Meteorology in Nineteenth-Century Society

Aitor Anduaga is a scholar of nineteenth- and twentieth-century science, who has specialized in the history of social, ideological and cultural dimensions of meteorology and geophysical sciences in general.

• Volume I. Weather Forecasting and Nation-State BuildingAcknowledgementsSeries Preface General IntroductionIntroduction to Volume IPart 1. Synoptic weather science and state interests1.1 Precursors1. Elias Loomis, ‘On the Storm Which Was Experienced throughout the United States about the 20th of December, 1836’. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, 7 (7), 1841, pp. 125, 128-130, 156-163.2. Elias Loomis, ‘On two Storms Which Were Experienced throughout the United States, in the Month of February, 1842’. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, 9 (2), 1846, pp. 161, 164, 179-184.1.2 Barometric waves3. John Frederick William Herschel, ‘Report on the Reduction of Meteorological Observations’, Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, Held at Cork in August 1843 (London: John Murray, 1844), pp. 60-61, 97–100.4. John Frederick William Herschel to William Radcliffe Birt, 28 July 1843.5. William Radcliffe Birt, ‘On the Storm-Paths of the Eastern Portion of the North American Continent’. Philosophical Magazine, 28, 1846, pp. 379–382. 6. William Radcliffe Birt, ‘On Certain Atmospheric or Barometric Waves Which Traversed Europe during November 1842’. Philosophical Magazine, 30, 1847, pp. 482–493. 1.3 Mapping atmospheric waves7. Adolphe Quetelet, Sur le climat de la Belgique. Quatrième partie. Pressions et ondes atmosphériques (Bruxelles : M. Hayez, 1851), pp. 73, 75, 91-921.4 Embracing waves for state interests8. Urbain Jean Joseph Le Verrier, ‘Note sur le développement des études météorologiques en France’, CR, 40, 1855, 620–6269. Urbain Jean Joseph Le Verrier, 1855. ‘M. Le Verrier présente un travail fait à l’Observatoire impérial, par M. Liais, sur la tempête de la mer Noire, en novembre 1854’, CR, 41, 1855, pp. 1197–1204.1.5 A new method10. Angelo Secchi, ‘Di alcuni risultati ottenuti dalla corrispondenza meteorologica telegrafica, e dal barometrografo a bilancia’, Atti Accademia Pontificia dei Nuovi Lincei, 11, 1858, pp. 389–39011. Angelo Secchi, ‘Alcune ricerche meteorologiche sulle tempeste occorse nel 1859–60’, Atti Accademia Pontificia dei Nuovi Lincei, 13, 1860, 231–237, 249. Part 2. Conflict: The Eulerian vs. Lagrangian approach2.1 Synoptic method12. Angelo Secchi, ‘Distribuzione della pressione atmosferica sull’ Europa durante il gennajo e il febrajo del corrente anno 1862’, Bulletino Meteorologico dell’Osservatorio del Collegio Romano, 1(3), 1862, pp. 19–20, 24. 2.2 Eulerian approach13. Edme Hippolyte Marié-Davy, ‘Sur les tempêtes de l’équinoxe’, CR, 57, 1863, pp. 640–644.14. Edme Hippolyte Marié-Davy, Météorologie. Les mouvements de l'atmosphère et des mers considérés au point de vue de la prévision du temps (Paris: Victor Masson et Fils, 1866), pp. 416-417, 434-436, 463-4652.3 Lagrangian approach15. Robert FitzRoy, Notes on Meteorology (London: Board of Trade, 1859), pp. 1, 11-12, 13-22, 23-25, 34-3516. Robert FitzRoy, The Weather Book: A Manual of Practical Meteorology (London: Longman and Green, 1863), pp. 102-10517. George Jinman, Winds and Their Courses; or a Practical Exposition of the Laws Which Govern the Movements of Hurricanes and Gales. With an Examination of the Circular Theory of Storms, as Propounded by Redfield, Sir William Reid, Piddington, and Others (London: George Philip and Son, 1861), pp. 1-9, 92-962.4 Semi-Lagrangian18. Francis Galton, Meteorographica, or, Methods of Mapping