Energy Engineering – serie

Heating materials using microwave energy offers many advantages in industrial processes, including improved quality, efficiency and control. There is a growing interest in microwave heating throughout industry and there are now many research establishments, both academic and industrial, working in this field. Microwave technology is a well developed science in the areas of radar and communications, supported by a large bibliography, but this is not the case for its applications to industry. The aim of this book is first to present the fundamentals of microwave technology that are relevant to industrial practice in a manner accessible to engineers, scientists and technicians who may have little or no prior knowledge of the subject. Second, it presents a perspective on the range and scope of the techniques and hardware used, giving detailed descriptions, making critical comparisons and commenting frequently on practical issues of design.

This book covers the development of electric cars from their early days to pure electric, fuel-cell and new hybrid models in production. It covers the latest technological issues faced by automotive engineers working on electric cars, including charging, infrastructure, safety and costs, as well as making predictions about future developments and vehicle numbers. Considerable work has gone into electric car and battery development in the last ten years, with the prospect of substantial improvements in range and performance in battery cars as well as in hybrids and those using fuel cells. The book comprehensively covers this important subject and will be of particular interest to engineers working on electric vehicle design, development and use, as well as managers interested in the key business factors vital for the successful transfer of electric cars into the mass market.

Accurate knowledge of electromagnetic power system transients is crucial to the operation of an economic, efficient and environmentally-friendly power system network, without compromising on the reliability and quality of the electrical power supply. Simulation has become a universal tool for the analysis of power system electromagnetic transients and yet is rarely covered in-depth in undergraduate programmes. It is likely to become core material in future courses.The primary objective of this book is to describe the application of efficient computational techniques to the solution of electromagnetic transient problems in systems of any size and topology, involving linear and nonlinear components. The text provides an in-depth knowledge of the different techniques that can be employed to simulate the electromagnetic transients associated with the various components within a power system network, setting up mathematical models and comparing different models for accuracy, computational requirements, etc.Written primarily for advanced electrical engineering students, the text includes basic examples to clarify difficult concepts. Considering the present lack of training in this area, many practising power engineers, in all aspects of the power industry, will find the book of immense value in their professional work.

Switchgear plays a fundamental role within the power supply industry. It is required to isolate faulty equipment, divide large networks into sections for repair purposes and reconfigure networks in order to restore power supplies and control other equipment.An invaluable reference source for practising engineers and power engineering students, Distribution Switchgear covers the general principles of the switchgear function, discussing topics such as interruption techniques, fault switchgear function, discussing topics such as interruption techniques, fault level calculations, switching transients and electrical insulation. Solutions to practical problems associated with distribution switchgear are also included.

The electrostatic precipitator remains one of the most cost-effective means of controlling the emission of particulates from most industrial processes, including pollution from power stations. The author reviews the basic theory and operation of precipitators, the characteristics of gas and particulates that impact on design and operation, and the design of high- and mains-frequency rectification equipment. Chapters also cover performance monitoring and enhancement, and fault detection.The author shows how recent high-power, fast switching equipment has enabled new high-frequency energisation equipment to be introduced, which further improves precipitator performance and in turn reduces emissions and the level of pollution. As environmental standards and regulations are progressively tightened, improvements in pollution control technology such as electrostatic precipitators are vital for the continued operation of coal- and biomass-burning power plants, steelworks and other energy-intensive boilers and related industrial processes.The book should help the professional engineer and non-specialist to assess the potential design and operation of electrostatic precipitators and how to govern and control performance. It will be of particular relevance to electrical engineers, process engineers and those in the environmental/pollution control fields.

Significant changes over the past decade in computing technology, along with widespread deregulation of electricity industries, have impacted on power plant operations while affording engineers the opportunity to introduce monitoring and plant-wide control schemes that were previously unfeasible. Contributors of world-class excellence are brought together in Thermal Power Plant Simulation and Control to illustrate how current areas of research can be applied to power plant operation, leading to enhanced unit performance, asset management and plant competitiveness through intelligent monitoring and control strategies.

