ''Economic Theory'', given by Frank William Taussig at Harvard during the academic year 1921-1922. Taken together they represent the height of economic theory being taught in graduate programs in the United States during this period. Accompanying the notes are additional essays on how these notes relate to broader economic thinking of this period, providing a comparison between the Harvard viewpoint and that of previously published presentations of economic theory at the University of Chicago and the University of Wisconsin.

This volume concentrates on the substantive gaps in the IB/IM field and addresses whether these gaps are resolvable with our current theoretical and methodological toolkit. This entails three specific queries about the past and present: Have our theories advanced some combination of explanation and prediction? Have our methods proven to be effective in providing rigorous, robust and consistent evidence with respect to the explanatory and predictive validity of our theories? Have we studied the right phenomena in the right way?

Globalisation is forcing companies to reshape their boundaries and causing business leaders to rethink corporate strategies within the firm. It is creating the basis for new ways of doing international business. The effects of this global interdependence are also being felt at the more aggregate levels of industries, financial markets and countries economies. The evolution of these trends has rendered obsolete some of the basic understandings of IB theory and practice, including traditional notions regarding the nature of the boundaries of the firm and even the definition of the multinational enterprise itself. This volume of Progress in International Business Research includes a selection of 13 papers from the 35th European International Business Academy Annual Conference, which was held in Valencia (Spain) from the 13th to the 15th of December 2009. This volume organizes in three parts a number of contributions to shed further light on these issues. Part I focuses on the boundaries of the firm and points at issues such as offshoring, cooperation and internationalization. Part II examines the phenomenon of networks within the context of MNCs. Finally, Part III deals with the role of knowledge and innovation in international high-tech environments.

In this text, "Research in Political Sociology", the imperative and current issues of democratic trends are presented by scholars from Asia, Europe, Latin America and the United States. The volume addresses worldwide changes and developments of democratization from historical and contemporary perspectives. It presents discourses on the diffusion of democracy, paths of democratic transitions, worldwide trends towards democratization, as well as discussion about democracy in retreat. Cross-cultural, comparative studies sit alongside case studies of individual countries including democratic development in the United States, post-colonial and post-Soviet democratization trends, and most recent experiences of countries that have undergone democratization growth or democracy in retreat in the first decade of this century. This volume can be used by political sociologists to strengthen and develop the unique skills and interests they bring to sociology. It is pertinent to researchers from political science, sociology, anthropology, economics, and to policy makers from across the globe working on democratic transition and democratization/re-democratization issues.

Volume 12 will consider the timely issue of entrepreneurship and family business. Papers consider the issues, problems, contexts, or processes that make a family firm more entrepreneurial. A representative, but by no means exhaustive, listing of relevant topics includes: the emergence and growth of family businesses, and founding conditions unique to family firms; maintaining the entrepreneurial spirit of the founding generation; the role of family in corporate entrepreneurship; the use of entrepreneurial policies, practices and strategies by family firms; outcomes attributable to differences between more and less entrepreneurial family firms; family firm versus non-family firm approaches to entrepreneurial decision making; entrepreneurial characteristics and practices across the generations of a family firm; entrepreneurship as an avenue to strategically renew family firms; and, the allocation of family-based resources to entrepreneurial endeavors.

Current accreditation practices require that teacher education institutions in the United States not only create programs that enact research-based best practices but that they also document their existence and efficacy in preparing teachers. "Tensions in Teacher Preparation: Accountability, Assessment, and Accreditation" addresses the challenges of meeting national accreditation requirements, including designing assessment instruments and making data-driven decisions. The process of establishing and implementing accountability creates tensions in faculty and institutions. Faculty must give up valued content and instructional styles in order to align course objectives and assessment instruments across the program. Institutions with multiple licensure programs must make adjustments in order to share data collection instruments and processes that will support data-driven decisions. The paradigm shifts required by the emphasis on accountability can be both frustrating and productive. This book explores and shares tensions created as teacher education programs experience changes because of accountability requirements related to the accreditation process.

Is the phenomenon of state failure better understood through a focus on the regional context? To what extent may studies of regional security benefit from a focus on the capacities and vulnerabilities of the states involved? These are the questions addressed in this volume of "Comparative Social Research". Substantially, this special issue operates at the intersection of the larger debates on state failure and on regional (in-) security, relating to various perspectives within each of these. State failure, manifesting itself in the inability of a state to maintain its monopoly of violence, has become a widespread phenomenon in several regions of the world. While the weakness of the institutions of the state in question is an obvious dimension of state failure, there is also an important international dimension. In many of these cases, conflicts are interwoven and violence spills across borders.