the Weather: Illustrated by Upwards of 600 Printed and Lithographed Diagrams Referring to the Weather of a Large Part of Europe, During the Month of December 1861, (Cambridge: Macmillan, 1863), pp. 3-619. Francis Galton, ‘Recent Weather’, The Reader, 2 (19 December, 1863), p. 730.20. Francis Galton, ‘A Development of the Theory of Cyclones’, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, 12, 1863, pp. 385–386. Part 3. Statistics and the hegemony of the Eulerian approach3.1 Dutch statistical method21. Christoph Hendrik Diederik Buys Ballot, ‘On the Great Importance of Deviations from the Mean State of the Atmosphere for the Science of Meteorology’, London, Edinburgh and Dublin Philosophical Magazine, 37 (247), 1850, pp. 42–49.22. F.H. Klein, The Foretelling of the Weather in Connection with Meteorological Observations, (London, 1863), pp. 5-6, 20-23.3.2 Scottish analytical method23. James Stark, ‘On the Fallacy of the Present Mode of Estimating the Mean Temperature in England’. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 4, 1862, pp. 264–265.24. Alexander Buchan, ‘Examination of the Storms of Wind which Occurred in Europe during October, November and December, 1863’, Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 24, 1865, pp. 191-194, 196-198, 200-203.25. Alexander Buchan, A Handy Book of Meteorology (Edinburgh and London: William Blackwood and Sons, 1867; 2nd ed. in 1868), pp. 9-14, 339-348, 350-3553.3 International standardization26. Heinrich Wilhelm Dove, ‘Geh. Regierungsrath H. W. Dove to Director C. Bruhns, Leipzig’, in Report of the Proceedings of the Meteorological Conference at Leipzig. Protocols and Appendices (London: Georges E. Eyre and William Spottiswoode, 1873), pp. 45–46.27. Robert H. Scott, ‘Meteorological Conference at Leipzig during August 1872’, Nature, 28 August 1873, 341–34328. Thomas Stevenson, ‘On Ascertaining the Intensity of Storms by the Calculation of Barometric Gradients’, Journal of the Scottish Meteorological Society, 2, 1869, 132-136.29. Report Weather Telegraphy and Storm Warnings, Presented to the Meteorological Congress at Vienna, by a Committee Appointed at the Leipzig Conference (London: Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, 1874), pp. 7-18.3.4 Eulerian epitome30. Ralph Abercromby, ‘Is Meteorology a Science?’, Nature, 15, 1877, p. 510.31. Ralph Abercromby, ‘Weather Prognostics and Weather Types’. Nature, 28, 1883, pp. 330–34.32. Ralph Abercromby, Principles of Forecasting by Means of Weather Charts (London: Printed for H.M. Stationery Off., 1885), pp. 1-3, 69-81, 99-100Part 4. State and the primacy of public service4.1 Galton’s report33. ‘Report of a Committee Appointed to Consider Certain Questions Relating to the Meteorological Department of the Board of Trade’ [Galton Report], 1866 (3646), LXV, pp. 37-414.2 Daily weather charts34. Robert H. Scott, ‘Weather Charts in Newspapers’, Journal of the Society of Arts, 23, 1875, 776–782.35. Robert H. Scott, ‘The Publication of Daily Weather Maps and Bulletins’, in Oliver L. Fassig (ed.), Report of the International Meteorological Congress Held at Chicago, Ill., August 21–24, 1893 (Washington D.C.: Weather Bureau, 1894), pp. 6–936. ‘The Times Weather Chart’, Nature, 15 April 1875, 11, 473–4744.3 Public service37. Frederic Gaster, ‘Weather Forecasts and Storm Warnings: How They Are Prepared and Disseminated’, Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 22, 1896, pp. 212–22838. H.H.C. Dunwoody, ‘Functions of State Weather Services’, in Oliver L. Fassig (ed.), Report of the International Meteorological Congress Held at Chicago, Ill., August 21–24, 1893 (Washington