The rapid development of power electronics technology provides exciting opportunities to develop new power system equipment for better utilisation of existing systems. Deregulation of the supply industry worlwide, and the resulting competition, is forcing utilities to operate their facilities at ever higher efficiency, driving this trend. During the last decade, a number of control devices under the term flexible ac transmission systems (FACTS) technology have been proposed and implemented. This book provides a comprehensive guide to FACTS, covering all the major aspects in research and development of FACTS technologies. Various real-world applications are also included to demonstrate the issues and benefits of applying FACTS. Written by international experts in the field from both industry and academia, this book will be a useful reference for professional engineers involved in the operation and control of modern power systems. It will also be of value to postgraduate students and researchers.

The use of combined heat and power (CHP) plants and renewable energy sources reduces the amount of greenhouse gases released into the atmosphere and helps to alleviate the consequent climate change. The policies of many governments suggest that the proportion of electrical energy produced by these sources will increase dramatically over the next two decades. Unlike traditional generating units, these new types of power plant are usually 'embedded' in the distribution system or 'dispersed' around the network. As a result, conventional design and operating practices are no longer applicable; for example, power protection principles have to be revised and complex economic questions need to be resolved.This book, intended for both students and practising engineers, addresses all the issues pertinent to the implementation of embedded generation. Much of the material was originally developed for the UMIST MSc/CPD course in Electrical Power Engineering so there is a strong tutorial element. However, since this subject is evolving very rapidly, the authors also discuss the technical and commercial consequences of the very high penetration of embedded generation that are to be expected in the years ahead.

This book is ideal as a reference for power engineers, power systems engineers, component designers, and those wanting to learn about HV engineering, especially as a graduate course.

This book surveys some of the techniques available to protect low-voltage electrical and electronic equipment and systems from lightning strikes and other power surges. The book examines the basic discharge processes in air and their effects, through transient electromagnetic field generation and interaction with overhead lines and underground cables. Attention is paid to the use of models for lightning protection and the book focuses on protection techniques based on modelled lightning protection zones. This is then logically developed in a major section on the practical components and applications of protective measures and systems, as well as testing techniques. These are placed in the context of current IEC and VDE standards. The book is highly illustrated with a vast number of photographs as well as system diagrams and tabular matter.

This book explains the hazards associated with electricity in its many forms, including electromagnetic radiation. It describes methods of reducing risks to health and to the environment, giving rules and codes of practice to be followed. Guidelines are also given for the use of electrical equipment in specialised environments (such as locations subject to explosive gases and flammable dusts), the guarding of machine tools and the control of earth currents.Human safety and care for the environment are of increasing concern and the broad scope of the book makes it essential reading for those involved in engineering and technology at all levels; no specialised knowledge of electro-technology is presumed. It is a reference book for personnel responsible for their company's safety policy and for municipal authorities (particularly in Commonwealth countries) and other bodies concerned with technical training, industrial development and planning.

The worldwide growth in demand for electricity has forced the pace of developments in electrical power system design to meet consumer needs for reliable, secure and cheap supplies. Power system protection, as a technology essential to high quality supply, is widely recognised as a specialism of growing and often critical importance, in which power system needs and technological progress have combined to result in rapid developments in policy and practice in recent years. In the United Kingdom, the need for appropriate training in power system protection was recognised in the early 1960s with the launch of a correspondence course from which these books emerged and have since developed designed to meet the needs of protection staff throughout the world.The Electricity Training Association, in response to the important recent developments in the field of protection, have now commissioned an additional volume covering digital technology. The existing three volumes, of which this is the second, have been reviewed by leading authorities within the electricity supply industry and electrical manufacturing companies in the UK and, with the new fourth volume, the new edition gives a comprehensive and up-to-date treatment of the subject, covering theory, analytical and design principles, equipment design and application and protection management.

