Catalysis Series – serie

Carbon materials have, in recent years, been attracting attention as potential supports in heterogeneous catalysis. In 2006, the number of articles dealing with various types of catalysts supported on carbon approached 1000, however only a fraction of those were devoted to hydroprocessing catalysts, despite the fact that interest in carbons as supports for hydroprocessing catalysts began more than two decades ago. This unique book is a comprehensive summary of recent research in the field and covers all areas of carbons and carbon materials. The potential application of carbon supports, particularly those of carbon black (CB) and activated carbon (AC) in hydroprocessing catalysis are covered extensively in the book. Novel carbon materials such as carbon fibers and carbon nano tubes (CNT) are also covered, including the more recent developments in the use of fullerenes in hydroprocessing applications - an area with little published research. Although the primary focus of this book is on carbons and carbon supported catalysts, it also identifies the difference in the effect of carbon supports compared with the oxidic supports, particularly that of Y-AL2 O3. Although many books claim to have the same objective, this publication is unique as the difference in catalyst activity and stability was estimated using both model compounds and real feeds under variable conditions. The conditions applied during the preparation of carbon supported catalysts are also comprehensively covered and include various methods of pretreatment of carbon supports to enhance catalyst performance. The model compounds results consistently show higher hydrodesulfurization and hydrodeoxygenation activities of carbon supported catalysts than that of the ?-Al2O3 supported catalysts. Also, the deactivation of the former catalysts by coke deposition was much less evident. Importantly, in this book, most of the model compounds studies on hydrodesulfurization and hydrodeoxygenation were conducted in the absence of nitrogen compounds, as the poisoning effects of such compounds on hydroprocessing reactions are well known. Non-conventional metals (e.g., Pt, Pd, Ru, Rh, Re and Ir) supported on carbon supports are also studied in this book as catalysts for hydroprocessing of model feeds and real feeds. The book shows that these catalysts are much more active than conventional metals containing catalysts however the high cost of these metals prevents commercial utilization of these catalysts. Kinetics of hydroprocessing reactions, as well as kinetics of deactivation over carbon supported catalysts are also investigated under a wide range of experimental conditions and the ?-Al2O3 supported catalysts have been included for comparison. This book, unique in its field, indicates the future potential of carbon supported catalysts during hydroprocessing, particularly in deep hydrodesulfurization and hydrodemetallization.

Catalysis is a central topic in chemical transformation and energy conversion. Thanks to the spectacular achievements of colloidal chemistry and the synthesis of nanomaterials over the last two decades, there have also been significant advances in nanoparticle catalysis.Catalysis on different metal nanostructures with well-defined structures and composition has been extensively studied. Metal nanocrystals synthesized with colloidal chemistry exhibit different catalytic performances in contrast to metal nanoparticles prepared with impregnation or deposition precipitation. Additionally, theoretical approaches in predicting catalysis performance and understanding catalytic mechanism on these metal nanocatalysts have made significant progress.Metal Nanoparticles for Catalysis is a comprehensive text on catalysis on Nanoparticles, looking at both their synthesis and applications. Chapter topics include nanoreactor catalysis; Pd nanoparticles in C-C coupling reactions; metal salt-based gold nanocatalysts; theoretical insights into metal nanocatalysts; and nanoparticle mediated clock reaction.This book bridges the gap between nanomaterials synthesis and characterization, and catalysis. As such, this text will be a valuable resource for postgraduate students and researchers in these exciting fields.

In the past decade a new era in asymmetric catalysis has been realised by the discovery of L-proline induced chiral enamines from carbonyls. Inspired by this, researchers have developed many other primary catalytic species in situ, more recently secondary catalytic species such as aminals have been identified for use in asymmetric synthesis.High-yielding asymmetric synthesis of bioactive and natural products through mild catalysis is an efficient approach in reaction engineering. In the early days, synthetic chemists mainly focused on the synthesis of complex molecules, with less attention on the reaction efficiency and eco-friendly conditions. Recent investigations have been directed towards the development of atom economy, eco-friendly and enantioselective synthesis for more targeted and efficient synthesis.Building on the momentum of this rapidly expanding research area, Dienamine Catalysis for Organic Synthesis will provide a comprehensive introduction, from the preformed species, in situ generation and onto their applications in the synthesis of bioactive molecules and natural products.

