ABC Series - Böcker

ABC of Wound Healing, Second EditionABC of Wound Healing is a practical, highly illustrated guide to assessment, diagnosis and management of all common types of acute and chronic wounds. This concise yet comprehensive reference covers all essential aspects of wound healing care, including epidemiology, pathophysiology, assessment, treatment, long-term management, and preventionThis revised second edition contains several new chapters on lymphoedema, nutrition, skin care, continence, and scarring. Updated and expanded chapters cover a wider range of devices and therapies, and discuss additional factors that impact wound healing processes, offering new clinical photographs as a visual guide. Applying a multidisciplinary approach to the provision of wound care, ABC of Wound Healing: Covers common wounds including traumatic wounds, surgical wounds, diabetic foot ulcers, pressure injuries, and venous and arterial leg ulcersEmphasises the importance of reaching a diagnosis, the fundamental step in managing any woundProvides up-to-date information on physical, chemical, biological and emerging therapies for patients with various types of woundsContains hundreds of full-colour illustrations and clinical photographs of wounds and treatmentsABC of Wound Healing, Second Edition, remains a must-have guide for junior doctors, specialist registrars in medicine and surgery, specialist nurses, general practitioners and medical students.

Pleural diseases are frequently managed in primary care, but specialist knowledge is required to understand the full variety of presentations and available treatments in this rapidly developing field. ABC of Pleural Diseases is a brand new addition to the ABC Series which takes a unique approach to these conditions by dealing with them as a related group as well as in their individual manifestations.The book provides a unique and comprehensive overview of pleural disease, beginning with the anatomy and physiology of the pleura. It then covers a wide range of specific conditions in greater detail, including pneumothorax, pleural effusions, pleural infections, as well as chapters on radiology and pathology. Full coverage is given of mesothelioma, the most common pleural cancer.Written by a team of specialists, this reference guide to pleural diseases is a practical guide for General Practitioners, Junior Doctors, Specialist Nurses, Radiologists and all Healthcare Professionals working within chest medicine.

The ABC of Urology provides a comprehensive review of current practice in urology and is a structured and practical guide to the diagnosis, treatment and management of the most common urological conditions. This new third edition has been fully revised and expanded with additional chapters and improved coverage of renal and testis cancer, management of haematuria, laparoscopy, trauma and new urological advances.  Prostate, bladder, renal and penile cancers are also covered in detail and new techniques and procedures for safer and effective treatment options are featured. The ABC of Urology is the ideal reference for general practitioners and general practitioner trainees, junior doctors and practice nurses, medical students and all primary health care professionals working to provide the best possible care for patients with urological conditions.

ABC of Sleep Medicine ABC ofSleep Medicine About the ABC of Sleep Medicine Patients presenting with sleep-related symptoms are common in primary care, but assessing and managing these conditions can be difficult. ABC of Sleep Medicine is a practical illustrated guide to sleep disorders which will give health professionals confidence in this complex area of diagnosis and management. It explains the differences between normal and abnormal sleep, and looks in depth at individual disorders such as sleep apnoea, insomnia, narcolepsy, restless legs syndrome and the parasomnias, as well as sleep disorders as a comorbidity of neurodegenerative and psychiatric disease. Common sleep disorders in children are addressed in detail before concluding with an overview of pharmacological treatments and how commonly used drugs might affect sleep. This brand new addition to the ABC series will be a valuable resource for general practitioners, practice and specialist nurses, psychiatrists, and medical trainees in both primary care and neurology. About the ABC series The new ABC series has been thoroughly updated, offering a fresh look, layout and features throughout, helping you to access information and deliver the best patient care. The newly designed books remain an essential reference tool for GPs, GP registrars, junior doctors and those in primary care, designed to address the concerns of general practitioners and provide effective study aids for doctors in training. Now offering over 70 titles, this extensive series provides you with a quick and dependable reference on a range of topics in all the major specialities. Each book in the new series now offers links to further information and articles, and a new dedicated website provides you with even more support. The ABC series is the essential and dependable source of up-to-date information for all practitioners and students in general practice. To receive automatic updates on books and journals in your specialty, join our email list. Sign up today at www.wiley.com/email