Volume 16 of "Advances in Motivation and Achievement" is presented in two books. In both books, leading researchers in the field review the current state of the knowledge in their respective sub-disciplines and offer their prognostications about where the research is likely to proceed in the decade ahead. In this book, Volume 16A, seven prominent theories of motivation are examined, including research on self-efficacy, achievement goal theory, expectancy-value theory, self-determination theory, self-concept research, implicit motives, and interest. In the second book, Volume 16B, chapters examining the associations between motivation and other constructs, such as emotion and self-regulation, are presented. In addition, Volume 16B includes chapters examining sociocultural approaches to the study of motivation, the motivation of African American students and teachers'' motivation, the application of motivation research in classrooms, and the policy implications of motivation research. By providing chapters that both summarize and look forward, the two books in this volume offer a useful roadmap for the future of motivation research in a variety of areas.

This volume contains 14 original chapters focusing on various aspects of economic organization and behaviour, mostly based on empirical fieldwork conducted by the authors themselves. It is a well-balanced collection of chapters on economic issues studied anthropologically, not only in its geographical and theoretical focus but also in showcasing work by established and emerging researchers. "Chapters on Africa" take a close look at urban food provisioning in Cameroon and an investigation into entrepreneurial activities in the rapidly-changing economy of Cairo. Other chapters examine places and cultures in Central Asia - property rights and state power in Kazakhstan, and animal markets in Kashgar, Western China. The buying and selling activities of ethnic groups within larger societies such as Latin Americans in the USA and Gabor Roma in Romania are highlighted. Concerning North America are chapters on the trans-Atlantic (and global) art market, and on oil drilling in Canada, while in Latin America, income disparities and inequalities in Brazil, development in Colombia, and kin-like compadrazgo networks in Mexico are analyzed. Historical Western Europe and pre-historical Ecuador are also covered.

This series publishes monograph length conceptual papers designed to promote theory and research on important substantive and methodological topics in the field of human resources management. Volume 29 of "Research in Personnel and Human Resources Management (RPHRM)" contains seven papers on important issues in the field of human resources management, thus continuing the tradition of the series to develop a more informed understanding of the field. This collection of papers represents excellent scholarship and illustrates the truly interdisciplinary character of the field.

"Advances in Accounting Behavioral Research" publishes high-quality research encompassing all areas of accounting that incorporates theory from, and contributes knowledge and understanding to applied psychology, sociology, management science, and behavioral economics. Research published in this series encompasses all areas of accounting and covers a broad range of issues that affect the users, preparers and assurers of accounting information. Of particular interest are studies that advance and/or develop theory and studies that address contemporary issues affecting accounting information use and the actors in the surrounding environment. Understanding how accounting information affects each of these actors and their decisions and how accounting re-shapes society are critical. Similarly, the surrounding environment is critical as the social context influences accounting as well as the means for supporting information production and dissemination, that is, technology. This volume focuses primarily on this latter aspect and includes studies that examine both the short-term implications of technology use on individuals and the long-term implications of technology on organizational evolution.

"Advances in Taxation" publishes articles dealing with all aspects of taxation. Articles can address tax policy issues at the federal, state, local, or international level. The series primarily publishes empirical studies that address compliance, computer usage, education, legal, planning, or policy issues. These studies generally involve interdisciplinary research that incorporates theories from accounting, economics, finance, psychology, and sociology.

This volume contains papers from the Society for the Study of Economic Inequality''s third meeting held in Buenos Aries, Argentina, in July 2009. The first five papers focus on a number of Latin American countries, on the understudied topics of poverty and inequality in these areas. Specific issues covered by these papers include multidimensional poverty, equity effects of school drop-outs, and the role of transfer programs in reducing Latin American poverty. Additional papers provide research from further afield including China and France and cover topics such as: relative deprivation; taxation and inequality; mobility dominance; polarization; estimation of child costs; nutritional inequality; and, transportation inequalities. The volume includes work by such well-known authors as Jacques Silber, Jean-Yves Duclos, and Udo Ebert. This book is the 18th Volume in the notable Research on Economic Equality series which offers fresh theoretical and methodological insights into the key issues in the field of economic inequality, showcasing highly topical work from both senior researchers and emerging scholars.

"Transportation Indicators and Business Cycles" recognises the important role the transportation sector plays in business cycle propagation and develops indicators for this sector to identify its current state, and predict its future. The reference cycle is defined, including business and growth cycles, for this sector over the period from 1979 using both the conventional National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) method and modern time series models. A one-to-one correspondence between cycles in the transportation sector and those in the aggregate economy is found. It also constructs an index of leading indicators for the transportation sector using rigorous statistical procedures, and performs well as a forecasting tool.

This volume is a collection of methodological developments and applications of simulation-based methods that were presented at a workshop at Louisiana State University in November, 2009. The first two papers are extensions of the GHK simulator: one reconsiders the computation of the probabilities in a discrete choice model while another example uses an adaptive version of sparse-grids integration (SGI) instead of simulation. Two studies are focused specifically on the methodology: the first compares the performance of the maximum-simulated likelihood (MSL) approach with a proposed composite marginal likelihood (CML) approach in multivariate ordered-response situations, while the second examines methods of testing for the presence of heterogeneity in the heterogeneity model. Further topics examined include: education savings accounts, parent contributions and education attainment; estimating the effect of exchange rate flexibility on financial account openness; estimating a fractional response model with a count endogenous regressor; and modelling and forecasting volatility in a bayesian approach.

