Across the globe, challenging and contentious issues about community safety and security increasingly exercise governments and police forces—as well as, for example, town planners and car-park designers. Consequently, as a specialist area within the wider discipline of criminology, crime reduction has never before enjoyed such prominence in public and scholarly discourse. With research on and around the subject flourishing as never before, this new title in the Routledge Major Works series, Critical Concepts in Criminology, meets the need for an authoritative reference work to make sense of the subdiscipline’s colossal literature and the continuing explosion in research output and practice. Edited by Kate Moss, a prominent academic in the field, Crime Reduction is a four-volume collection of foundational and cutting-edge scholarship.The first volume in the collection (‘Approaches to Reduction’) brings together the best research on the different approaches to crime reduction, including its classification and theory, and ideas of what is preventable. The work gathered here also includes criticisms of crime reduction, not least research around the phenomena of displacement and sustainability.Volume II (‘Motivation of the Criminal Inclination’) collects the most important work on issues of crime reduction, particularly those concerned with what one thinker has described as ‘structure and psyche’. The scholarship in this volume draws both on the structural perspective (which emphasizes the view that reduction is achievable only through economic and social change, especially by ameliorating inequality or levels of social exclusion), and the ‘psyche’ approach (which regards crime principally as a product of the human spirit and seeks to change criminal inclination and activity by policies of, for example, deterrence, incapacitation, and reform).The notion of situational crime reduction has been a particularly active area of research in recent years. But the idea that changes to the social and physical settings in which crime may occur can reduce its frequency or impact is far from uncontroversial. Volume III (‘Situational Crime Reduction’) assembles the best thinking in this area tackling, for example, ethical dilemmas about the impact of some reduction strategies on our freedom and privacy rights, as well as the difficult and profound implications that arise from the increasing extent to which crime reduction has become the de facto responsibility of private rather than state organizations.The final volume in the collection (‘Crime Prevention in Action’) gathers together the best cutting-edge work to highlight key examples of empirical crime reduction research in action. It includes research focusing on: the need to incentivize crime reduction to persuade more people to take responsibility for reducing a greater variety of crime; the effects of apparently subtle strategies (such as changes to street lighting); and anticipatory changes (whereby crime seems to reduce in advance of reduction initiatives). Volume IV also includes assessments of the future developments in the field.Crime Reduction is fully indexed and includes a comprehensive introduction, newly written by the editor, which places the collected material in its historical and intellectual context. An essential reference collection, it is destined to be valued by scholars, students, and practitioners as a vital one-stop research and pedagogic resource.

The systematic study of organized crime dates back to John Landesco’s classic of ethnography, Organized Crime in Chicago (1929). Since then, the field has grown considerably and, as well as criminologists and sociologists, the topic has been embraced by researchers from a broad range of disciplines, including political science, anthropology, economics, as well as literary and film studies.While at first attention was principally devoted to the study of ‘traditional’ organized-crime groups, such as the Sicilian and the American mafias, since the 1980s, serious scholarly work has also emerged on, for example, the Russian mafia, the Japanese Yakuza, and the Triads in both Hong Kong, China, and the USA. Furthermore, researchers have recognized that the behaviour and structure of ‘traditional’ organized-crime groups, and their role in both legal and illegal markets, can be fruitfully compared and contrasted to new forms of organized crime in places as varied as Africa, Columbia, Northern Ireland, and Asia. The study of organized crime has also attracted researchers interested in popular representations of the phenomenon, mainly in films and novels. Furthermore, after the events of 11 September 2001, the intersection between organized crime and terrorism, and the ability of organized-crime groups to operate transnationally and expand to new territories, has gained a new significance.As research on organized crime continues to flourish, this new title in the Routledge’s Critical Concepts in Criminology series, addresses the need for an authoritative reference work to make sense of a rapidly growing and ever more complex corpus of interdisciplinary scholarly literature. Organized Crime is a four-volume collection of the foundational and the very best cutting-edge scholarship. It is also fully indexed and includes a comprehensive introduction, newly written by the editor, which places the collected material in its historical and intellectual context. An indispensable reference collection, it is destined to be valued by scholars and students of the subject as a vital one-stop research and pedagogic resource.

In the late 1950s, Barbara Wootton memorably remarked that if men behaved like women the criminal courts would be idle and the prisons empty. Wootton was among the first to ask fundamental and challenging questions of criminology; about its structure as a discipline and its explanatory potential about crime. In the following decades, serious academic work on the relationship between gender, crime, and criminal victimization has continued to flourish. It has been particularly concerned to challenge the sex-based assumptions for female criminality, on the one hand, and the invisibility of women as victims of crime, on the other. If criminology was once a discipline run ‘by the boys, with the boys, about the boys’, its domain assumptions are now severely tested in terms of theory, policy, and practice, by a large and growing corpus of scholarship.This new title from Routledge’s Critical Concepts in Criminology series meets the need for an authoritative reference work to map and make sense of this body of literature and the continuing explosion in research output. Edited by a leading scholar in the field, Gender and Crime is a four-volume collection which brings together the very best foundational and cutting-edge contributions.The four volumes focus on the nature of the feminist challenge and the criminological response to it. The collection is organized thematically. Volume I (‘Sex and Crime or Gender and Crime?’) traces the emergence and development of the gender agenda within criminology, identifying its strengths and weaknesses, while Volume II (‘Gender, Crime, and Criminal Victimization’) brings together the best thinking on the various ways in which different crimes—and experiences of crime—might be informed by a gendered perspective. Volume III (‘Gendered Experiences of the Criminal-Justice Process’), meanwhile, focuses on the criminal-justice system and the professionals engaged within it. Does the question of gender help to make better sense of how it does its work? The final volume in the collection (‘Gender, Crime, and Punishment’) collects the key literature on the extent to which prisons, community penalties, and restorative justice reflect gendered presumptions.Gender and Crime is fully indexed and has a comprehensive introduction, newly written by the editor, which places the gathered material in its historical and intellectual context. Indeed, it is an essential resource and is destined to be valued by scholars and other users as a vital one-stop research tool.