High blood pressure is a common chronic medical problem encountered in primary care, yet it is commonly under diagnosed. ABC of Hypertension is a long established, practical guide to the investigation, treatment and management of hypertensive patients. This sixth edition: Provides practical guidance on measurement of blood pressure and the investigation and management of hypertensive patientsExplains new developments in measurement and automated measurement of blood pressure andUpdates coverage on treatment of the elderly and explains of the implications of recent trialsIncorporates current British Hypertension Society and NICE guidelines

Rapid acquisition and interpretation of radiographs, portable ultrasound (US) and computed tomography (CT) are now the mainstay of initial successful management of sick and traumatized patients presenting to Accident and Emergency Departments.The ABC of Emergency Radiology is a simple and logical step-by-step guide on how to interpret radiographs, US and CT. It incorporates all the latest technological advances, including replacing plain radiographs with digital radiographs, changes in imaging protocols and the role of portable US and multidetector CT.With over 400 illustrations and annotated radiographs, this thoroughly revised third edition provides more images, new illustrations, and new chapters on emergency US and CT that reflect current practice. Each chapter starts with radiological anatomy, standard and then additional views, a systematic approach to interpretation (ABC approach) and followed by a review of common abnormalities.The ABC of Emergency Radiology is an invaluable resource for accident and emergency staff, trainee radiologists, medical students, nurses, radiographers and all medical personnel involved in the immediate care of trauma patients.This title is also available as a mobile App from MedHand Mobile Libraries. Buy it now from https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/abc-emergency-radiology-3rd/id1055348839?ls=1&mt=8, https://www.medhand.com/products/abc-of-emergency-radiology or the https://www.medhand.com/products/abc-of-emergency-radiology.

ABC of Ear, Nose and Throat is a long established best-selling guide to the management of common conditions of the Ears, Nose and Throat. It follows a symptomatic approach for evaluation and prioritisation of common presentations, and provides guidance on primary care assessment and management, and on when and why to refer for a specialist opinion.Fully revised to reflect the current practice of oto-rhino-laryngology and head and neck surgery, new chapters address the increasing specialization and improved understanding of the likely causes and specialist treatment for symptoms such as tinnitus, nasal discharge, nasal obstruction, facial plastic surgery, head and neck trauma and foreign bodies, and non-specialist assessment and examination. There is new content on rhinoplasty, pinnaplasty, non-melanoma skin tumours, thyroid disease and head and neck cancer, with many new full colour illustrations and algorithms throughout.This title is also available as a mobile App from MedHand Mobile Libraries. Buy it now from iTunes, Google Play or the MedHand Store.

ABC of Kidney Disease ABC of Kidney Disease, Second Edition The ABC of Kidney Disease, Second Edition is a practical guide to the most common renal diseases to help healthcare professionals screen, identify, treat and refer renal patients appropriately and to provide the best possible care. Covering the common renal presentations in primary care, this highly illustrated guide provides guidance on symptoms, signs and treatments, which tests to use, measures to prevent progression, and when and how to refer. Fully revised in accordance with current guidelines, it also includes organizational aspects of renal disease management, dialysis and transplantation. The appendices contain an explanatory glossary of renal terms, guidance on anaemia management and information on drug prescribing and interactions. The ABC of Kidney Disease, Second Edition is an ideal practical reference for GPs, GP registrars, junior doctors, medical students and for anyone working with patients with renal-related conditions. About the ABC series The new ABC series has been thoroughly updated, offering a fresh look, layout and features throughout, helping you to access information and deliver the best patient care. The newly designed books remain an essential reference tool for GPs, GP registrars, junior doctors and those in primary care, designed to address the concerns of general practitioners and provide effective study aids for doctors in training. Now offering over 70 titles, this extensive series provides you with a quick and dependable reference on a range of topics in all the major specialities. Each book in the new series now offers links to further information and articles, and a new dedicated website provides you with even more support. The ABC series is the essential and dependable source of up-to-date information for all practitioners and students in general practice. To receive automatic updates on books and journals in your specialty, join our email list. Sign up today at www.wiley.com/email

ABC of Resuscitation is a practical, illustrated guide to the latest resuscitation advice for the non-specialist and provides the core knowledge on the treatment of cardiopulmonary arrest.This edition provides a guide to the European Resuscitation Council Guidelines for Resuscitation 2010 and the Resuscitation Council (UK) 2010 Resuscitation Guidelines.It Includes: the causes and prevention of cardiac arrestbasic and advanced life support for adults, children and newbornsresuscitation in a range of contexts (in-hospital and out-of-hospital, including drowning, pregnancy, sport and trauma)important aspects of implementation of guidelines including human factors and educationABC of Resuscitation, 6th Edition is ideal for all healthcare professionals including junior doctors, medical students, general practitioners, paramedics and nurses. It is also useful for pre-hospital care practitioners, emergency medicine trainees, resuscitation officers and all those who teach resuscitation.This title is also available as a mobile App from MedHand Mobile Libraries. Buy it now from Google Play or the MedHand Store.