D.C.: Weather Bureau, 1894), pp. 9–13Part 5. Weather cartography5.1 Diagnostic39. Heinrich Wilhelm Brandes, Beiträge zur Witterungskunde (Leipzig: Johann Ambrosius Barth, 1820) pp. 26, 69, 73, 213, 27040. Alexander von Humboldt, ‘Of Isothermal Lines, and the Distribution of Heat over the Globe’, Annals of Philosophy; or, Magazine of Chemistry, Mineralogy, Mechanics, Natural History, Agriculture, and the Arts 11:63/3, 1818, pp. 177–18141. Alexandre von Humboldt, ‘Sur les lignes isothermes’, Annales de chimie et de physique, 5, 18175.2 FitzRoy’s charts42. Robert FitzRoy, ‘Wind Charts of the Atlantic, Compiled from Maury’s Pilot Charts’, Report of the Twenty-Fifth Meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science Held at Glasgow in September 1855 (London: John Murray, 1856), vol. 2, pp. 39–4043. Robert FitzRoy, The Weather Book: A Manual of Practical Meteorology (London: Longman and Green, 1863), pp. 413-4185.3 Meteorographica44. Francis Galton, Meteorographica, or, Methods of Mapping the Weather: Illustrated by Upwards of 600 Printed and Lithographed Diagrams Referring to the Weather of a Large Part of Europe, During the Month of December 1861 (Cambridge: Macmillan, 1863).5.4 Standardizing45. Report of the Proceedings of the Meteorological Congress at Vienna. Protocols and Appendices (London: G.E. Eyre and W. Spottiswoode for H.M. Stationery Off., 1874), translated from the official report––reproduced in ‘The Meteorological Congress at Vienna’, Nature, May 7, 1874, 17–18.46. Hugo von Schoder, ‘Appendix 1. to the Protocol of the Fourth Meeting’, Report of the Proceedings of the Meteorological Congress at Vienna. Protocols and Appendices (London: G.E. Eyre and W. Spottiswoode for H.M. Stationery Office, 1874), pp. 48–49.47. Mark Harrington, ‘History of the Weather Map’, in Oliver L. Fassig (ed.), Report of the International Meteorological Congress, Chicago, Ill., August 21–24, 1893 (Washington D.C.: Weather Bureau, Part 2, 1895), pp. 327–335.5.5 Global synoptic charts48. Alexander Buchan, ‘On the Storms Which Passed over the United States between the 13th and 22nd March 1859, with Remarks on Storms which Occurred at the Same Time in the North Atlantic, Europe and Western Asia’, Journal of the Scottish Meteorological Society, 2, 1869, 198–201, 212-21349. Alexander Buchan, 1869. ‘The Mean Pressure of the Atmosphere and the Prevailing Winds of the Globe for the Months and for the Year’, Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 6, 1869, 303–07, Part II, Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 25, 1869, 575–577, 579, 581-583, 589-590, 592.ReferencesIndexVolume II: Cyclones, Trade, Navigation and SocietyAcknowledgmentsSeries PrefaceGeneral IntroductionIntroduction to Volume IIPart 1. Early storm theories1.1 Opposing current theory1. Heinrich Wilhelm Dove, ‘On the Influence of the Rotation of the Earth on the Currents of its Atmosphere; Being Outlines of a General Theory of the Winds’, The London and Edinburgh Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science, 11, 1837, pp. 227–31, 353–354, 360-3632. Heinrich Wilhelm Dove, ‘Introduction’, in The Law of Storms. [London: G.E. Eyre & W. Spottiswoode, 1858]. Second edition, entirely revised and considerably enlarged, by R.H. Scott in 1862, The Law of Storms Considered in Connection with the Ordinary Movements of the Atmosphere1.2 Whirlwind theory3. William Charles Redfield, ‘Remarks on the Prevailing Storms of the Atlantic Coast of the North American States’, American Journal of Science, 20, 1831, pp. 17-23, 27-30, 44-514. William Charles Redfield, ‘Observations on the Storm of December 15, 