Critical Criminology is now a well-established—if heterogeneous and contentious—field of study. The work of critical criminologists supports numerous international journals, regional organizations, and global conferences. As the field continues to flourish as never before, this new title from Routledge, edited by two distinguished scholars, meets the need for an authoritative, one-stop reference work to make sense of the wide range of approaches, theories, and concepts that have informed Critical Criminology.In four volumes, the collection assembles the best and most influential empirical, theoretical, and political contributions made by critical criminologists from around the world, with special attention to new directions in the field—such as cultural criminology, masculinities studies, and feminist criminologies. The gathered works cover not only the history of Critical Criminology and cutting-edge theories, but also explore a variety of research methods used by leading scholars in the field and the rich data generated by their rigorous empirical work.With a full index, together with a comprehensive introduction, newly written by the editors, which places the collected material in its historical and intellectual context, Critical Criminology is an essential work of reference. The collection will be particularly useful as a database allowing scattered and often fugitive material to be easily located. It will also be welcomed as a crucial tool permitting rapid access to less familiar—and sometimes overlooked—texts. For researchers, students, and policy-makers, it is an essential one-stop research and pedagogic resource.

Cultural Criminology is a theoretical, methodological, and interventionist approach to the study of crime and deviance that places criminality and its control in the context of culture; that is, it views crime and the agencies and institutions of crime control as cultural products—as creative constructs. Cultural criminologists focus relentlessly on the continuous generation of meaning around interaction: rules created, rules broken, a constant interplay of moral entrepreneurship, political innovation, and transgression. Indeed, Cultural Criminology is now a well-established—if heterogeneous and contentious—field of study. The work of cultural criminologists supports numerous international journals, regional organizations, and global conferences. As the field continues to flourish as never before, this new title from Routledge, edited by a distinguished scholar with an international reputation, meets the need for an authoritative, one-stop reference work to make sense of the wide range of approaches, theories, and concepts that have informed Cultural Criminology.In four volumes, the collection assembles the best and most influential contributions made by cultural criminologists from around the world. The gathered works cover not only the history and antecedents of Cultural Criminology and cutting-edge theories, but also explore a variety of research methods used by leading scholars in the field and the rich data generated by their rigorous empirical work.With a full index, together with a comprehensive introduction, newly written by the editor, which places the collected material in its historical and intellectual context, Cultural Criminology is an essential work of reference. The collection will be particularly useful as a database allowing scattered and often fugitive material to be easily located. It will also be welcomed as a crucial tool permitting rapid access to less familiar—and sometimes overlooked—texts. For researchers, students, and policy-makers, it is an essential one-stop research and pedagogic resource.

Green Criminology embraces a wide and rapidly growing network of researchers and scholars around the world who are actively engaged in the study of environmental crime and ecological justice. Transgressions against humans, eco-systems, and animals constitute the main focus of Green Criminology and this new four-volume collection from Routledge provides an authoritative, one-stop reference work to make sense of the wide range of approaches, theories, and concepts that have informed its development and growth.Themes covered in the collection include: the conceptual foundations of Green Criminology; victimization and offending; criminal-justice responses to environmental crime; and emerging environmental issues, such as climate change, that demand urgent criminological attention. Topics range from transnational environmental crimes, such as the illegal dumping of waste and illegal trade in wildlife, through to prosecution and sentencing in relation to environmental crimes.Each volume provides a provocative and stimulating showcase of criminological research, scholarship, and commentary dealing with the nature and dynamics of environmental crime. The volumes are structured to provide users with a strong sense of the theories, methodological approaches, conceptual innovations, and empirical research of Green Criminology. Together, they constitute an essential work of reference for anyone interested in social and environmental transformations and justice from a criminological perspective.

Serious research into the problematic and contested relationship between notions of race and crime continues to blossom. Indeed, the work of scholars in this cross-disciplinary field supports numerous international journals, regional organizations, and global conferences. Now, to make some sense of the wide range of approaches, theories, and concepts that have informed thinking in this area, Routledge announces a new title in its acclaimed Critical Concepts in Criminology series. Edited by a leading scholar with an international reputation, Race and Crime is a definitive, four-volume collection of cutting-edge and foundational research.With a full index, together with a comprehensive introduction, newly written by the editor, which places the collected material in its historical and intellectual context, Race and Crime is an essential work of reference. The collection will be particularly useful as a database allowing scattered and often fugitive material to be easily located. It will also be welcomed as a crucial tool permitting rapid access to less familiar—and sometimes overlooked—texts. For scholars, students, and policy-makers, it is an essential one-stop research and pedagogic resource.

A variety of crime phenomena—including, but by no means limited to, white-collar crime and corruption, environmental crime, and ‘traditional’ organized crime—vie for the attention of international policymakers and researchers. Crime-control responses differ across the globe and the editor of this new four-volume Routledge collection has assembled both enduring major works and cutting-edge scholarship to illuminate a variety of approaches to transnational and comparative criminology, and to bring to light the complex issues involved in understanding crime in a global context. With a newly written introductory essay to each of the four volumes fully to contextualize the collected materials, this vital reference and research resource will be of interest not only to criminologists, but also to other scholars and students, such as those working in the sociology of globalization and in international relations.