ABC of Cancer Care is a practical primary care guide to help health professionals better inform their patients, manage and recognize the common complications of cancers and their treatment, and understand the rationale and implications of decisions made in secondary and tertiary care.It provides coverage of the diagnosis, management, treatment and on-going surveillance of common cancers within the multidisciplinary context of primary care. Individual chapters assess the different treatment options, including surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy, and examine their possible side effects. The contribution of clinical trials and new advances in cancer treatment including biological and targeted therapies, robotic surgery and advanced radiotherapy techniques are all described. Other aspects of cancer care, from nursing support and nutrition to psychological care and survivorship, are also covered. Edited by a specialist and general practitioner team, with multidisciplinary contributors, ABC of Cancer Care is ideal for general practitioners, practice nurses, cancer care nurses, medical students, and all healthcare professionals treating and supporting cancer patients.This title is also available as a mobile App from MedHand Mobile Libraries. Buy it now from iTunes, Google Play or the MedHand Store.

This new ABC concentrating on major upper Gastrointestinal disorders reflects the latest advances in understanding of the pathophysiology and pathogenesis of upper GI diseases most of which now have precise diagnostic methods and relational and effective medical and surgical managements.

Mental health services have changed completely in the UK, and the new edition of ABC of Mental Health has been thoroughly updated and revised to reflect this.Providing clear practical advice on how to recognise, diagnose and manage mental disorders successfully and safely, with sections on selecting drugs and psychological treatments, and improving compliance, ABC of Mental Health also contains information on the major categories of mental health disorders, the mental health needs of vulnerable groups (such as the elderly, children, homeless and ethnic minorities) and the psychological treatments. Fully up to date with recent mental health legislation, this new edition is as comprehensive as it is invaluable. By covering the mental health needs of special groups, this ABC equips GPs, hospital doctors, nurses, counsellors and social workers with all the information they need for the day to day management of patients with mental health problems.

Aimed specifically at general practitioners, this new addition to the series covers an important area of cardiovascular therapy. It discusses both the mechanisms of antithrombotic therapy and its uses for parents at risk, and will be a highly practical guide in primary care.

ABC of Multimorbidity is the first title to provide primary care practitioners with a practical approach to the complex issues of treating and managing patients with more than one morbidity.Ageing populations and earlier diagnosis of chronic conditions mean more people are living longer with multimorbidity. However, treatment guidelines are often designed for treatment in isolation of other morbidities. Multimorbidity management therefore requires a more patient centred approach and greater knowledge and coordination of existing services. Effective multimorbidity management both improves overall patient well-being and reduces the overall demand on health services.ABC of Multimorbidity examines how multimorbidities can be addressed within primary care, from the GP and family physician consultation through to the effective use of a range of health care services. It addresses complex issues such as polypharmacy, mental health, patient safety, patient involvement in self-management, and the role of the practitioner. It then provides guidance on how multimorbidities can be best treated and managed within primary care through specific interventions to improve outcomes.From an international, primary care editor and contributor team, ABC of Multimorbidity is a practical resource for general practitioners, family physicians, practice and specialist nurses, and others caring for multimorbid patients. It is also relevant for junior doctors, medical trainees and students.

ABC of Domestic and Sexual Violence is a practical guide for all health care professionals who are looking after abused individuals (whether knowingly or not) and who wish to learn more in order to help their patients. It employs a positive and hands on approach, emphasising simple history taking skills and clinical ‘tips’ and pitfalls to help demystify what is often considered a sensitive or difficult subject area. This new ABC title covers background and epidemiology, including: international and cultural perspectives, common presentations, how to identify abuse, and guidance on subsequent acute and longer-term medical and psychosocial interventions. It provides guidance on legal perspectives including documentation and sources of help and advice. While focusing mainly on women, it will also cover aspects relating to children and men. It also incorporates victim testimonies and case scenarios throughout. From a multidisciplinary team of contributors ABC of Domestic and Sexual Violence is ideal for all general practitioners, accident and emergency, practice nurses, health visitors, midwives, social workers, and other primary and secondary care health care professionals.