1839’, Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, 8, 1843, pp. 77–801.3 Convective theory5. James Pollard Espy, ‘Essays on Meteorology. No 1. Theory of Hail’, Journal of the Franklin Institute, 17, 1836, pp. 240–2466. James Pollard Espy, ‘Essays on Meteorology. No III. Examination of Hutton’s Redfield’s and Olmstead’s Theories’, Journal of the Franklin Institute, 18, 1836, 100–1087. James Pollard Espy, The Philosophy of Storms (Boston, MA: Charles C. Little and James Brown, 1841), pp. v, viii-xxviii1.4 Coriolis effect8. William Ferrel, ‘The Influence of the Earth's Rotation Upon the Relative Motion of Bodies Near Its Surface’, Astronomical Journal, 5, 1858, pp. 97-100Part 2. Ships’ logbooks and storm study2.1 Wind and weather scale9. James Capper, Observations on the Winds and Monsoons; Illustrated with a Chart, and Accompanied with Notes, Geographical and Meteorological (London: Printed by C. Whittingham, 1801), pp. ix-xxviii10. Francis Beaufort’s wind and weather scale in the logbook of HMS Woolwich facing the page dated 13th January 1806. 2.2 Law of storms and British shipping11. William Reid, An Attempt to Develop the Law of Storms by Means of Facts, Arranged According to Time and Place, and Hence to Point Out a Cause for the Variable Winds, with the View to Practical Use in Navigation. London: John Weale, 1838), pp. 1-4, 368-38012. Henry Piddington, The Sailor’s Horn-Book for the Law of Storms, being a Practical Exposition of the Theory of the Law of Storms, and its Uses to Mariners of All Classes in All Parts of the World, Shewn by Transparent Storm Cards and Useful Lessons (London: Smith, Elder & Co., 1848), pp. 1-21, 64-70, 85-8813. Alexander Thom, An Inquiry into the Nature and Course of Storms in the Indian Ocean, South of the Equator with a view of discovering their origin, extent, rotatory character, rate and direction of progression, barometric depression ... for the practical purpose of enabling ships to ascertain the proximity and relative position of hurricanes ... (London: Smith, Elder & Co., 1845), pp. iii-viii, 216-21, 230 14. British Admiralty, Admiralty Instructions for the Government of Her Majesty’s Naval Services (London: Stationery Office, 1844), pp. 172-1732.3 Sailing directions15. Matthew Fontaine Maury, Explanations and Sailing Directions to Accompany the Winds and Currents Charts (Washington, DC: C. Alexander, 1851), pp. 3-14, 54-60, 88-962.4 Rules16. Charles Meldrum, ‘On the Weather and Hurricanes in the Indian Ocean from the 18th to the 29th of February, 1860’, Proceedings of the Meteorological Society of Mauritius (1861) 5, 1861, pp. 122–123, 156-15817. Charles Meldrum, Notes on the form of Cyclones in the Southern Indian Ocean, and on some of the rules given for avoiding their centres. By C. Meldrum ... Reprinted from the Monthly Notices of the Meteorological Society of Mauritius. [With a plate.] (London: Stationery Office, 1873), pp. 21-2418. Ralph Abercromby, ‘On Meldrum’s Rules for Handling Ships in the Southern Indian Ocean’, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, 44, 1888, pp. 314–3172.5 Eastern seas19. William Doberck, The Law of Storms in the Eastern Seas (Hong Kong: Hong Kong Telegraph, 1886)Part 3. Storm forecasts and storm warnings3.1 Forecasts and warnings20. Robert FitzRoy, 1861. ‘On British Storms’, in Report of the Thirtieth Meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science: Held at Oxford in June and July 1860 (London: John Murray, 1861), pp. 39-44.21. Christoph Hendrik Diederik Buys Ballot, ‘On Storm Warnings’, Proceedings of the Literary and Philosophical Society of Manchester, 6, 1867, pp. 83–84.22. John