A thorny question faced by all civilized societies is what to do when people commit crime, and, in particular, how criminals are to be punished. Yet the nature of punishment, its justifications, aims, and effects has varied markedly throughout history and across—and within—cultures. These matters continue to be vigorously debated and frequently give rise to sharp divisions along lines of morality, politics, faith, and effectiveness.This vital new Routledge collection now brings together the major works on punishment, a central, important, and fascinating area of study, not just for the modern field of criminology but also for lawyers, philosophers, and thinkers in related disciplines. This four-volume ‘mini library’ enables users to consult influential texts, both old and new, and to trace the development of this important area of research and study.Topics covered include: philosophical debates on punishment; sociological theories of punishment; international comparative research; historical perspectives; prisons; rehabilitation; fines; the death penalty; community penalties; restorative justice; the electronic monitoring of offenders; penal populism; punishment and human rights; and recent international developments in punishing and crime-handling.The gathered materials have been carefully selected by the learned editors to offer a definitive overview of punishment, and a newly written introduction places the texts in their historical and thematic context, allowing users not merely to become familiar with penal topics, but also to understand the key questions that have animated scholarly research, both historically and today.

In modern times, the most egregious crimes are undoubtedly those committed, incited, or condoned by states (as well as by de facto authorities exerting political and military control over a substantial territory, such as FARC in Colombia). Indeed, both within and without the academy, there is a growing realization that state criminality is endemic, and acts as a significant barrier to global security and development.Now, to make some sense of this flourishing site of research, and to understand the wide range of approaches and complex theories that have informed thinking in this area, Routledge announces a new title in its acclaimed Critical Concepts in Criminology series. Edited by leading scholars with an international reputation, State Crime is a definitive, four-volume collection of cutting-edge and foundational research.Topics covered include: genocide and other forms of politically organized mass killing; war crimes; crimes of empire and state terror; state-corporate crime; and state-organized crime and political and economic corruption.This vital Routledge collection brings together the major works on state crime. It will be welcomed not just by criminologists, but also by practising lawyers, philosophers, and thinkers in related disciplines.

Biosocial criminologists seek to explain crime (and related anti-social behaviour) by exploring both biological and environmental factors. Combining perspectives from mainstream Criminology and Sociology, with contributions from those working in disciplines such as Genetics, Neuropsychology, and Evolutionary Psychology, Biosocial Criminology is now a well-established—if heterogeneous and contentious—field of study. As Biosocial Criminology continues to develop, this new title from Routledge, edited by two distinguished scholars, meets the need for an authoritative, one-stop reference work to make sense of the wide range of approaches, theories, and concepts that have contributed to its growth.In four volumes, the collection assembles the best and most influential empirical, theoretical, and political contributions made by biosocial criminologists from around the world. The gathered works cover not only the history of Biosocial Criminology and cutting-edge theories, but also explore a variety of research methods used by leading scholars and the rich data generated by their rigorous empirical work.With a full index, together with a comprehensive introduction, newly written by the editors, which places the collected material in its historical and intellectual context, Biosocial Criminology is an essential work of reference. The collection will be particularly useful as a database allowing scattered and often fugitive material to be easily located. It will also be welcomed as a crucial tool permitting rapid access to less familiar—and sometimes overlooked—texts. For researchers, students, and policy-makers, it is an essential one-stop research and pedagogic resource.

A new title from Routledge, Crime II is an essential successor to the editor’s earlier collection, published to acclaim in 2002.Bean’s Crime (978-0-415-25264-5) (2002) was the first comprehensive anthology of the field’s canonical and cutting-edge research, and this new four-volume assembly of major works now takes full account of the many important developments that have taken place since its appearance. For example, in many jurisdictions, crime prevention has become a more dominant theme. The reduction in crime rates, alongside a similar fall in the extent of drug abuse, has also required a reappraisal of many earlier theories of the links with crime and selected social factors. Crime II reflects these and other changes, as well as anticipating those not yet fully formulated in the academy.With a full index, together with a comprehensive introduction, newly written by the editor, which places the collected material in its historical and intellectual context, Crime II is an indispensable work of reference. Alongside its predecessor, it is destined to be valued by scholars, students, and researchers as a vital research resource.* * *Philip Bean is Emeritus Professor of Criminology at the University of Loughborough, and was formerly Director of the Midlands Centre for Criminology and Criminal Justice. He was president of the British Society of Criminology (1996 to 1999) and from 2000 to 2006 he was an Associate of the General Medical Council. Bean is the author of many essential Routledge books, including Drugs and Crime, 4th edn. (forthcoming, 2014). His other publications include Madness and Crime (Willan, 2007) and Legalising Drugs (Policy Press, 2010).

Described by the learned editor of this new Routledge collection as ‘both a subfield and a fundamental approach to criminological inquiry’, theoretical criminology is concerned with debates about foundational analytical concepts: what is crime? What is punishment? It also seeks to explain outcomes: what causes crime? What is the effect of punishment? What makes a criminal?As theoretical criminology continues rapidly to develop, this new four-volume ‘mini library’ meets the need for an authoritative reference work to make sense of the major works that have contributed to its growth. The gathered pieces—assembled by a distinguished scholar from the University of Oxford’s Centre for Criminology—explore the nature of ‘theory’ and ‘explanation’ within criminology, and the sometimes fraught relationship between the two. Moreover, the collection maps the chronological development of criminology theory to provide a clear sense of its evolution, as well as to enable users to understand and explore the links between criminological analysis and general social, political, and cultural theory.The fully indexed collection is also supplemented by the editor’s new introduction which provides a critical overview and analysis, and places the collected materials in their historical and intellectual context. Indeed, for researchers and students, Theoretical Criminology is an essential one-stop research and pedagogic resource.

