De Gruyter STEM – serie

This book focuses on the mechanical properties and performance of products made of fiber-based materials. It helps students to develop skills for solving problems of product performance and engineering challenges in product development. Organized with a problem-based approach - practical examples of product performance are presented and the relevant mechanics are analyzed to deduce which material properties control the performance. The new edition covers state-of-the-art and green technologies as modeling of fiber networks and applications of nanocellulose.

Textile and fibre chemistry form the theoretical basis to understand production and properties of textile based products. In this 2nd edition fundamentals of textile chemistry and theoretical and applicatory aspects of colour chemistry are interconnected to draw detailed picture of chemical reactions occurring during production and modification of textile products. An overview about chemical modification, finishing operations is given to explain how to impart special functionalities into functional products. Examples for technical scale processes and representative machinery used therein give insight into the technical reality of a dyehouse. A new chapter about circularity of textiles highlights the interlinkage between product design, including dyes and finishes, and the requirements to develop future fibre-to-fibre recycling. The work covers all relevant aspects of a textile product from fibre production, coloration, finishing, consumer use and fibre-to-fibre recycling. The content of the book allows a first entry into this multi-disciplinary field. Through its comprehensive character the authors explain the interdependence between textile and fibre processing and aspects of recycling, which makes the work a valuable source of information to design future textiles for circularity.

The book covers silicon, phosphorus, sulfur, tin and germanium based inorganic polymers. It also includes chapters on organometallic polymers, transition metal based coordination polymers and geopolymers. The book is ideal for students and career starters in the industry.

The book covers various thermoplastic composites, including continuous and discontinuous fiber thermoplastic composites. It describes processing methods and explains the effect of different processing parameters on the structure and performance of thermoplastic composites. Characterization and mechanics of the composite are also discussed in the book.

The book defines the differences between synthetic and natural superabsorbent polymers. It describes polymerization techniques, processing strategies and the use and importance of smart SAPs. It also includes SAP design to aid in selection of the best SAP for a specific application. The book is an indispensible resource for any academics and industrials interested in SAPs.

The book covers the chronological development of synthetic approaches to make carbon nanotube mimics. It starts with the breakthrough syntheses reported in 2008 to the most recent methods to make nanobelts and short nanotubes.

Atmospheric aerosols are an important and a highly complex component of the Earth’s atmosphere that alter the radiative forcing and the chemical composition of the gas phase. These effects have impacts on local air quality and the global climate. Atmospheric Aerosol Chemistry outlines research findings to date in aerosol chemistry and advances in analytical tools used in laboratory settings for studying their surface and bulk reactivity.

The book provides stepwise guidelines for the development of Piping and Instrumentation Diagrams for all different areas of chemical engineering such as pumps, heat exchangers, columns, compressors, vessels, instrumentation, control logic, piping, valves, notes, equipment design, and flare systems. It also provides guidance to commonly used methodology to mark-up each subsystem mentioned earlier and discusses common tools used in the industry.

The book presents, in a unified manner, various crystallization design methods. It discusses in detail the geometric framework for representing complex phase behavior involving multiple solutes, enantiomers, hydrates, compounds, polymorphs, and solid solutions through visualization of high-dimensional phase diagrams. It also describes how the impact of transport processes is accounted for using kinetically controlled process paths.

A central theme of industrialization is the high energy consumption levels, initially entirely on fossil fuel and now transitioning to a more varied energy mix. This book examines past and current energy statistics, its impact on climate, and plausible options in future energy innovation and renewable energy 50 years down the road. Complex issues are unfolded from technical fundamentals to answer important questions such as if climate change is real, the energy availability, affordability, and needed science and technology innovation to address these issues. It is an essential resource to policymakers, government program managers, entrepreneurs, investors, philanthropists, scientists, engineers, researchers, professors, college students, and anyone who would like to have a general understanding of the subject or is considering getting into the field. In short, the book’s foundation is technical; however, interesting narratives on backgrounds, scientific basis, case studies, and realistic roadmap are provided in several key areas with overview and references. Big picture of the energy portfolio, state of technology, and understanding of environmental impact; Unique insights from the author’s own research and ideas to obtain a proper assessment of the feasibility of renewable energy or chemical technology innovation; Balance overview for general readers and technical content with examples of innovative out-of-the-box thinking related to energy, science, technology, and the environment.