Asymmetric C-H direct functionalization reactions are one of the most active and fascinating areas of research in organic chemistry due to their significance in the construction of molecular complexity without pre-activation, and the step economy and atom economy features in potential synthetic application. Distinguishing the reactivity among numerous C–H bonds in one single molecule represents one of the most challenging issues in organic synthesis and requires precise reaction design. As such, this field is now receiving increasing attention from researchers.This book provides the first comprehensive review of this field, summarizing the origin, mechanism, scope and applications of the asymmetric C-H bond functionalization reaction. It covers organocatalytic reactions and transition-metal-catalyzed reactions, as well as asymmetric C-H functionalization reactions not described in other books.Written by a leading expert in this field, the book is ideal for postgraduates and researchers working in organic synthesis, catalysis, and organometallic chemistry.

The efficient synthesis of heterocycles has become one of the main branches in organic chemistry due to their use in the synthesis of natural products and pharmaceuticals. Current sythentic strategies based on C-H activation methodologies are met with many problems like harsh reaction conditions and low reaction efficiency. Double functionalized chemicals offer a perfect alternative for the synthesis of heterocycles. Heterocycles from Double-Functionalized Arenes starts with a short discussion on the importance of heterocycles and a brief introduction on the preparation of double-functionalized arenes. Specific chapters then look at five-membered heterocycles synthesis, six-membered heterocycles synthesis and macroheterocycles synthesis.This is the first book dedicated to the topic of transition metal catalyzed coupling reactions of double functionalized arenes in heterocycle synthesis and can be used as a handbook for senior researchers and as an introduction for organic chemistry students.

In less than 20 years N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) have become well-established ancillary ligands for the preparation of transition metal-based catalysts. This is mainly due to the fact that NHCs tend to bind strongly to metal centres, avoiding the need of excess ligand in catalytic reactions. Also, NHC‒metal complexes are often insensitive to air and moisture, and have proven remarkably resistant to oxidation. This book showcases the wide variety of applications of NHCs in different chemistry fields beyond being simple phosphine mimics. This second edition has been updated throughout, and now includes a new chapter on NHC‒main group element complexes. It covers the synthesis of NHC ligands and their corresponding metal complexes, as well as their bonding and stereoelectronic properties and applications in catalysis. This is complemented by related topics such as organocatalysis and biologically active complexes. Written for organic and inorganic chemists, this book is ideal for postgraduates, researchers and industrialists.

Due to the lower costs of nickel catalysts and the high abundance of nickel complexes, enantioselective nickel-mediated transformations have received a continuous and growing attention in recent years. This book demonstrates the diversity of chemistry catalysed by chiral nickel catalysts. Discussing several different enantioselective transformations, this book presents the impressive range of uses that have been found for novel and already known nickel chiral catalysts, from basic organic transformations to completely novel methodologies including fascinating one-pot domino and multicomponent reactions. This much-needed book is ideal for researchers and industrialists in organic chemistry, synthesis and medicinal chemistry.

Implementing biocatalytic strategies in an industrial setting at a commercial scale is a challenging task, necessitating a balance between industrial need against economic viability. With invited contributions from small and large-scale chemical and pharmaceutical companies, this book bridges the gap between academia and industry. Contributors discuss current processes, types of biocatalysts and improvements, industrial motivation and key aspects to economically succeed. With its focus on industry related issues, this book will be a useful tool for future research by both practitioners and academics.