Frederick William Herschel, ‘On Barometric Waves, February 5th 1867’, Proceedings of the Literary and Philosophical Society of Manchester, 6, 1867, 91–93.23. Joseph Baxendell, ‘On the Recent Suspension, by the Board of Trade, of Cautionary Storm Warnings’, Proceedings of the Literary and Philosophical Society of Manchester, 6, 1867, pp. 41–473.2 Galton Report24. Report of a Committee Appointed to Consider Certain Questions Relating to the Meteorological Department of the Board of Trade [the Galton Report] (London: Eyre and Spottiswoode, 1866), pp. 3-29, 31-38Part 4. Popular meteorology4.1 Astrometeorology25. Patrick Murphy, Meteorology Considered in Its Connexion with Astronomy, Climate and Geographical Distribution of Animals and Plants Equally with the Seasons and Changes of the Weather (London: Printed for J.R. Bailliere & Co., 1836), pp. 32-3726. Alfred J. Pearce, The Weather Guide Book. A Concise Exposition of Astronomic-Meteorology (London: Simpkin, Marshall & Co., 1864), pp. 134-13827. S.M. Saxby, Saxby’s Weather System or Lunar Influence on Weather (London: Longman, Green, Longman, Roberts & Green. 2nd ed., 1864), pp. 1-8, 100-1064.2 Almanacs28. Dr. Simmonite's meteorologist, and daily account of the weather: predictions of epidemic diseases, the world's fate this year, and a complete almanack for 1853: containing also, an astronomical aspectarian, excellent guides for farmers, gardeners, astronomers, and botanic practitioners (London: G. Thorper Printer), pp. 5-94.3 Weather Prophecies29. John Frederick William Herschel, 1864. ‘The Weather and Weather Prophets’, in Good Words, 5, 1864, pp. 57–64. Reprinted in John F.W. Herschel, Familiar Lectures on Scientific Subjects (New York, London: G. Routledge & sons; Strahan & co, 1871), pp. 142-1574.4 Weather watchers30. George Mackenzie, The System of the Weather of the British Islands; Discovered in 1816 and 1817 from a Journal Commencing November 1802 (Edinburgh: William Aitken, 1818), pp. ix-xiii, 3-731. Thomas Ignatius Maria Forster, Researches about Atmospheric Phaenomena (London: Baldwin, Cradock, and Joy, 1815), pp. 165-17632. George Augustus Rowell, An Essay on the Cause of Rain and its Allied Phenomena (Oxford: [published and sold by the author], 1859), pp. 1-13, 53-554.5 Amateur societies33. George J. Symons, ‘History of the English Meteorological Societies’, Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 7, 1881, pp. 65–95.ReferencesIndexVolume III: Meteorology and ReligionAcknowledgmentsSeries PrefaceGeneral IntroductionIntroduction to Volume IIIPart 1. The Jesuits and cyclone prediction1.1 Secchi Meteorograph1. Angelo Secchi, ‘Descrizione di un meteorografo, ossia registratore meteorologico universale all’Osservatorio’, in Memorie dell’Osservatorio del Collegio Romano, 1857–59 (Roma: Tip. Delle Belle Arti, 1859), pp. 1, 81.2 Typhoons2. Federico Faura, 1882. Señales precursoras de temporal en el Archipiélago Filipino (Manila: El Comercio), reproduced and translated into English as ‘Signs preceding typhoons in the Philippine Islands’, in Elihu Root, Authority of P. Faura. Practical Instructions for the Certain Use of This Sign, pp. 305-3073. José Algué, The Cyclones of the Far East (Manila: Bureau of Public Printing, 2nd rev. ed., 1904), pp. 11-22, 24-30, 35-39, 41-43, 46, 49-50, 89-91, 97-102, 114-116, 123-124, 130, 140-146, 237-238, 243-2464. Louis Froc, Typhoon Highways in the Far East (Zi-ka-wei: Catholic Mission Press, Tou-sè-wè Orphan Asylum; Shanghai, Kelly & Walsh, 1896), pp. 1-6, 11-14, 28-32, 33-401.3 Hurricanes5. Benito Viñes, Apuntes relativos a los huracanes de Las Antillas en septiembre y octubre de 1875 y 76 (Habana: El Iris, 1877), trans. Georges L. Dyer, Practical Hints in Regard to West Indian Hurricanes (Washington, D.C.: US Hydrographic Office, 1885), pp. 5-15Part 2. Correlation and prediction2.1 Unity of forces6. Angelo Secchi, L’unità delle forze fisiche saggio di filosofia naturale (Roma: Tipografia Forense, 1864), pp. iii-vii, 1-2.2 Clouds7. Benito Viñes, Investigaciones relativas a la circulación y traslación ciclónica de los huracanes (Habana: Imprenta del Avisador Comercial, 1895), trans. Carlos Finlay. 