Madness raises intriguing—and complex—criminological questions, not least the famous trio of ‘triability, responsibility, and punishability’. Furthermore, law-enforcement agencies frequently face a choice between invoking the criminal law or using mental-health remedies. And if and when sentences are passed, not all mentally disordered offenders receive treatment. That prompts a number of additional questions, such as: how effective are institutions to which these offenders are sent? And: do mentally disordered offenders differ qualitatively from the criminal population as a whole?As serious research on and around madness and crime continues to flourish, this new four-volume collection from Routledge’s Critical Concepts in Criminology series addresses these and other questions. Indeed, Madness and Crime provides an authoritative and highly readable anthology of major works, compiled by one of the leading authorities in the field.

In the United Kingdom, an official definition of hate crime is ‘any criminal offence which is perceived, by the victim or any other person, to be motivated by hostility or prejudice towards someone based on a personal characteristic’, but this critical criminological concept is increasingly recognized, theorized, and researched beyond British and North American jurisidictions. The archetypal hate crime is a racist offence, but the category can also include religiously motivated, homophobic, disablist, and transphobic crimes, and may extend to other types of victimization such as ‘gendered hostility’, ‘elder abuse’, and even attacks on alternative subcultures and violence against prostitutes and the homeless. Hate crime is widely recognized as a particularly wicked form of behaviour, not least because of the especially deleterious impact it can have upon its victims, their families, and wider communities.Now, to enable users to make sense of a complex and contested corpus of international scholarship, Routledge announces Hate Crime, a new title in its Critical Concepts in Criminology series. This four-volume ‘mini library’ enables users to consult influential texts, both old and new, and to trace the development of this important area of research and study.With a full index, together with a comprehensive introduction, newly written by the editor, which places the collected material in its historical and intellectual context, Hate Crime is an indispensable work of reference. It is destined to be valued by scholars, students, and researchers as a vital research resource.

Serious research into the problematic and distressing concept of human trafficking continues to blossom. Indeed, the work of scholars in this cross-disciplinary field supports numerous international journals, regional organizations, and global conferences. Now, to make some sense of the wide range of approaches and complex theories that have informed thinking in this area, Routledge announces a new title in its acclaimed Critical Concepts in Criminology series. Edited by a leading scholar with an international reputation, Human Trafficking is a definitive, four-volume collection of cutting-edge and foundational research.The collection is fully indexed and supplemented with a comprehensive introduction, newly written by the editor, which places the gathered materials in their historical and intellectual context. Human Trafficking will be particularly useful as a database allowing scattered and often fugitive material to be easily located. It will also be welcomed as a crucial tool permitting rapid access to less familiar—and sometimes overlooked—texts. For scholars, students, and policy-makers, it is an essential one-stop research and pedagogic resource.

Over the last decade or so, more has been more written and talked about restorative justice than any other criminological topic. In addition to the proliferation of published work, there have been numerous national and international conferences and seminars both within and outside the academy, and the stream of e-conversations taking place via the many and various restorative justice e-mail lists and websites is in constant spate.As research on and around restorative justice flourishes as never before, this new four-volume collection in the Routledge Major Works series, Critical Concepts in Criminology, meets the need for an authoritative reference work to make sense of the subdiscipline’s rich and diverse heritage. It provides a much-needed map to steer students and scholars towards the truly essential foundational and cutting-edge materials and offers an essential grounding in the philosophy and principles of restorative justice in a number of jurisdictions around the world. Furthermore, it furnishes users with a critical awareness of the potential and the pitfalls of restorative justice in responses to crime, conflict, and civil disputes.The first volume in the collection (‘The Rise of Restorative Justice’) brings together the best research that inspired the restorative justice ‘movement’ and gives a flavour of some early practices that, on reflection, can now be considered to be at least partly restorative. The work gathered here considers the competing definitions of restorative justice, distinguishing between those that focus on restorative values and principles, those that emphasize aims and outcomes, and those that are premised on the idea that the term should only be applied to specific processes or programmes. Volume I will also develop in readers a critical approach to the relationship between punishment and restorative justice in the context of debates about whether restorative justice can fairly be characterized as non-punitive in nature.Volume II (‘Restorative Practices on the International Stage’) collects the most important work to describe and critically evaluate the varied practices across the globe which have been labelled ‘restorative justice’. The scholarship gathered here assesses the extent to which the (often competing) visions, discussed in Volume I, have been put into practice and draws on research carried out in North America, Asia, the United Kingdom, Europe, and Africa in various civil and criminal justice settings.Volume III (‘The Promise of Restorative Justice’) assembles the vital research to describe the instrumental achievements of restorative justice and to provide users with critical approaches in assessing ‘effectiveness’. The materials in Volume III also give a thorough appreciation of how successfully restorative justice is able to reconcile the variety of interests that may be implicated in responding to crime, and examines the related issues of accountability, the protection of rights, and proportionality.The final volume in the collection (‘Stumbling Blocks on the Road to a Restorative Jurisprudence’) gathers together key thinking to explore the extent to which there is an emerging consensus on a future jurisprudence of restorative justice. The material here seeks to understand the role of restorative justice in relation to both rehabilitation and retribution and other philosophies of punishment, and to consider how it can be protected by legal standards and ethical safeguards.Restorative Justice is fully indexed and includes a comprehensive introduction, newly written by the editor, a leading scholar in the field, which places the collected material in its historical and intellectual context. An essential reference collection, it is destined to be valued by scholars, students, and practitioners of restorative justice as a vital one-stop research and pedagogic resource.