The synergy between synthetic biology and biocatalysis is emerging as an important trend for future sustainable processes. This book reviews all modern and novel techniques successfully implemented in biocatalysis, in an effort to provide better performing enzymatic systems and novel biosynthetic routes to (non-)natural products. This includes the use of molecular techniques in protein design and engineering, construction of artificial metabolic pathways, and application of computational methods for enzyme discovery and design. Stress is placed on current ‘hot’ topics in biocatalysis, where recent advances in research are defining new grounds in enzyme-catalyzed processes. With contributions from leading academics around the world, this book makes a ground-breaking contribution to this progressive field and is essential reading for graduates and researchers investigating (bio)catalysis, enzyme engineering, chemical biology, and synthetic biology.

Covering the breadth of zeolite chemistry and catalysis, this book provides the reader with a complete introduction to field, covering synthesis, structure, characterisation and applications.Beginning with the history of natural and synthetic zeolites, the reader will learn how zeolite structures are formed, synthetic routes, and experimental and theoretical structure determination techniques. Their industrial applications are covered in-depth, from their use in the petrochemical industry, through to fine chemicals and more specialised clinical applications. Novel zeolite materials are covered, including hierarchical zeolites and two-dimensional zeolites, showcasing modern developments in the field. This book is ideal for newcomers who need to get up to speed with zeolite chemistry, and also experienced researchers who will find this a modern, up-to-date guide.

Metal-free carbons have recently shown great efficiency in several catalytic processes, including oxidative dehydrogenation (ODH) of ethylbenzene and alkenes, hydrogen evolution, liquid Brønsted and Lewis acid catalysis and electrochemical reactions. The catalytic activities of carbon materials are intimately related to their defects, structures, and surface chemistry. In particular, nitrogen functionalized carbons present different surface functional groups, and they can be used as multifunctional catalysts, either through their electronic or nucleophilic properties, or their ability to form additional H bonds with substrates.This book provides an overview of the preparation, characterization and application of metal-free functionalized carbons, including carbon nanotubes, graphene, carbon nitride and covalent organic frameworks (COFs). It is ideal for researchers and industrialists working in catalysis, gas sensing and carbon dioxide storage.

Many important industrial chemical processes rely heavily on catalysis and so researchers are always on the lookout for alternative catalytic materials that may improve existing processes or lead to new ones. Families of alternative catalytic materials currently being investigated include the carbides, nitrides and phosphides as well as amorphous boron catalysts. The addition of carbon, nitrogen or phosphorous to transition metals and the creation of boron-transition metal alloys leads to catalytic materials that have interesting properties, with applications in a range of different reactions, including electrocatalysis.This book provides a comprehensive account of the preparation, characterisation and application of these catalytic materials. It is an important reference for researchers and industrialists working in heterogeneous catalysis and materials chemistry.

Vehicle exhaust emissions, particularly from diesel cars, are considered to be a significant problem for the environment and human health. Lean NOx Trap (LNT) or NOx Storage/Reduction (NSR) technology is one of the current techniques used in the abatement of NOx from lean exhausts. Researchers are constantly searching for new inexpensive catalysts with high efficiency at low temperatures and negligible fuel penalties, to meet the challenges of this field. This book will be the first to comprehensively present the current research on this important area. Covering the technology used, from its development in the early 1990s up to the current state-of-the-art technologies and new legislation. Beginning with the fundamental aspects of the process, the discussion will cover the real application standard through to the detailed modelling of full scale catalysts.Scientists, academic and industrial researchers, engineers working in the automotive sector and technicians working on emission control will find this book an invaluable resource.

Catalysis remains a key technology in a huge number of industrial processes in the 21st century. The catalytic properties of precious metals such as platinum and palladium are well understood. However, these metals are expensive and their supply is limited. Earth-abundant elements such as iron and nickel are, as the name suggests, in plentiful supply and much cheaper to use, but research on their use in catalysis has, historically, lagged behind. As researchers and companies increasingly look for ways to reduce costs and improve the sustainability of their processes there has been a renewed interest in these earth-abundant elements. This book presents a detailed overview of current research on the catalytic uses of the most Earth-abundant elements. Highlighting the top ten most Earth-abundant elements and their various roles in modern synthetic chemistry: s-block metals (Na, K, Mg, Ca), first-row transition metals (Ti, Mn, Fe), and p-block elements (Al, Si, P). The significant stoichiometric use of these elements, and their use as acid, base, dual, and/or redox catalysts will be discussed. It will be of use to industrial and academic researchers as well as graduate students with an interest in catalysis and sustainability.