The misuse of alcohol presents both individual physical and psychological problems as well as wider social consequences. Alcohol misuse is a frequent cause of attendance in accident and emergency departments and an underlying factor in a range of long term and chronic conditions commonly treated and managed within primary care settings. This expanded fifth edition includes new chapters on alcohol and the young person, alcohol related liver disease, neurological problems, alcohol and the older person, alcohol and cancer, and the alcohol nurse specialist. There is also improved coverage of the role of alcohol health workers, and guidance on the availability of voluntary alcohol services more generally, and the concluding resources chapter provides further guidance on how to access appropriate services. It incorporates current NICE guidelines, the Government’s Alcohol Strategy 2012, as well as case study scenarios and examples of best practice throughout. From a new editor and a multidisciplinary contributor team, ABC of Alcohol is a practical guide for general practitioners, family physicians, practice nurses, primary healthcare professionals as well as for junior doctors, medical and nursing students.This title is also available as a mobile App from MedHand Mobile Libraries. Buy it now from iTunes, Google Play or the MedHand store.

Fully illustrated throughout with a wide range of scans, images and line drawings, ABC of Orthopaedics and Trauma provides practical guidance on the diagnosis, treatment and management of orthopaedic conditions, and assists with the initial assessment based on common presentations. Written by a team of renowned expert orthopaedic surgeons and rheumatologists, it includes coverage of the current national guidelines from NICE and professional bodies.Twenty-four chapters cover all the major areas of this vast speciality using a digestible and reader-friendly approach, including sections on fractures, joint replacements, rheumatological disorders, osteoarthritis, emergencies, and post-operative care. Introduction to specialist topics like metabolic bone disease, peripheral nerve injury, paediatric orthopaedics and tumours are also featured. Topics consist of history and examination, investigation and initial management of common orthopaedic trauma and elective presentations.In addition, this full-colour, user-friendly reference guide offers readers a look at the day-to-day clinical practice of a speciality that will affect at least half of the global population at some point, covering further chapters on epidemiology, biomechanics, common procedures, future developments and education.ABC of Orthopaedics and Trauma is an excellent resource for all healthcare professionals caring for patients with musculoskeletal and orthopaedic related disorders. This will be a valuable reference to orthopaedic trainees, sports physicians, physiotherapists, nurses, occupational therapists, clinical researchers and student doctors.

ABC of Sexual Health ABC of Sexual Health provides a comprehensive overview of this important, but difficult subject and includes reading resources as well as information on professional societies, patient groups and online resources. Fully revised and expanded to cover a range of new content and topics including psychological, urological, gynaecological, endocrinological and psychiatric aspects of sexual health, the effects of medication, sexual dysfunction, sexual orientation, gender identity, paraphilias, forensic sexology, dermatoses, and psychosexual therapy and education. ABC of Sexual Health is a practical guide for all general practitioners, family physicians, trainees and medical students wanting to improve communicating, examining and managing patients with sexual health problems. About the ABC series The new ABC series has been thoroughly updated, offering a fresh look, layout and features throughout, helping you to access information and deliver the best patient care.The newly designed books remain an essential reference tool for GPs, GP registrars, junior doctors and those in primary care, designed to address the concerns of general practitioners and provide effective study aids for doctors in training. Now offering over 70 titles, this extensive series provides you with a quick and dependable reference on a range of topics in all the major specialities. Each book in the new series now offers links to further information and articles, and a new dedicated website provides you with even more support. The ABC series is the essential and dependable source of up-to-date information for all practitioners and students in general practice. To receive automatic updates on books and journals in your specialty, join our email list. Sign up today at www.wiley.com/email