1898. Investigation of the Cyclonic Circulation and the Translatory Movement of West Indian Hurricanes (Washington, D.C.: Weather Bureau, 1898).8. Marc Dechevrens, Mouvements des couches élevées de l'atmosphère a Zi-Ka-Wei, déterminés par la direction des cirri (Zi-ka-wei: Catholic Mission Press, 1885), pp. 1-2, 5-6, 159. William Clement Ley, ‘Clouds and Weather Signs’, Modern Meteorology, 1879, pp. 102-136.10. William Clement Ley, Cloudland: A Study on the Structure and Characters of Clouds (London: Stanford, 1894), pp. vii-ix, 21-32, 201-2052.3 Earthquakes and the weather11. Enrique Cappelletti, Opinion on the improbability of the earthquake announced in Mexico for the 10th of August (Puebla de los Ángeles: Imprenta del Colegio P. de Artes, 1887), pp. 3-9, 11-1312. José Algué, ‘Microseismic Movements as an Indirect Precursory Sign of a Cyclone’, in The Cyclones of the Far East (Manila: Bureau of Public Printing, 2nd rev. ed., 1904), pp. 184-187Part 3. Clergymen, Quakers and observations3.1 Royal Meteorological Society13. Joseph Bancroft Reade, ‘Observations and Experiments on the Solar Rays that Occasion Heat…’, Proceedings of the Royal Society, 3, 1830, p. 457 [Communicated by John George Children]14. Charles Lowndes, ‘An Account of the Hartwell Rectory Observatory’, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 14, 1854, pp. 161-163. 15. Leonard Blomefield, 1858. Observations in meteorology: relating to temperature, the winds, atmospheric pressure, the aqueous phenomena of the atmosphere, weather-changes, etc : being chiefly the results of a meteorological journal kept for nineteen years at Swaffham Bullbeck, in Cambridgeshire, and serving as a guide to the climate of that part of England. London: John Van Voorst, 1858), pp. 324-3573.2 Quakers16. Luke Howard, On the Modifications of Clouds (London: J. Taylor, 1804), pp. 3-1417. John Fletcher Miller, ‘On the Meteorology of the Lake District of Cumberland and Westmoreland [Abstract]’, Abstracts of the Papers Communicated to the Royal Society of London,5, 757, 1843-1850, pp. 816-8173.3 Observatories18. Stephen J. Perry, 1880. ‘L'Observatoire de Stonyhurst’, Annales de la Société Scientifique de Bruxelles 4, 147, pp. 281-285, 28719. Thomas Romney Robinson, ‘Description of an Improved Anemometer for Registering the Direction of the Wind, and the Space Which It Traverses in Given Intervals of Time’, The Transactions of the Royal Irish Academy, 22, 1849, pp. 155-160, 166-1673.4 Cyclone model20. William Clement Ley, ‘The Relation Between the Upper and Under Currents of the Atmosphere Around Areas of Barometric Depressions’, Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 3, 1877, pp. 437-44521. Marc Dechevrens, ‘On Vertical Currents in Cyclones’, American Meteorological Journal, 1886, 3, 4, 170-174, 176-179, 182-184.Part 4. Weather Prognostics, Faith and Empiria4.1 Natural Theology22. William Whewell, Astronomy and General Physics Considered with Reference to Natural Theology (London: W. Pickering, 1833), pp. v-vii, 1-14, 54-62 4.2 Popular weather prognostics23. Charles Clouston, An Explanation of the Popular