With a foreword from leading organic chemist Professor Paul Wender, this book collects the major developments reported in the past thirty years in the field of enantioselective reactions promoted by chiral cobalt catalysts, illustrating the power of these green catalysts to provide all types of organic reactions from the basic to completely novel methodologies. The search for new methodologies to prepare optically pure products is one of the most active areas of research in organic synthesis. Of the methods available for preparing chiral compounds, catalytic asymmetric synthesis has attracted the most attention. In particular, asymmetric transition-metal catalysis is a powerful tool for performing reactions in a highly enantioselective fashion. Efforts to develop new asymmetric transformations have previously focused on the use of rare metals such as titanium, palladium, iridium and gold. However, the ever-growing need for environmentally friendly catalytic processes has prompted chemists to focus on the more abundant and less toxic first-row transition metals, such as cobalt, to develop new catalytic systems. The ability of cobalt catalysts to adopt unexpected reaction pathways has led to an impressive number of enantioselective cobalt-promoted transformations being developed over the past three decades. These have included the synthesis of many different types of products, often under relatively mild conditions and with remarkable enantioselectivities. This book is a useful reference resource for chemists, both academic and industrial, working in organic synthesis and interested in greener or more economical catalytic alternatives.

Noncovalent interactions often provide the spine of biomolecular and material structures, and can therefore play a key role in biological and catalytic processes. Selectivity in chemical reactions, particularly in catalytic processes, is often an orchestral action of various noncovalent interactions occurring in intermediates and transition states. Although the role of hydrogen bonding is well explored in catalysis, the other types of weak interactions, namely cation–π, anion–π, π–π stacking, pseudo-agostic, halogen, chalcogen, pnictogen, tetrel and icosagen bonds, must also be considered. Naturally, the chemo-, regio- or stereoselectivity of a reaction depends on the stability of such noncovalent-interaction-supported species in catalytic systems. Therefore, an in-depth understanding of these weak interactions may be the key to designing new catalytic materials. Providing an overview of the role of these different types of noncovalent interactions in both homogenous and heterogeneous catalysis, this book is a valuable resource for synthetic chemists who are interested in exploring and further developing noncovalent-interaction-assisted synthesis and catalysis.

Nanoparticles exhibit a range of different properties when compared to bulk materials. Their high surface-area to volume ratio makes them particularly attractive for use as catalysts and recent years have seen an explosion of research in this area. The ability to fine-tune the size and structure of nanoparticles means that it is possible to design catalytic materials for improved activity or specificity.As catalysis is one of the key technologies for more sustainable production of both chemicals and energy, the past few years have seen increasing numbers of nanomaterials reported for these applications. Depending on the application, a number of different catalyst synthesis and optimization protocols can be used. This book provides comprehensive links between the design and fabrication method for nanoparticles and their catalytic performance (activity, selectivity and stability) in various applications.Presenting an introduction to the concept of catalyst design and recent developments in the preparation and characterisation of nanomaterials, followed by several chapters on the design of catalysts for specific applications, this book is a valuable resource for researchers working on catalytic reactions, industrial processes and nanomaterial applications.

Oxidation reactions are an important chemical transformation in both academia and industry. Among the major advances in the field has been the development of catalytic processes, which are not only selective and efficient, but also allow the replacement of common stoichiometric oxidants with molecular oxygen, ideally from air at atmospheric pressure. This results in processes with higher atom efficiency, where water is the only side product in line with the principles of green chemistry.Focusing on the use of molecular oxygen as the terminal oxidant, this book covers recent advances in both heterogeneous and homogeneous systems, with and without metals and on the “taming” of the highly reactive oxygen gas by use of micro-flow reactors and membranes. A useful reference for industrial and academic chemists working on oxidation processes, as well as green chemists.