Recent years has seen a tremendous growth in interest for solid state batteries based on polymer electrolytes, with advantages of higher safety, energy density, and ease of processing. The book explains which polymer properties guide the performance of the solid-state device, and how these properties are best determined. It is an excellent guide for students, newcomers and experts in the area of solid polymer electrolytes.

Flexible and stretchable energy storage devices are increasingly being needed for a wide variety of applications such as wearable electronics, electronic papers, electronic skins, smart clothes, bendable smart phones and implantable medical devices. Wearable Energy Storage Devices discusses flexible and stretchable supercapacitors and batteries, stretchable and self-healing gel electrolytes, and hybrid wearable energy storage-harvesting devices.

The growing interest in replacing petroleum-based products by inexpensive, renewable, natural materials will have a significant impact on sustainability, environment, and the polymer industry. This book provides scientists a useful framework to help take advantage of the latest research conducted in this rapidly advancing field enabling them to develop and commercialize their own products quickly and more successfully.

Carbon dioxide reduction is a key research challenge in the global mission to reduce CO2 emissions. The process presents a unique challenge in that it can produce several different products, presenting the user with the challenge of selectively and efficiently producing on single useful material. This book presents an introduction to the field, covering the chemical reactions involved, the range of innovative materials and reactor designs most recently developed, and the future targets that need to be met.

Smart polymers react sharply to small changes in physical or chemical conditions and present an intelligent response to chemical stimuli (i.e., chemical species -including biomolecules-, pH, solvents, redox, stimuli that trigger controlled depolymerization) and physical stimuli (i.e., temperature, light, mechanical stress and electrical stimuli). For these reasons, the interest in smart polymers has recently increased exponentially, especially in biological stimuli (i.e., application of polymer-based biosensors, drug delivery, tissue engineering, precision medicine and cell therapy). This book offers a unique opportunity to review the physical-chemical fundamentals of smart polymers, and their behaviour. It also provides an excellent review of the main applications of smart polymers.

Engineered Nanoparticles in Agriculture describes synthesis, properties, and application of nanoparticles to crops at pre- and post-harvest level. The book is ideal for research scientists and graduate students working in the area of plant science and nanotechnology. It will also appeal to agrochemical companies interested in new approaches to improve crops quality and yield.

While plastics offer undeniable benefits, their exponential growth in production has raised concerns about resource depletion and pollution. Efforts to address the end-of-life challenges of plastics have been hindered by low recycling rates and inadequate waste management systems. Only a fraction of plastic waste is recycled globally, with a significant portion ending up in landfills or polluting natural environments. The persistence of plastic waste, coupled with its widespread contamination of oceans, freshwater systems, and terrestrial habitats, underscores the urgent need for solutions to mitigate its environmental impact. In response to these challenges, emerging circular plastics technologies, particularly chemical recycling, offer promising avenues for transforming plastic waste into valuable resources. Chemical recycling methods, including pyrolysis, depolymerization, and open-loop recycling, present opportunities to break down plastics into fuels, chemicals, and monomers, thus closing the loop on plastic production and consumption. This book provides an overview of emerging chemical recycling technologies, focusing on advancements in pyrolysis, depolymerization, and open-loop recycling processes. Highlighting notable technological innovations and industry efforts to commercialize these methods, the book serves as a guide to understanding the potential of chemical recycling in addressing the plastic waste crisis.

The book explains concept and principle of heat sealing and the correlation between molecular properties and seal performance. First, theoretical aspects of heat sealing and the mechanism involved in seal formation are discussed. Then different test methods for evaluating seal and hot tack performance and quality are reviewed. Different common sealant materials in fl exible packaging are discussed including multiphase and bioplastic sealants. Effect of processing condition and material characteristics on seal and hot tack performance of sealant materials are reviewed. Mathematical models are presented as powerful tools to optimize sealing condition in order to balance production cost and seal properties. Finally, practical examples of sealant design are introduced in food and industrial packaging.

Nanoscale control of order and orientation is essential for optimizing the performance of conjugated polymers. These semi-crystalline materials enable flexible devices for electronic, optical, electrochemical, and thermoelectric applications and are also of interest for the emerging fields of bioelectronics and spintronics.