Across the globe, challenging and contentious issues about community safety and security increasingly exercise governments and police forces—as well as, for example, town planners and car-park designers. Consequently, as a specialist area within the wider discipline of criminology, crime reduction has never before enjoyed such prominence in public and scholarly discourse. With research on and around the subject flourishing as never before, this new title in the Routledge Major Works series, Critical Concepts in Criminology, meets the need for an authoritative reference work to make sense of the subdiscipline’s colossal literature and the continuing explosion in research output and practice. Edited by Kate Moss, a prominent academic in the field, Crime Reduction is a four-volume collection of foundational and cutting-edge scholarship.The first volume in the collection (‘Approaches to Reduction’) brings together the best research on the different approaches to crime reduction, including its classification and theory, and ideas of what is preventable. The work gathered here also includes criticisms of crime reduction, not least research around the phenomena of displacement and sustainability.Volume II (‘Motivation of the Criminal Inclination’) collects the most important work on issues of crime reduction, particularly those concerned with what one thinker has described as ‘structure and psyche’. The scholarship in this volume draws both on the structural perspective (which emphasizes the view that reduction is achievable only through economic and social change, especially by ameliorating inequality or levels of social exclusion), and the ‘psyche’ approach (which regards crime principally as a product of the human spirit and seeks to change criminal inclination and activity by policies of, for example, deterrence, incapacitation, and reform).The notion of situational crime reduction has been a particularly active area of research in recent years. But the idea that changes to the social and physical settings in which crime may occur can reduce its frequency or impact is far from uncontroversial. Volume III (‘Situational Crime Reduction’) assembles the best thinking in this area tackling, for example, ethical dilemmas about the impact of some reduction strategies on our freedom and privacy rights, as well as the difficult and profound implications that arise from the increasing extent to which crime reduction has become the de facto responsibility of private rather than state organizations.The final volume in the collection (‘Crime Prevention in Action’) gathers together the best cutting-edge work to highlight key examples of empirical crime reduction research in action. It includes research focusing on: the need to incentivize crime reduction to persuade more people to take responsibility for reducing a greater variety of crime; the effects of apparently subtle strategies (such as changes to street lighting); and anticipatory changes (whereby crime seems to reduce in advance of reduction initiatives). Volume IV also includes assessments of the future developments in the field.Crime Reduction is fully indexed and includes a comprehensive introduction, newly written by the editor, which places the collected material in its historical and intellectual context. An essential reference collection, it is destined to be valued by scholars, students, and practitioners as a vital one-stop research and pedagogic resource.

The systematic study of organized crime dates back to John Landesco’s classic of ethnography, Organized Crime in Chicago (1929). Since then, the field has grown considerably and, as well as criminologists and sociologists, the topic has been embraced by researchers from a broad range of disciplines, including political science, anthropology, economics, as well as literary and film studies.While at first attention was principally devoted to the study of ‘traditional’ organized-crime groups, such as the Sicilian and the American mafias, since the 1980s, serious scholarly work has also emerged on, for example, the Russian mafia, the Japanese Yakuza, and the Triads in both Hong Kong, China, and the USA. Furthermore, researchers have recognized that the behaviour and structure of ‘traditional’ organized-crime groups, and their role in both legal and illegal markets, can be fruitfully compared and contrasted to new forms of organized crime in places as varied as Africa, Columbia, Northern Ireland, and Asia. The study of organized crime has also attracted researchers interested in popular representations of the phenomenon, mainly in films and novels. Furthermore, after the events of 11 September 2001, the intersection between organized crime and terrorism, and the ability of organized-crime groups to operate transnationally and expand to new territories, has gained a new significance.As research on organized crime continues to flourish, this new title in the Routledge’s Critical Concepts in Criminology series, addresses the need for an authoritative reference work to make sense of a rapidly growing and ever more complex corpus of interdisciplinary scholarly literature. Organized Crime is a four-volume collection of the foundational and the very best cutting-edge scholarship. It is also fully indexed and includes a comprehensive introduction, newly written by the editor, which places the collected material in its historical and intellectual context. An indispensable reference collection, it is destined to be valued by scholars and students of the subject as a vital one-stop research and pedagogic resource.

In the late 1950s, Barbara Wootton memorably remarked that if men behaved like women the criminal courts would be idle and the prisons empty. Wootton was among the first to ask fundamental and challenging questions of criminology; about its structure as a discipline and its explanatory potential about crime. In the following decades, serious academic work on the relationship between gender, crime, and criminal victimization has continued to flourish. It has been particularly concerned to challenge the sex-based assumptions for female criminality, on the one hand, and the invisibility of women as victims of crime, on the other. If criminology was once a discipline run ‘by the boys, with the boys, about the boys’, its domain assumptions are now severely tested in terms of theory, policy, and practice, by a large and growing corpus of scholarship.This new title from Routledge’s Critical Concepts in Criminology series meets the need for an authoritative reference work to map and make sense of this body of literature and the continuing explosion in research output. Edited by a leading scholar in the field, Gender and Crime is a four-volume collection which brings together the very best foundational and cutting-edge contributions.The four volumes focus on the nature of the feminist challenge and the criminological response to it. The collection is organized thematically. Volume I (‘Sex and Crime or Gender and Crime?’) traces the emergence and development of the gender agenda within criminology, identifying its strengths and weaknesses, while Volume II (‘Gender, Crime, and Criminal Victimization’) brings together the best thinking on the various ways in which different crimes—and experiences of crime—might be informed by a gendered perspective. Volume III (‘Gendered Experiences of the Criminal-Justice Process’), meanwhile, focuses on the criminal-justice system and the professionals engaged within it. Does the question of gender help to make better sense of how it does its work? The final volume in the collection (‘Gender, Crime, and Punishment’) collects the key literature on the extent to which prisons, community penalties, and restorative justice reflect gendered presumptions.Gender and Crime is fully indexed and has a comprehensive introduction, newly written by the editor, which places the gathered material in its historical and intellectual context. Indeed, it is an essential resource and is destined to be valued by scholars and other users as a vital one-stop research tool.