Weather Prognostics of Scotland on Scientific Principles (Edinburgh: privately printed, 1867), pp. 8-304.3 Scripture24. Alexander MacLeod, Scripture, Meteorology, and Modern Science (Glasgow: George Baillie, 1867), pp. 3-6, 235-244 4.4 Meteorological Spectroscopy25. Charles Piazzi Smyth, ‘Spectroscopic prévision of Rain with a High Barometer’, Nature, 12, 299, 1875, pp. 231–232.26. Charles Piazzi Smyth, ‘Meteorological Spectroscopy in the Small and Rough’, Astronomical Observations made at the Royal Observatory, Edinburgh, 14, 1870-1877, pp. 29–34. 27. Charles Piazzi Smyth (1819-1900), ‘Cloud Forms at Clova, Ripon, 1892-1895’ReferencesIndexVolume IV: Weather, Climate and EmpireAcknowledgmentsSeries PrefaceGeneral IntroductionIntroduction to Volume IVPart 1. The Army, the Navy and Imperial Network1.1 Imperial network1. John Daniell, Meteorological Essays (London: Thomas & George Underwood, 1823), pp. ix-xix, 263-2662. James D. Forbes, ‘Report upon the Recent Progress and Present State of Meteorology’, in Report of the First and Second Meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, 1831 and 1832; at York in 1831, and at Oxford in 1832: Including Its Proceedings, Recommendations and Transactions (London: John Murray, 1833), pp. 196–200, 2053. John Frederick William Herschel, Instructions for Making and Registering Meteorological Observations in Southern Africa and other Countries in the South Seas, as also at Sea (London: Bradbury and Evans, 1835), pp. 1-171.2 The Army4. William Reid, The Progress of the Development of the Law of Storms and of the Variable Winds, with the Practical Application of the Subject to Navigation (London: John Weale, 1849), pp. 1-17, 24-31, 411-4225. Capt. Henry James, Instructions for Taking Meteorological Observations at the Principal Foreign Stations of the Royal Engineers (London: J. Weale, 1851), pp. 1-3, 14-16 6. Henry James, Abstracts from the Meteorological Observations Taken at the Stations of the Royal Engineers in the year 1853-54 (London: George Edward Eyre and William Spottiswoode, 1855), pp. 1-6, 107-1107. Meteorological Observations at the Foreign and Colonial Stations of the Royal Engineers and the Army Medical Department 1852-1886 (London: H.M.S.O., 1890), pp. i-xiii1.3 The Admiralty8. John Frederick William Herschel, ‘Meteorology’, in John Frederick William Herschel (ed.), A Manual of Scientific Enquiry; Prepared for the Use of Officers in Her Majesty’s Navy; and Travellers in General. London: John Murray, 1849), pp. iii-iv, 268-273, 303-3119. Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty, Remarks on Revolving Storms (London: HMSO, 1851), pp. 3-7, 10-1510. W. Snow Harris, Remarkable Instances of the Protection of Certain Ships of Her Majesty’s Navy from the Destructive Effects of Lightning (London: Richard Clay, 1847), pp. 3-8Part 2. Climate and climatologies2.1 Climate definition11. Alexander von Humboldt, Cosmos: A Survey of the General Physical History of the Universe (New York: Harper & Bros, 1845), pp. 96-1002.2 Isotherm and mean temperature12. David Brewster, ‘Observations of the Mean Temperature of the Globe’, Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 9, 1821, pp. 201-204, 220-2252.3 Statistical tools13. Heinrich Wilhelm Dove, Erläuterungen zu den Monatsisothermen (Berlin: Reimer Akademische Buchdruckerei, 1849), pp. 1-314. Adolphe Quetelet, Letters Addressed to the Grand Duke of Saxe Coburg and Gotha on the Theory of Probability as Applied to the Moral and Political Sciences¸ trans. by O. G. Downes (London: Charles and Edwin Layton, 1849 [1846]), pp. 48-572.4 Urban climatology15. Luke Howard, The Climate of