At a fundamental level, reticular chemistry offers an intellectually-stimulating journey through discovery, rational design, structural characterization, and technology-driven properties and applications. The breadth of science, techniques, and applications experienced through reticular chemistry is unseen in other fields. Accordingly, based on 30 years of reported research, Reticular Chemistry and Applications: Metal-Organic Frameworks critically details the most important knowledge and know-how available to help old and new reticular chemists alike embark on a project based on these fascinating materials. Overview of the state-of-the-art approaches in design, synthesis, and structural characterization of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) MOFs applied toward carbon dioxide capture and conversion, methane and hydrogen storage, and industrially-practical catalysis MOFs for energy conversion and storage, water purification and harvesting, and targeted delivery of biologically-relevant molecules Contributions from a multidisciplinary, international consortium of widely-respected reticular chemists

The book presents a unique view of failure analysis of high technology devices. It describes capabilities and limitations of many analytical techniques and testing paths and decisions best followed in example failure analysis studies.

Modern membrane science and technology aids engineers in developing and designing more efficient and environmentally-friendly processes. The optimal material and membrane selection as well as applications in the many involved industries are provided. This work is the ideal introduction for engineers working in membrane science and applications (wastewater, desalination, adsorption, and catalysis), process engineers in separation science, biologists and biochemists, environmental scientists, and most of all students. Its multidisciplinary approach also stimulates thinking of hybrid technologies for current and future life-saving applications (artificial organs, drug delivery).

This compact textbook book on environmental chemistry written for chemists and engineers covers the most important aspects of the topic: sustainability of processes, proper waste disposal, ethical decision making and green chemistry. Along these lines, the authors discuss issues of earth, water, air, fossil and alternative energy, and environmental toxicity.

Companies often struggle to turn successful research into viable commercial products, processes and systems. This book defines technology development and reveals methods to successfully evaluate, fund and commercialize a technology. Cases studies help the reader evaluate the connection between a technology and potential markets, set useful hypotheses, develop statistically valid conclusions, and apply those conclusions to business goals.

Interfaces between bulk media usually are the reaction sites dominating the macroscopic properties of the entire system. Understanding self-organization of molecules at interfaces and their properties is thus crucial in colloid and interface science. This books covers theories for describing molecules at interfaces, presents spectroscopic techniques to experimentally determine molecular properties, as well as computational methods for simulation.

Almost 50 years have passed since the famous papers of Hugo Rietveld from the late sixties where he describes a method for the refinement of crystal structures from neutron powder diffraction data. Soon after, the potential of the method for laboratory X-ray powder diffraction was discovered. Although the method is now widely accepted, there are still many pitfalls in the theoretical understanding and in practical daily use. This book closes the gap with a theoretical introduction for each chapter followed by a practical approach. The flexible macro type language of the Topas Rietveld software can be considered as the defacto standard.

The present book is an introduction to the philosophy of mathematics. It asks philosophical questions concerning fundamental concepts, constructions and methods - this is done from the standpoint of mathematical research and teaching. It looks for answers both in mathematics and in the philosophy of mathematics from their beginnings till today. The reference point of the considerations is the introducing of the reals in the 19th century that marked an epochal turn in the foundations of mathematics. In the book problems connected with the concept of a number, with the infinity, the continuum and the infinitely small, with the applicability of mathematics as well as with sets, logic, provability and truth and with the axiomatic approach to mathematics are considered. In Chapter 6 the meaning of infinitesimals to mathematics and to the elements of analysis is presented. The authors of the present book are mathematicians. Their aim is to introduce mathematicians and teachers of mathematics as well as students into the philosophy of mathematics. The book is suitable also for professional philosophers as well as for students of philosophy, just because it approaches philosophy from the side of mathematics. The knowledge of mathematics needed to understand the text is elementary. Reports on historical conceptions. Thinking about today‘s mathematical doing and thinking. Recent developments. Based on the third, revised German edition. For mathematicians - students, teachers, researchers and lecturers - and readersinterested in mathematics and philosophy. 　 Contents On the way to the reals On the history of the philosophy of mathematics On fundamental questions of the philosophy of mathematics Sets and set theories Axiomatic approach and logic Thinking and calculating infinitesimally – First nonstandard steps Retrospection

This book begins by explaining key concepts in programming, and elaborates on characteristic of class, including inheritance, derivation and polymorphism. It also introduces generic programming and Standard Template Library, I/O Stream Library and Exception Handling. The concepts and methods are illustrated via examples step by step, making the book an essential reading for beginners to C++ programming.