Critical Criminology is now a well-established—if heterogeneous and contentious—field of study. The work of critical criminologists supports numerous international journals, regional organizations, and global conferences. As the field continues to flourish as never before, this new title from Routledge, edited by two distinguished scholars, meets the need for an authoritative, one-stop reference work to make sense of the wide range of approaches, theories, and concepts that have informed Critical Criminology.In four volumes, the collection assembles the best and most influential empirical, theoretical, and political contributions made by critical criminologists from around the world, with special attention to new directions in the field—such as cultural criminology, masculinities studies, and feminist criminologies. The gathered works cover not only the history of Critical Criminology and cutting-edge theories, but also explore a variety of research methods used by leading scholars in the field and the rich data generated by their rigorous empirical work.With a full index, together with a comprehensive introduction, newly written by the editors, which places the collected material in its historical and intellectual context, Critical Criminology is an essential work of reference. The collection will be particularly useful as a database allowing scattered and often fugitive material to be easily located. It will also be welcomed as a crucial tool permitting rapid access to less familiar—and sometimes overlooked—texts. For researchers, students, and policy-makers, it is an essential one-stop research and pedagogic resource.

Cultural Criminology is a theoretical, methodological, and interventionist approach to the study of crime and deviance that places criminality and its control in the context of culture; that is, it views crime and the agencies and institutions of crime control as cultural products—as creative constructs. Cultural criminologists focus relentlessly on the continuous generation of meaning around interaction: rules created, rules broken, a constant interplay of moral entrepreneurship, political innovation, and transgression. Indeed, Cultural Criminology is now a well-established—if heterogeneous and contentious—field of study. The work of cultural criminologists supports numerous international journals, regional organizations, and global conferences. As the field continues to flourish as never before, this new title from Routledge, edited by a distinguished scholar with an international reputation, meets the need for an authoritative, one-stop reference work to make sense of the wide range of approaches, theories, and concepts that have informed Cultural Criminology.In four volumes, the collection assembles the best and most influential contributions made by cultural criminologists from around the world. The gathered works cover not only the history and antecedents of Cultural Criminology and cutting-edge theories, but also explore a variety of research methods used by leading scholars in the field and the rich data generated by their rigorous empirical work.With a full index, together with a comprehensive introduction, newly written by the editor, which places the collected material in its historical and intellectual context, Cultural Criminology is an essential work of reference. The collection will be particularly useful as a database allowing scattered and often fugitive material to be easily located. It will also be welcomed as a crucial tool permitting rapid access to less familiar—and sometimes overlooked—texts. For researchers, students, and policy-makers, it is an essential one-stop research and pedagogic resource.

Green Criminology embraces a wide and rapidly growing network of researchers and scholars around the world who are actively engaged in the study of environmental crime and ecological justice. Transgressions against humans, eco-systems, and animals constitute the main focus of Green Criminology and this new four-volume collection from Routledge provides an authoritative, one-stop reference work to make sense of the wide range of approaches, theories, and concepts that have informed its development and growth.Themes covered in the collection include: the conceptual foundations of Green Criminology; victimization and offending; criminal-justice responses to environmental crime; and emerging environmental issues, such as climate change, that demand urgent criminological attention. Topics range from transnational environmental crimes, such as the illegal dumping of waste and illegal trade in wildlife, through to prosecution and sentencing in relation to environmental crimes.Each volume provides a provocative and stimulating showcase of criminological research, scholarship, and commentary dealing with the nature and dynamics of environmental crime. The volumes are structured to provide users with a strong sense of the theories, methodological approaches, conceptual innovations, and empirical research of Green Criminology. Together, they constitute an essential work of reference for anyone interested in social and environmental transformations and justice from a criminological perspective.

Serious research into the problematic and contested relationship between notions of race and crime continues to blossom. Indeed, the work of scholars in this cross-disciplinary field supports numerous international journals, regional organizations, and global conferences. Now, to make some sense of the wide range of approaches, theories, and concepts that have informed thinking in this area, Routledge announces a new title in its acclaimed Critical Concepts in Criminology series. Edited by a leading scholar with an international reputation, Race and Crime is a definitive, four-volume collection of cutting-edge and foundational research.With a full index, together with a comprehensive introduction, newly written by the editor, which places the collected material in its historical and intellectual context, Race and Crime is an essential work of reference. The collection will be particularly useful as a database allowing scattered and often fugitive material to be easily located. It will also be welcomed as a crucial tool permitting rapid access to less familiar—and sometimes overlooked—texts. For scholars, students, and policy-makers, it is an essential one-stop research and pedagogic resource.

A variety of crime phenomena—including, but by no means limited to, white-collar crime and corruption, environmental crime, and ‘traditional’ organized crime—vie for the attention of international policymakers and researchers. Crime-control responses differ across the globe and the editor of this new four-volume Routledge collection has assembled both enduring major works and cutting-edge scholarship to illuminate a variety of approaches to transnational and comparative criminology, and to bring to light the complex issues involved in understanding crime in a global context. With a newly written introductory essay to each of the four volumes fully to contextualize the collected materials, this vital reference and research resource will be of interest not only to criminologists, but also to other scholars and students, such as those working in the sociology of globalization and in international relations.