London, Deduced from Meteorological Observations, Made at Different Places in the Neighbourhood of the Metropolis 2 vols. (London: W. Phillips. Rev. ed., 1833), pp. 1-2, 8-11, 147 2.5 Descriptive climatology16. Lorin Blodget, Climatology of the United States and of the Temperate Latitudes of the North American Continent (Philadelphia, 1857), pp. 17-282.6 Global climatology17. James Henry Coffin (with contrib. by Selden Jennings Coffin and Alexander Woeikof), The Winds of the Globe or the Laws of Atmospheric Circulation over the Surface of the Earth (Washington [D.C.]: Smithsonian Institution, 1876), Smithsonian Con­tributions to Knowledge, vol. 20, No. 268, pp. 5, 7-1118. Julius Hann, 1903. Handbook of Climatology (New York: The Macmillan Co., 1903), pp. 1-5, 128-129 19. Léon Teisserenc de Bort, ‘Nouvelles cartes d’isothermes et d’isobares moyennes à la surface du globe, en janvier, mars, juillet, octobre’, Annales du Bureau Central Météorologique de France, 4, 1-62, 1881, pp. 1-920. Bartholomew's Physical Atlas. Volume 3. Atlas of Meteorology. Volume 5. Atlas of Zoogeography (London: A. Constable & Company, 1899), preface, followed by 12 mapsPart 3. Colonial Meteorology and Climatology3.1 Australia21. R.L.J. Ellery, ‘The Present State of Meteorology’, Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria, 14, 1877, pp. 10–19.22. H.C. Russell, ‘Meteorological Periodicity’, Journal and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New South Wales, 10, 1876, pp. 151–160, 166-16723. Charles Todd, ‘Droughts in Australia: Their Causes, Duration, and Effect: The Views of Three Government Astronomers [R.L.J. Ellery, H.C. Russell, C. Todd]’, The Australasian (Melbourne, Victoria), December 29, 1888, 1455–1456.24. Charles Egeson, Egeson’s Weather System of Sun-spot Causality, Being Original Researches in Solar and Terrestrial Meteorology (Sydney: Turner & Henderson, 1889), pp. vii-ix, 11-12, 61-633.2 Hong Kong25. William Doberck, Instructions for Making Meteorological Observations Prepared for the Use in China and the Law of Storms in the Eastern Seas (Shanghai: Published by the order of the Inspector General of Customs, Published at The Statistical Department of the Inspector General of Customs, 1887), pp. 1, 3-143.3 India26. Henry Piddington, A letter to the most noble James Andrew, Marquis of Dalhousie, Governor General of India, on the storm wave of the cyclones in the Bay of Bengal and their effects in the Sunderbunds (Calcutta: Baptist Mission Press, 1853), pp. 8-9, 14-16, 20 27. Henry Francis Blanford, ‘On the Connexion of the Himalaya Snowfall with Dry Winds and Seasons of Drought in India’, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, 37, 232–234, 1884, pp. 3-4, 20-22 28. Henry Francis Blanford, A Practical Guide to the Climates and Weather of India, Ceylon and Burmah and the Storms of Indian Seas (London: MacMillan and Co., 1889), pp. vii-x, 358-3643.4 Mauritius29. Charles Meldrum, ‘On Synoptic Charts of the Indian Ocean’, Symons’s Monthly Meteorological Magazine, 3, 1868, pp. 143–14630. Charles Meldrum, ‘On a Periodicity of Rainfall in Connexion with the Sun-Spot Periodicity’, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, 21 (31 December 1873), pp. 297-30131. Cyclonic Tracks in the South Indian Ocean From Information Compiled by Dr. Meldrum (London: Printed for H.M.S.O. by Eyre and Spottiswoode, 1891).3.5 Singapore32. Charles Morgan Elliot, Meteorological Observations made at The Honorable East India Company’s Magnetical Observatory at Singapore, 1841–5 (Madras: printed at the American Mission and Male Asylum Presses, 1851), pp. xi-xii, 1-10, 110ReferencesIndex