The worldwide growth in demand for electricity has forced the pace of developments in electrical power system design to meet consumer needs for reliable, secure and cheap supplies. Power system protection, as a technology essential to high quality supply, is widely recognised as a specialism of growing and often critical importance, in which power system needs and technological progress have combined to result in rapid developments in policy and practice in recent years. In the United Kingdom, the need for appropriate training in power system protection was recognised in the early 1960s with the launch of a correspondence course from which these books emerged and have since developed designed to meet the needs of protection staff throughout the world.The Electricity Training Association, in response to the important recent developments in the field of protection, have now commissioned an additional volume covering digital technology. The existing three volumes, of which this is the second, have been reviewed by leading authorities within the electricity supply industry and electrical manufacturing companies in the UK and, with the new fourth volume, the new edition gives a comprehensive and up-to-date treatment of the subject, covering theory, analytical and design principles, equipment design and application and protection management.

The worldwide growth in demand for electricity has forced the pace of developments in electrical power system design to meet consumer needs for reliable, secure and cheap supplies. Power system protection, as a technology essential to high quality supply, is widely recognised as a specialism of growing and often critical importance, in which power system needs and technological progress have combined to result in rapid developments in policy and practice in recent years. In the United Kingdom, the need for appropriate training in power system protection was recognised in the early 1960s with the launch of a correspondence course from which these books emerged and have since developed designed to meet the needs of protection staff throughout the world.The Electricity Training Association, in response to the important recent developments in the field of protection, have now commissioned an additional volume covering digital technology. The existing three volumes, of which this is the second, have been reviewed by leading authorities within the electricity supply industry and electrical manufacturing companies in the UK and, with the new fourth volume, the new edition gives a comprehensive and up-to-date treatment of the subject, covering theory, analytical and design principles, equipment design and application and protection management.

The worldwide growth in demand for electricity has forced the pace of developments in electrical power system design to meet consumer needs for reliable, secure and cheap supplies. Power system protection, as a technology essential to high quality supply, is widely recognised as a specialism of growing and often critical importance, in which power system needs and technological progress have combined to result in rapid developments in policy and practice in recent years. In the United Kingdom, the need for appropriate training in power system protection was recognised in the early 1960s with the launch of a correspondence course from which these books emerged and have since developed designed to meet the needs of protection staff throughout the world.The Electricity Training Association, in response to the important recent developments in the field of protection, have now commissioned an additional volume covering digital technology. The existing three volumes, of which this is the second, have been reviewed by leading authorities within the electricity supply industry and electrical manufacturing companies in the UK and, with the new fourth volume, the new edition gives a comprehensive and up-to-date treatment of the subject, covering theory, analytical and design principles, equipment design and application and protection management.

This book provides a broad perspective of vacuum switchgear drawn from the author's many years of experience in this field. Allan Greenwood describes the development of the technology from the earliest beginnings to the most recent designs now on offer by leading companies around the world.The book starts with a solid foundation in the physics of the vacuum arc, in vacuum breakdown and in the fundamentals of current interruptions in vacuum. For the user there is an exhaustive chapter on applications, which spans all devices from contactors through switches and reclosers to power circuit breakers. Maintenance is also addressed. There are four chapters on different aspects of design and another on testing, which should appeal to the designer. The chapter on manufacturing concentrates on the interrupter as its manufacture is so entirely different from that required for oil and gas-blast circuit breakers. The treatment is comprehensive so the book will be useful to users, designers and manufacturers alike, and to students who wish to become acquainted with the subject.

Research in artificial intelligence has developed many techniques and methodologies that can be either adapted or used directly to solve complex power system problems. A variety of such problems are covered in this book including reactive power control, alarm analysis, fault diagnosis, protection systems and load forecasting. Methods such as knowledge-based (expert) systems, fuzzy logic, neural networks and genetic algorithms are all first introduced and then investigated in terms of their applicability in the power systems field. The book, therefore, serves as both an introduction to the use of artificial intelligence techniques for those from a power systems background and as an overview of the power systems implementation area for those from an artificial intelligence computing or control background. It is structured so that it is suitable for various levels of reader, covering basic principles as well as applications and case studies. The most popular methods and the most fruitful application fields are considered in more detail. The book contains contributions from top international authors and will be an extremely useful text for all those with an interest in the field.