Culture is not new to the study of migration. It has lurked beneath the surface for some time, occasionally protruding openly into the discussion, usually under some pseudonym. The authors of the papers in this volume bring culture into the open. They are concerned with how culture manifests itself in the migration process for three groups of actors: the migrants, those remaining in the sending areas, and people already living in the recipient locations. The topics vary widely. What unites the authors is an understanding that though actors behave differently, within a group there are economically important shared beliefs (customs, values, attitudes, etc.), which we commonly referred to as culture. Culture plays a central role in our understanding of migration as an economic phenomenon. While the papers in this volume occasionally touch on this diversity and the conflicts it engenders, this is not the focus of the volume. Here the emphasis is on the distinctions in culture between migrants, the families they left behind, and the local population in the migration destination. The new interactions directly affect all three groups. Assimilation is one result; separation is also a possibility. Location choice, workplace interaction, enclave size, the opportunity for the migrant obtaining credit in their new country, the local population''s reaction to migrants, the political culture of the migrants and local population, links to the country-of-origin, and the economic state of the host country, all contribute to the classic conflict between assimilation and separation. This volume will consider different aspects of the process of assimilation considering the affect on the migrants themselves, on the local population, on the families left at the home country and others.

Across the globe every nation wrestles with how it will pay for, provide, regulate and administer its healthcare system. Health economics is the field of economics that deals with every one of those issues and the difficult issue of allocating resources where the allocation can literally mean life or death, alleviating suffering or not. A key issue that is always mentioned, but little acted on, is the role that preventive measures play in the battle against disease and using limited healthcare resources more efficaciously. This book brings together leading researchers in the healthcare economics field presenting new research on some of these key issues such as the impact of obesity on health, children''s'' healthcare policies, education and health; and many more.

Concerns about justice and fairness are ubiquitous within and between communities, social groups, organizations and states. People are concerned with the fairness of how decisions are made, how outcomes are allocated between and within groups, and how they are treated by authorities. This volume introduces cutting-edge justice theorizing and research at the intersection of justice and groups. Contributors to this volume explore topics such as: how group members come to have a shared understanding of the level of fairness within their group (i.e., justice climate), how social emotions influence justice judgments, the relationships between trust, respect, fairness, and group-serving behavior, resource allocation, reactions to injustice, appropriate ways to restore justice following transgressions, and perceptions of and remedies for intergroup inequality. "The Fairness and Groups" volume in the "Research on Managing Groups and Teams" series will be of interest to students and scholars in psychology, sociology, law and organizational behavior.

Lagoons are characterized by an essential quality of uncertainty for use in resource management: these are physically vulnerable to various influences from not only the environment but also the adjacent marine and terrestrial areas. In the areas which are shallower and where less water is exchanges, therefore, fishers are required to develop their capacity of knowledge and skills for how to live with change and uncertainty. The wider realization of complex and dynamic lagoon ecosystem and its fisheries management requires multifaceted aspects to be addressed. Fisheries serve as a basis for people''s livelihood and food protein especially in Asian countries. Total amounts of fish landing have maintained an upward trend, but existing fisheries management poses various challenges for ensuring wise use of fishery resources which are becoming fully exploited or over-exploited in the world. Out of variant geographical types of fishery domain, lagoon fisheries need to pay more attention to achieve fisheries management. With these recognitions, the book presents a wide variety of lessons learned from case studies from Asian countries (India, Japan and Thailand). Greater emphasis is placed on understanding the status of lagoon fisheries and its management, and assessing people''s adaptive capacities to respond to changes in the ecological-social-economic system. Throughout all case study experience, the book will provide policy makers and practitioners with guidance to build enabling conditions for integrated lagoon fisheries management and related sustainable livelihood which involve a concern with issues of power, institutions, worldviews and values among relevant stakeholders.

This volume provides the first in-depth examination of the impact of the key sociological issues faced by the new Obama Administration and explores conventional topics on race and ethnic relations as well as delving into new areas of intellectual inquiry regarding the changing scope of race relations in a global context. Leading scholars look at: African/American relations through the prism of American and African scholars; the connection between religion, Obama the individual and Obama the President; how the Obama election and presidency have implications for gender identity and sexual politics in the short and long term; the impact the Obama family and their presence in the White House have on existing ideas about the concept of family and related issues; implications for class relations in the United States; specific aspects of the American educational system; social justice issues with an emphasis on understanding their sociological context in relationship to the Obama Administration; and the reaction to Michele Obama as First Lady; and; the Tea Party movement and other conservative anti-Obama groups. In addition, the volume examines the 2008 Presidential Election, with emphasis on Obama''s road to success.