A thorny question faced by all civilized societies is what to do when people commit crime, and, in particular, how criminals are to be punished. Yet the nature of punishment, its justifications, aims, and effects has varied markedly throughout history and across—and within—cultures. These matters continue to be vigorously debated and frequently give rise to sharp divisions along lines of morality, politics, faith, and effectiveness.This vital new Routledge collection now brings together the major works on punishment, a central, important, and fascinating area of study, not just for the modern field of criminology but also for lawyers, philosophers, and thinkers in related disciplines. This four-volume ‘mini library’ enables users to consult influential texts, both old and new, and to trace the development of this important area of research and study.Topics covered include: philosophical debates on punishment; sociological theories of punishment; international comparative research; historical perspectives; prisons; rehabilitation; fines; the death penalty; community penalties; restorative justice; the electronic monitoring of offenders; penal populism; punishment and human rights; and recent international developments in punishing and crime-handling.The gathered materials have been carefully selected by the learned editors to offer a definitive overview of punishment, and a newly written introduction places the texts in their historical and thematic context, allowing users not merely to become familiar with penal topics, but also to understand the key questions that have animated scholarly research, both historically and today.

In modern times, the most egregious crimes are undoubtedly those committed, incited, or condoned by states (as well as by de facto authorities exerting political and military control over a substantial territory, such as FARC in Colombia). Indeed, both within and without the academy, there is a growing realization that state criminality is endemic, and acts as a significant barrier to global security and development.Now, to make some sense of this flourishing site of research, and to understand the wide range of approaches and complex theories that have informed thinking in this area, Routledge announces a new title in its acclaimed Critical Concepts in Criminology series. Edited by leading scholars with an international reputation, State Crime is a definitive, four-volume collection of cutting-edge and foundational research.Topics covered include: genocide and other forms of politically organized mass killing; war crimes; crimes of empire and state terror; state-corporate crime; and state-organized crime and political and economic corruption.This vital Routledge collection brings together the major works on state crime. It will be welcomed not just by criminologists, but also by practising lawyers, philosophers, and thinkers in related disciplines.

Biosocial criminologists seek to explain crime (and related anti-social behaviour) by exploring both biological and environmental factors. Combining perspectives from mainstream Criminology and Sociology, with contributions from those working in disciplines such as Genetics, Neuropsychology, and Evolutionary Psychology, Biosocial Criminology is now a well-established—if heterogeneous and contentious—field of study. As Biosocial Criminology continues to develop, this new title from Routledge, edited by two distinguished scholars, meets the need for an authoritative, one-stop reference work to make sense of the wide range of approaches, theories, and concepts that have contributed to its growth.In four volumes, the collection assembles the best and most influential empirical, theoretical, and political contributions made by biosocial criminologists from around the world. The gathered works cover not only the history of Biosocial Criminology and cutting-edge theories, but also explore a variety of research methods used by leading scholars and the rich data generated by their rigorous empirical work.With a full index, together with a comprehensive introduction, newly written by the editors, which places the collected material in its historical and intellectual context, Biosocial Criminology is an essential work of reference. The collection will be particularly useful as a database allowing scattered and often fugitive material to be easily located. It will also be welcomed as a crucial tool permitting rapid access to less familiar—and sometimes overlooked—texts. For researchers, students, and policy-makers, it is an essential one-stop research and pedagogic resource.

A new title from Routledge, Crime II is an essential successor to the editor’s earlier collection, published to acclaim in 2002.Bean’s Crime (978-0-415-25264-5) (2002) was the first comprehensive anthology of the field’s canonical and cutting-edge research, and this new four-volume assembly of major works now takes full account of the many important developments that have taken place since its appearance. For example, in many jurisdictions, crime prevention has become a more dominant theme. The reduction in crime rates, alongside a similar fall in the extent of drug abuse, has also required a reappraisal of many earlier theories of the links with crime and selected social factors. Crime II reflects these and other changes, as well as anticipating those not yet fully formulated in the academy.With a full index, together with a comprehensive introduction, newly written by the editor, which places the collected material in its historical and intellectual context, Crime II is an indispensable work of reference. Alongside its predecessor, it is destined to be valued by scholars, students, and researchers as a vital research resource.* * *Philip Bean is Emeritus Professor of Criminology at the University of Loughborough, and was formerly Director of the Midlands Centre for Criminology and Criminal Justice. He was president of the British Society of Criminology (1996 to 1999) and from 2000 to 2006 he was an Associate of the General Medical Council. Bean is the author of many essential Routledge books, including Drugs and Crime, 4th edn. (forthcoming, 2014). His other publications include Madness and Crime (Willan, 2007) and Legalising Drugs (Policy Press, 2010).

Described by the learned editor of this new Routledge collection as ‘both a subfield and a fundamental approach to criminological inquiry’, theoretical criminology is concerned with debates about foundational analytical concepts: what is crime? What is punishment? It also seeks to explain outcomes: what causes crime? What is the effect of punishment? What makes a criminal?As theoretical criminology continues rapidly to develop, this new four-volume ‘mini library’ meets the need for an authoritative reference work to make sense of the major works that have contributed to its growth. The gathered pieces—assembled by a distinguished scholar from the University of Oxford’s Centre for Criminology—explore the nature of ‘theory’ and ‘explanation’ within criminology, and the sometimes fraught relationship between the two. Moreover, the collection maps the chronological development of criminology theory to provide a clear sense of its evolution, as well as to enable users to understand and explore the links between criminological analysis and general social, political, and cultural theory.The fully indexed collection is also supplemented by the editor’s new introduction which provides a critical overview and analysis, and places the collected materials in their historical and intellectual context. Indeed, for researchers and students, Theoretical Criminology is an essential one-stop research and pedagogic resource.