Power system reliability and security is highly dependent on the practices employed in both the commissioning and maintenance processes. Both must be to a high standard to ensure that equipment does not enter service with latent deficiencies. This demands engineers who understand the necessary management involved as well as the technical processes. There is very little literature currently available on the subject; a situation which this book seeks to redress.The subject matter covers high voltage plant and the associated protection and control systems and, although it is essentially targeted at the practicalities of commissioning and maintenance, it also incorporates the underpinning technical theory and design considerations. It is aimed primarily at those who are at the outset of their career in electrical engineering, but additionally provides a thorough reference for more experienced engineers.

Users of small electric motors face the difficult task of selecting the best motor for their particular drive application. The technical requirements of the drive, the level of safety needed and the cost factor must all be considered. The choice is made more difficult by the continuous arrival of newly developed types of motor. This book, a translation from German, aims to help those involved in specifying, developing, manufacturing and marketing small motors by reporting the current state of the art.The various types of motor, together with their differing characteristics and their relationship to small drives are covered. Developments such as brushless DC motors and stepper motors are discussed, as well as the use of electronic control which widens the spectrum of small motor applications. Also covered are measurement and noise problems.This book will be of interest to engineers, physicists and technicians involved in the design, manufacture and application of small motors in the laboratory, the factory and in service.

With the expansion of HV DC transmission throughout the world, and the increasing numbers of international interconnections, few power systems can continue to escape the effect of this technology in their planning and operation. The primary subject of this book is the incorporation of AC-DC converters and DC transmission in power system analysis. However, the concepts and methods described are also applicable to the FACTS (flexible AC transmission systems) technology.As well as conventional power flows, faults and stability, the book describes the simulation of power system steady-state waveform distortion and transient behaviour. The modelling of power electronic devices in electromagnetic transient programs is given prominence, as these programs have become the 'workhorse' of power system design.This graduate-level text should be of interest to practising engineers and researchers involved in the solution of modern power system problems. It will also be a useful reference for advanced electrical engine ering students.

Since the first edition of this book in 1983, HVDC technology has continued to expand and few power systems can now escape its influence. This thoroughly revised text develops the coverage in the first edition, describing the variety of reasons justifying the use of DC transmission as well as the basic concepts and techniques involved in the AC-DC and DC-AC conversion processes. It has been fully updated and enlarged to include descriptions of the widening applications of DC, the current state-of-the-art thyristors and other semiconductor devices, and the new developments that continue to make HVDC a competitive technology.The book should be of interest to practising engineers and researchers involved in the power industry. It will also be of assistance to lecturers and students in the power systems and power electronics disciplines.

Problems of voltage quality and their solutions are becoming increasingly important with the growth in power electronics and the high sensitivity of electronic equipment. Translated and updated from the German original published by VDE-Verlag, this book successfully details the theoretical and practical background to low voltage conducted disturbances including harmonics, voltage fluctuation/flicker and asymmetrical voltages.Each chapter is illustrated with practical examples and exercises based on the authors' experience of application problems, including measurement, assessment and remedial measures. The book is set in the context of European standards.This book will be of interest to electrical engineers in industry, utilities and universities, as well as companies interested in planning, operating and designing power system equipment.