Hydrogenation is a key reaction in both the food and petrochemical industries, where it is used to reduce carbon–carbon double bonds. Without a catalyst, hydrogenation reactions require extreme temperatures to occur, meaning catalysts are essential for the reaction to be industrially useful. During the past decade, the properties of many carbon nanomaterials that are relevant to hydrogenation catalysis have been described, including carbon nanotubes (CNTs), carbon nanofibers (CNFs), carbon nanohorns (CNHs), graphene oxide (GO), reduced graphene oxides (rGO) and fullerenes, that are relevant to hydrogenation catalysis, have been described. For many of these the production methods have advanced to the commercial stage. Numerous studies on the development of catalysts on carbon nano-supports have appeared in the scientific literature and these catalysts have shown remarkable activity and specificity. Carbon Nanomaterials in Hydrogenation Catalysis is a valuable reference for researchers and chemical engineers working on improving hydrogenation processes and those interested in applications for carbon nanomaterials. Covering their production, modification and applications as a catalyst support this book provides an in-depth review of the current state-of-the art in using carbon nanomaterials for hydrogenation reactions.

Vanadium is one of the more abundant elements in the Earth’s crust and exhibits a wide range of oxidation states in its compounds making it potentially a more sustainable and more economical choice as a catalyst than the noble metals. A wide variety of reactions have been found to be catalysed by homogeneous, supported and heterogeneous vanadium complexes and the number of applications is growing fast.Bringing together the research on the catalytic uses of this element into one essential resource, including theoretical perspectives on proposed mechanisms for vanadium catalysis and an overview of its relevance in biological processes, this book is a useful reference for industrial and academic chemists alike.

First-principles-based modelling of catalysts is a growing field and the past decade has seen the range of applications for it increase. Improvements in computing power and developments in the areas of machine learning have made many exciting advances possible.The new edition of Computational Catalysis provides an update on the contents of the previous edition whilst introducing new chapters on kinetic Monte Carlo, modelling solvent effects, machine learning for catalyst modelling and design, and modelling complex heterogeneous structures. Written to be accessible to anyone with a familiarity with quantum mechanical methods, this book is a valuable resource for both early career researchers and graduate students.

Hydrogen has a lot of promise as an alternative to various carbon containing fuels as burning it releases only water which does not contribute to climate change. However, the standard method of producing hydrogen uses methane as the source, releases carbon dioxide and requires high temperatures and pressures meaning it cannot be considered a sustainable process. Photocatalysis, electrocatalysis and the combining of the two in photoelectrocatalysis offer pathways to producing hydrogen from different starting materials and with lower energy costs, which will be essential to making sustainable hydrogen fuel a reality.Advances in Photocatalysis, Electrocatalysis and Photoelectrocatalysis for Hydrogen Production brings together the latest developments in applying these types of catalysis to producing hydrogen. This book is an important resource for anyone working in photo- and electrocatalysis or with an interest in routes for green hydrogen.

Multi-functional electrocatalysts are highly unique in that they display features that include the presence of multiple active sites that can simultaneously catalyse two or more different electrochemical reactions. They are particularly crucial for solving several pressing challenges and consequently are a priority in developing contemporary sustainable energy conversion and storage systems, such as fuel cells, metal–air batteries and electrolysers for green hydrogen production. This book will serve as a valuable reference for graduate students, researchers, and industrial practitioners working on electrochemical energy storage and conversion, electrocatalysis, materials chemistry and green hydrogen technologies.

Small molecule activation encompasses various catalytic processes which are currently conducted on the industrial scale, such as steam reforming of methane and ammonia synthesis, and which are of tremendous global importance. In addition to this, there are a number of interesting, and potentially societally transformative, target reactions such as the valorisation of carbon dioxide.Providing a state-of-the-art account of the area of small molecule activation this book brings together some of the challenges and approaches to catalytic activation of methane, nitrogen, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide. Discussing a mixture of currently operated industrial processes and highly desirable target reactions using heterogeneous catalysis, electrocatalysis, photocatalysis and chemical looping approaches it is a valuable resource for academics and industrial researchers alike.

