Douglas Altman FMedSci was an English statistician best known for his work on improving the reliability and reporting of medical research and for highly cited papers on statistical methodology. David Machin is Professor of Media and Communication at örebro University, Sweden. He has published numerous books and journal papers mostly drawing on linguistic methods.

"The great value of this book is that it presents, in an easily understood form, the methods which will be needed in most situations" - Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health "...this is a superb book, full of useful information. ...The book is logically organized into 18 short, highly readable chapters. ...as a teaching tool, it is invaluable...this book is a handy reference to have on one's bookshelf with nearly all confidence interval formulae organized in one place. ...In summary, Statistics with Confidence and the CIA software are resources that every biostatistician could benefit from." TSHS, pp. 4-5

• Contributors viiiSource of Contents ixIntroduction xiDouglas G. Altman, David Machin, Trevor N. BryantPART I: ESTIMATION AND CONFIDENCE INTERVALS1 Estimating with Confidence 3Martin J. Gardner, Douglas G. Altman2 Confidence Intervals in Practice 6Douglas G. Altman3 Confidence Intervals Rather Than P Values 15Marin J. Gardner, Douglas G. Altman4 Means and Their Differences 28Douglas G. Altman, Martin J. Gardner5 Medians and Their Differences 36Michael J. Campbell, Martin J. Gardner6 Proportions and Their Differences 45Robert G. Newcombe, Douglas G. Altman7 Epidemiological Studies 57Julie A Morris, Martin J. Gardner8 Regression and Correlation 73Douglas G. Altman, Martin J. Gardner9 Time to Event Studies 93David Machin, Martin J. Gardner10 Diagnostic Tests 105Douglas G. Altman11 Clinical Trials and Meta-Analyses 120Douglas G. Altman12 Confidence Intervals and Sample Sizes 139Leslie E. Daly13 Special Topics 153Michael J. Campbell, Leslie E. Daly, David MachinPART II: STATISTICAL GUIDELINES AND CHECKLISTS14 Statistical Guidelines for Contributors to Medical Journals 171Douglas G. Altman, Sheila M. Gore, Martin J. Gardner, Stuart J. Pocock15 Statistical Checklists 191Martin J. Gardner, David Machin, Michael J. Campbell, Douglas G. AltmanPART III. NOTATION, SOFTWARE, AND TABLES16 Notation 205Douglas G. Altman17 Computer Software for Calculating Confidence Intervals (CIA) 208Trevor N. Bryant18 Tables for the Calculation of Confidence Intervals 214Martin J. GardnerIndex 233

Douglas Altman FMedSci was an English statistician best known for his work on improving the reliability and reporting of medical research and for highly cited papers on statistical methodology. David Machin is Professor of Media and Communication at örebro University, Sweden. He has published numerous books and journal papers mostly drawing on linguistic methods.

"The great value of this book is that it presents, in an easily understood form, the methods which will be needed in most situations" - Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health "...this is a superb book, full of useful information. ...The book is logically organized into 18 short, highly readable chapters. ...as a teaching tool, it is invaluable...this book is a handy reference to have on one's bookshelf with nearly all confidence interval formulae organized in one place. ...In summary, Statistics with Confidence and the CIA software are resources that every biostatistician could benefit from." TSHS, pp. 4-5

• Contributors viiiSource of Contents ixIntroduction xiDouglas G. Altman, David Machin, Trevor N. BryantPART I: ESTIMATION AND CONFIDENCE INTERVALS1 Estimating with Confidence 3Martin J. Gardner, Douglas G. Altman2 Confidence Intervals in Practice 6Douglas G. Altman3 Confidence Intervals Rather Than P Values 15Marin J. Gardner, Douglas G. Altman4 Means and Their Differences 28Douglas G. Altman, Martin J. Gardner5 Medians and Their Differences 36Michael J. Campbell, Martin J. Gardner6 Proportions and Their Differences 45Robert G. Newcombe, Douglas G. Altman7 Epidemiological Studies 57Julie A Morris, Martin J. Gardner8 Regression and Correlation 73Douglas G. Altman, Martin J. Gardner9 Time to Event Studies 93David Machin, Martin J. Gardner10 Diagnostic Tests 105Douglas G. Altman11 Clinical Trials and Meta-Analyses 120Douglas G. Altman12 Confidence Intervals and Sample Sizes 139Leslie E. Daly13 Special Topics 153Michael J. Campbell, Leslie E. Daly, David MachinPART II: STATISTICAL GUIDELINES AND CHECKLISTS14 Statistical Guidelines for Contributors to Medical Journals 171Douglas G. Altman, Sheila M. Gore, Martin J. Gardner, Stuart J. Pocock15 Statistical Checklists 191Martin J. Gardner, David Machin, Michael J. Campbell, Douglas G. AltmanPART III. NOTATION, SOFTWARE, AND TABLES16 Notation 205Douglas G. Altman17 Computer Software for Calculating Confidence Intervals (CIA) 208Trevor N. Bryant18 Tables for the Calculation of Confidence Intervals 214Martin J. GardnerIndex 233

Douglas Altman FMedSci was an English statistician best known for his work on improving the reliability and reporting of medical research and for highly cited papers on statistical methodology. David Machin is Professor of Media and Communication at örebro University, Sweden. He has published numerous books and journal papers mostly drawing on linguistic methods.

"The great value of this book is that it presents, in an easily understood form, the methods which will be needed in most situations" - Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health "...this is a superb book, full of useful information. ...The book is logically organized into 18 short, highly readable chapters. ...as a teaching tool, it is invaluable...this book is a handy reference to have on one's bookshelf with nearly all confidence interval formulae organized in one place. ...In summary, Statistics with Confidence and the CIA software are resources that every biostatistician could benefit from." TSHS, pp. 4-5

• Contributors viiiSource of Contents ixIntroduction xiDouglas G. Altman, David Machin, Trevor N. BryantPART I: ESTIMATION AND CONFIDENCE INTERVALS1 Estimating with Confidence 3Martin J. Gardner, Douglas G. Altman2 Confidence Intervals in Practice 6Douglas G. Altman3 Confidence Intervals Rather Than P Values 15Marin J. Gardner, Douglas G. Altman4 Means and Their Differences 28Douglas G. Altman, Martin J. Gardner5 Medians and Their Differences 36Michael J. Campbell, Martin J. Gardner6 Proportions and Their Differences 45Robert G. Newcombe, Douglas G. Altman7 Epidemiological Studies 57Julie A Morris, Martin J. Gardner8 Regression and Correlation 73Douglas G. Altman, Martin J. Gardner9 Time to Event Studies 93David Machin, Martin J. Gardner10 Diagnostic Tests 105Douglas G. Altman11 Clinical Trials and Meta-Analyses 120Douglas G. Altman12 Confidence Intervals and Sample Sizes 139Leslie E. Daly13 Special Topics 153Michael J. Campbell, Leslie E. Daly, David MachinPART II: STATISTICAL GUIDELINES AND CHECKLISTS14 Statistical Guidelines for Contributors to Medical Journals 171Douglas G. Altman, Sheila M. Gore, Martin J. Gardner, Stuart J. Pocock15 Statistical Checklists 191Martin J. Gardner, David Machin, Michael J. Campbell, Douglas G. AltmanPART III. NOTATION, SOFTWARE, AND TABLES16 Notation 205Douglas G. Altman17 Computer Software for Calculating Confidence Intervals (CIA) 208Trevor N. Bryant18 Tables for the Calculation of Confidence Intervals 214Martin J. GardnerIndex 233