ABC of Nutrition A practical guide to nutrition and the health problems related to foods and diet, covering body composition, epidemiology, specific populations, and more ABC of Nutrition is a comprehensive guide to nutrition as it relates to the causes, treatment and management of the symptoms and medical conditions frequently met by healthcare professionals. Beginning with a new introduction to principles of nutrition and definitions of terms, this revised and updated fifth edition includes new chapters on nutrition for special populations, such as pregnant women, children, and the elderly, and on the use of products marketed for sports and performance enhancement. This new edition also features the latest National Institute for Health and Care Excellence guidelines on Nutrition Support for Adults, as well as guidance on Maternal and Child Nutrition. Written by a team of experts with a range of professional perspectives, ABC of Nutrition includes valuable, practical information based on clinical evidence, in an easily accessible way. Areas covered include: Vitamins and minerals, salt and sodium, fats, carbohydrates, and proteinsNutritional deficiencies in both developing and affluent countries, and the role of functional foods and nutrient fortification in addressing these deficienciesNutrition’s role in heart disease, blood pressure, chronic diseases such as diabetes, and some types of cancerChallenges of weight management, eating disorders, and obesity for individuals and in the sphere of public healthAddressing the large amount of misinformation circulating in the media about foods and healthABC of Nutrition is an essential, stimulating read, aimed at providing confidence when advising about diet and nutrition for healthcare professionals, practitioners, and students in many fields.

ABC of Transfer and Retrieval Medicine provides the key information required to help health care professionals involved in the movement of critically ill patients to do so safely, correctly and with confidence. Beginning with the practical and clinical considerations to be taken into account during patient transfer and an overview of transfer equipment, it then addresses pharmacological aspects of patient transfer, the roles and responsibilities of the transfer team, and the requirements of neonatal, paediatric and specialist transfers.Mapped against the syllabus for the Diploma of Retrieval and Transfer Medicine (Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh), it has been developed as a core resource for the diploma whilst providing an invaluable resource for any healthcare professional involved in the transfer of critically ill patients including anaesthetists, intensivists, nurses from ICU/ED and paramedics. It also includes frameworks for radiology and arterial blood gas interpretation, guidance on patient triage, transfer checklists and equipment checklists, and a summary of the relevant national guidelines.From a multidisciplinary international author team, this new addition to the ABC series is a useful resource for all health care professionals involved in the transfer of patients. It is relevant to anaesthetists, intensivists, paramedics, critical care and emergency department nursing staff who are required to take part in intra and inter hospital transfers.

ABC of Arterial and Venous Disease provides a structured, practical approach to clinical assessment, investigation and management of the most commonly presenting arterial and venous disorders.Structural and functional abnormalities of arteries and veins manifest clinically in a broad spectrum of disorders, including cerebrovascular and carotid artery disease, abdominal aortic aneurysms, acute and chronic limb ischaemia, vasculitis and varicose veins. This revised edition incorporates new chapters on coronary artery disease and acute coronary syndrome, visceral artery stenosis and mesenteric ischaemia, and arteriovenous malformations. Many of these common or chronic conditions first present for initial assessment by primary health care professionals. Case vignettes have been added to relevant chapters to aid understanding and decision making.Fully up to date and from an expert editor and contributor team, ABC of Arterial and Venous Disease remains a useful resource for non-specialist doctors such as general practitioners, family physicians and junior doctors in training. It is also a relevant guide for all other primary health care professionals working within the multidisciplinary teams responsible for patients with chronic arterial and venous disorders.

The ABC of Sports and Exercise Medicine provides general practitioners with a comprehensive overview of the field of sports medicine. This highly illustrated and thoroughly revised and updated new edition:• Reflects new developments and current practice• Includes new chapters on medical care at sporting events, environmental factors of sports and exercise, benefits of exercise in health and disease, nutrition and ergogenic supplements, and the use of drugs in sport• Covers the benefits of exercise among special populations such as the disabled, obese, pregnant, children and the elderlyCovering the latest topics and including case studies of common sports and exercise medicine conditions, the ABC of Sports and Exercise Medicine is an essential practical guide for general practitioners, family physicians, junior doctors, medical students, physiotherapists, and all health professionals dealing with the treatment and prevention of sports-related injuries.