Madness raises intriguing—and complex—criminological questions, not least the famous trio of ‘triability, responsibility, and punishability’. Furthermore, law-enforcement agencies frequently face a choice between invoking the criminal law or using mental-health remedies. And if and when sentences are passed, not all mentally disordered offenders receive treatment. That prompts a number of additional questions, such as: how effective are institutions to which these offenders are sent? And: do mentally disordered offenders differ qualitatively from the criminal population as a whole?As serious research on and around madness and crime continues to flourish, this new four-volume collection from Routledge’s Critical Concepts in Criminology series addresses these and other questions. Indeed, Madness and Crime provides an authoritative and highly readable anthology of major works, compiled by one of the leading authorities in the field.

In the United Kingdom, an official definition of hate crime is ‘any criminal offence which is perceived, by the victim or any other person, to be motivated by hostility or prejudice towards someone based on a personal characteristic’, but this critical criminological concept is increasingly recognized, theorized, and researched beyond British and North American jurisidictions. The archetypal hate crime is a racist offence, but the category can also include religiously motivated, homophobic, disablist, and transphobic crimes, and may extend to other types of victimization such as ‘gendered hostility’, ‘elder abuse’, and even attacks on alternative subcultures and violence against prostitutes and the homeless. Hate crime is widely recognized as a particularly wicked form of behaviour, not least because of the especially deleterious impact it can have upon its victims, their families, and wider communities.Now, to enable users to make sense of a complex and contested corpus of international scholarship, Routledge announces Hate Crime, a new title in its Critical Concepts in Criminology series. This four-volume ‘mini library’ enables users to consult influential texts, both old and new, and to trace the development of this important area of research and study.With a full index, together with a comprehensive introduction, newly written by the editor, which places the collected material in its historical and intellectual context, Hate Crime is an indispensable work of reference. It is destined to be valued by scholars, students, and researchers as a vital research resource.

Serious research into the problematic and distressing concept of human trafficking continues to blossom. Indeed, the work of scholars in this cross-disciplinary field supports numerous international journals, regional organizations, and global conferences. Now, to make some sense of the wide range of approaches and complex theories that have informed thinking in this area, Routledge announces a new title in its acclaimed Critical Concepts in Criminology series. Edited by a leading scholar with an international reputation, Human Trafficking is a definitive, four-volume collection of cutting-edge and foundational research.The collection is fully indexed and supplemented with a comprehensive introduction, newly written by the editor, which places the gathered materials in their historical and intellectual context. Human Trafficking will be particularly useful as a database allowing scattered and often fugitive material to be easily located. It will also be welcomed as a crucial tool permitting rapid access to less familiar—and sometimes overlooked—texts. For scholars, students, and policy-makers, it is an essential one-stop research and pedagogic resource.

Over the last decade or so, more has been more written and talked about restorative justice than any other criminological topic. In addition to the proliferation of published work, there have been numerous national and international conferences and seminars both within and outside the academy, and the stream of e-conversations taking place via the many and various restorative justice e-mail lists and websites is in constant spate.As research on and around restorative justice flourishes as never before, this new four-volume collection in the Routledge Major Works series, Critical Concepts in Criminology, meets the need for an authoritative reference work to make sense of the subdiscipline’s rich and diverse heritage. It provides a much-needed map to steer students and scholars towards the truly essential foundational and cutting-edge materials and offers an essential grounding in the philosophy and principles of restorative justice in a number of jurisdictions around the world. Furthermore, it furnishes users with a critical awareness of the potential and the pitfalls of restorative justice in responses to crime, conflict, and civil disputes.The first volume in the collection (‘The Rise of Restorative Justice’) brings together the best research that inspired the restorative justice ‘movement’ and gives a flavour of some early practices that, on reflection, can now be considered to be at least partly restorative. The work gathered here considers the competing definitions of restorative justice, distinguishing between those that focus on restorative values and principles, those that emphasize aims and outcomes, and those that are premised on the idea that the term should only be applied to specific processes or programmes. Volume I will also develop in readers a critical approach to the relationship between punishment and restorative justice in the context of debates about whether restorative justice can fairly be characterized as non-punitive in nature.Volume II (‘Restorative Practices on the International Stage’) collects the most important work to describe and critically evaluate the varied practices across the globe which have been labelled ‘restorative justice’. The scholarship gathered here assesses the extent to which the (often competing) visions, discussed in Volume I, have been put into practice and draws on research carried out in North America, Asia, the United Kingdom, Europe, and Africa in various civil and criminal justice settings.Volume III (‘The Promise of Restorative Justice’) assembles the vital research to describe the instrumental achievements of restorative justice and to provide users with critical approaches in assessing ‘effectiveness’. The materials in Volume III also give a thorough appreciation of how successfully restorative justice is able to reconcile the variety of interests that may be implicated in responding to crime, and examines the related issues of accountability, the protection of rights, and proportionality.The final volume in the collection (‘Stumbling Blocks on the Road to a Restorative Jurisprudence’) gathers together key thinking to explore the extent to which there is an emerging consensus on a future jurisprudence of restorative justice. The material here seeks to understand the role of restorative justice in relation to both rehabilitation and retribution and other philosophies of punishment, and to consider how it can be protected by legal standards and ethical safeguards.Restorative Justice is fully indexed and includes a comprehensive introduction, newly written by the editor, a leading scholar in the field, which places the collected material in its historical and intellectual context. An essential reference collection, it is destined to be valued by scholars, students, and practitioners of restorative justice as a vital one-stop research and pedagogic resource.