Asymmetric autocatalysis is a reaction in which chiral compound acts as a chiral catalyst for its own production. The process is a catalytic automultiplication of the chiral compound leading to an end product with a high enantiomeric excess. It has advantages over non-autocatalytic reactions because the amount of catalyst increases and no loss or deterioration of the catalyst is observed. Additionally, because the catalyst and product have the same structure, the separation of product from the catalyst is not necessary.Asymmetric Autocatalysis provides a comprehensive introduction to the topic of autocatalysis and an in-depth review of the current state of the research. Edited by a team including Professor Kenso Soai, who first described these types of reaction, and written by experts from around the world this book is a great resource for anyone with an interest in organic synthesis, catalysis and chirality.

In an effort to reduce dependency on fossil fuel resources, biomass could essentially be converted into chemicals using high capacity processes. The Fischer–Tropsch Synthesis (FTS) pathway has been chosen as the focus of this book as it is a mature area, and unlike other pathways such as pyrolysis, FTS is a potential way of producing fuel/hydrocarbons with no sulfur, no nitrogen, and no heavy metals contamination, making it a good choice. Integrating technological development and business development rationales to highlight the key technological developments that are necessary to industrialize biofuels on a global scale, this book focusses on the key challenges that still hinder the effective biomass use and the realization of zero fossil fuel use. Traditional biomass to hydrocarbons pathways are covered, showcasing how they are tailored to yield a specific group of chemicals with the aim of reducing downstream processes. New developments are considered, including process synthesis, catalysts, and reactors, etc. Providing an up-to-date overview of the production of specialty chemicals and fuels from biomass via the Fischer–Tropsch Synthesis pathway, this title makes an excellent addition to the libraries of academics and practitioners working in catalysis and chemical engineering.

In a classical kinetic resolution, two enantiomers of a racemate are transformed into chiral products at different rates with a maximum theoretical yield of 50%. However, the need to reduce costs and waste in synthesis have led to efforts to develop novel resolution procedures proceeding beyond this 50% limited yield. This has led to the evolution of classical kinetic resolution into dynamic kinetic resolution (DKR), allowing a quantitative yield of one of the enantiomers. DKR combines the resolution step of kinetic resolution with an in-situ racemization of the chirally-labile substrate. It is only in the last two decades that chiral green organocatalysts have been demonstrated to be capable of promoting DKRs considerably expanding the synthetic scope of the powerful concept of DKR.Collecting all the developments in the field of DKR, this book shows that a wide variety of organocatalysts allow excellent levels of stereocontrol and yields in many types of transformations. It is a great resource for academics and industrialists interested in green enantioselective catalytic reactions.

Historically the field of heterogeneous catalysis has focused on the design and optimisation of the catalytic materials. However, as these optimisations start to reach diminishing returns, attention has turned to non-conventional means for improving reaction conditions such as the use of ultrasound, plasma, electromagnetic heating and microwave heating. Microwave-assisted catalysis has been demonstrated to be useful in a wide range of applications including ammonia synthesis, desulfurization and production of chemicals from biomass.Advances in Microwave-assisted Heterogeneous Catalysis begins with the basics of microwave heating and the role of microwaves in heterogeneous catalysis. It goes on to cover the mechanisms of microwave specific reaction rate enhancement, microwave-assisted synthesis of porous, nonporous and supported metal catalysts, microwave augmented reactor technology and microwave-induced catalysis. The application of microwave-assisted heterogeneous catalysis in various fields of energy conversion, environmental remediation, and bulk and specialty chemicals synthesis are also discussed, making this a great reference for anyone involved in catalysis research.

The goal of this book is to show the high potential of chiral sulfur-containing ligands to promote numerous asymmetric catalytic transformations. The important number of reports appeared in the literature over the last 35 years often highlighted spectacular results in terms of efficiency and enantioselectivity, allowing access to many biologically important molecules, which clearly demonstrates that these ligands can now be recognised as real competitors to the more usual phosphorus- or nitrogen-containing ligands. A key point of reference for post-graduate students, researchers and academics.