ABC of Anxiety and Depression is a practical guide to the assessment, treatment and management of patients with anxiety and depression as they commonly present in primary care.It begins with an introduction to views on the understanding of anxiety and depression. The following chapters cover how anxiety and depression present in different patient groups such as children and young people, adults, older people and during antenatal/postnatal periods. It then addresses anxiety and depression as comorbidities with chronic illness, and within special populations and settings.The options for treatment and management of anxiety and depression are considered with guidance on when referral to secondary care may be appropriate and the current best practice in psychological therapies, drug treatment and social interventions. Cases are used to illustrate the complexities of managing patients with anxiety and depression.The title concludes with an important chapter on practitioner well-being.ABC of Anxiety and Depression is a practical resource all general practitioners and family physicians working with patients with anxiety and depressive disorders. It is also relevant for primary health care professionals who are part of clinical teams treating patients with anxiety and depression, and conditions where anxiety and depression are common comorbidities, as well as psychologists, counsellors, social workers, and medical and nursing students.

ABC of Rheumatology continues to be a practical and informative guide to the assessment, treatment and management of common rheumatic and musculoskeletal conditions within primary care.Fully updated to reflect developments in this fast growing field, the fifth edition covers overviews of all key areas of rheumatology, and includes new chapters on radiology and immunology, as well as expanded coverage on metabolic bone disease, chronic widespread pain, and complex regional pain syndrome.Featuring highly illustrated chapters, boxed summaries and links to further resources, ABC of Rheumatology is an accessible reference for all primary care health professional, general practitioners, family physicians, junior doctors, medical students and nurses.

ABC of Common Soft Tissue Disorders Soft tissue problems are very common, with one in four people at any one time suffering with a musculoskeletal disorder. ABC of Common Soft Tissue Disorders is a practical, fully illustrated guide to their assessment and treatment. Structured by body part, each chapter provides guidance on assessment, treatment and management, and covers common conditions such as sprains and strains, tendinopathy, ligament injuries and sciatica. With particular focus on shoulders, back and knee problems (reflecting the frequency and complexity of problems in these parts of the body), it provides guidance on the essential history and examination required to reach an accurate diagnosis. Written by an expert author team, ABC of Common Soft Tissue Disorders is important reading for all general practitioners, nurse practitioners, junior doctors and medical students working in a range of settings, including emergency and minor injury departments, as well as in orthopaedics and rheumatology.

ABC of Diabetes provides primary care practitioners with a practical guide to all aspects of diabetes including the aetiology, diagnosis and management of Types 1 and 2 diabetes, detection and prevention, and the organization of care and support.Advances in diabetes care take place at a rapid rate and this new edition is updated throughout to cover the latest evidence-based information for contemporary practice. A new chapter describes the management of severe and complex obesity complicated by diabetes and the management of patients through bariatric surgery.It also covers the growing number of devices and digital technology, including health informatics, that can assist in diabetes care and provides evidence of their benefit. With more links to useful websites and resources online, it is now easier than ever to keep up-to-date with changes.Drawing on the professional and teaching experience of an expert author team, ABC of Diabetes is an essential guide for general practice, primary care practitioners, diabetes specialist nurses, as well as for medical students and those training in diabetes as a specialty.

ABC of Learning and Teaching in Medicine is an invaluable resource for both novice and experienced medical teachers. It emphasises the teacher’s role as a facilitator of learning rather than a transmitter of knowledge, and is designed to be practical and accessible not only to those new to the profession, but also to those who wish to keep abreast of developments in medical education.Fully updated and revised, this new edition continues to provide an accessible account of the most important domains of medical education including educational design, assessment, feedback and evaluation.  The succinct chapters contained in this ABC are designed to help new teachers learn to teach and for experienced teachers to become even better than they are. Four new chapters have been added covering topics such as social media; quality assurance of assessments; mindfulness and learner supervision.Written by an expert editorial team with an international selection of authoritative contributors, this edition of ABC of Learning and Teaching in Medicine is an excellent introductory text for doctors and other health professionals starting out in their careers, as well as being an important reference for experienced educators.

This new ABC title highlights the key areas within the management of common chronic disease conditions which can be influenced by the patient as well and how the healthcare professional can help support this. It defines lifestyle medicine, examines the evidence base and discussing the roles of the patient and the healthcare professional in the practice of lifestyle medicine. It also looks at identifying and explaining modifiable risk factors, the importance of physical activity and medicine adherence, and the role of patient self-monitoring.ABC of Lifestyle Medicine is intended for all general practitioners, nutritionists and dieticians, junior doctors, medical trainees and students.