Electrical steels are used to form the ferromagnetic cores of motors, generators and transformers. This book provides an insight for the electrical design engineer into what properties may be expected from electrical steels and how these properties may best be exploited in machine design.Drawing on his extensive industrial experience, Philip Beckley presents the principles controlling the action of electrical steels, including various loss components and the influence of cutting damage. Coverage includes: general properties of electrical steels and their historical development and use; manufacturing methods; coatings and insulation; effects of punching and core building; high frequency applications; finite element design methods; testing and measurement; cost and quality issues; thickness measurement; and standards. Electrical Steels for Rotating Machines includes many useful data tables, as well as over 40 graphs of properties and performance, resulting in a very useful and practical book.By providing details of the interplay between magnetic properties, manufacturing methods, physical properties and costs, this book will be of particular interest to electrical engineers and material producers.

This book is intended to explain the technical principles involved in the many AC variable speed drive systems available today. It deals with all the DC link inverter and direct AC to AC converter systems that are in commercial use. The principles of AC motors are considered specifically from the variable frequency point of view, and this chapter concentrates on the effects of harmonics. The different types of power semiconductor switches are considered separately from the drive systems in which they are used.A total of seven separate and technically different drive systems are considered in such a way that their principles can be fully understood and their performance capabilities explained. Square wave and pulse width modulated DC link inverter systems, cycloconverters and slip power recovery drives are all included in this comprehensive book.This book has been written so that it can be understood by general engineers, not just by experts in the field. It should therefore be of great use to any engineer involved with variable speed drives in any capacity. It should also be of interest to university and college electrical engineering departments and students.

This book is a guide to the whole field of high voltage insulators as used in electrical power networks, traction and production. It covers the historical development of the shapes - sometimes strange ones - of modern types, decribes the principal materials - both ceramic and polymeric - and their fabrication, explains the physical principles of contamination and flashover, and reviews the mass of data on research and testing.Practical advice is given, with worked examples and many illustrations, on the choice of insulator, including the problems of the environment and nuisance. The remedies that are available to deal with pollution flashover are compared and precautions are indicated for the potentially dangerous practices of live-washing and live-working.Useful guiding principles for the designer of power lines and substations are listed with the relevant international standards and tables containing properties of materials. For the student and researcher there are accounts of current basic R&D, and indications of probable future trends. The particularly current topics of optical fibre insulation, direct current and vandal-resistance are covered.The author's first-hand experience of most of the matters which he describes enables him to write clearly and to avoid confusing mathematical and technical complexities. This is a book for the intelligent layman as well as for the specialist.

This book provides an extensive review of recent developments in SF6 Switchgear and covers fundamental properties of SF6 interrupter types, characteristics and associated operating mechanisms, arc modelling and computer aided methods for interrupter design and evaluation. The impact of SF6 Technology upon (i) Transmission Switchgear (ii) Distribution and Utility Switchgear and (iii) Regulations, Testing and Instrumentation is dealt with comprehensively.Both authors are recognised experts in this sector and their complementary expertise and national/international standing via IEE, IEEE, DTI, CIGRE, Current Zero Club and other research activities has enabled them to prepare this authoritative review of recent developments in SF6 Switchgear. The book, which contains over 300 key references and more than 150 illustrations is for a world market, specifically aimed at power engineers in the manufacturing and supply industries, teachers and students of electrical engineering involved in undergraduate or postgraduate programmes and professional short courses and seminars in Universities and Polytechnics.

This book aims at a theoretical and practical treatment of both conduction and induction heating. They share a common theory, one being the 'mirror image' of the other, and so one gets two for the price of one.The book comprises four parts: conduction theory, induction theory, heat flow and practice.Modern induction practice is treated in four big chapters - through heating, surface heating, special applications and metal melting. In addition, there is a smaller chapter on conduction heating. Although, at first sight, this might seem a lot of theory, the practical chapters make up half of the book and the theory itself is practically oriented. Throughout, the emphasis is on fundamentals and understanding, usually starting from first principles, with plenty of worked examples. Much of the theory is new, being either presented differently or solving new problems. Most of the Direct Resistance Heating is new.There are new approaches to tube heating, both for DRH and induction; these show clearly the relationship to the solid solution. There are also chapters on saturation and the effect of permeability.This is a book that should be invaluable to engineers and technicians, designers and users. It will be useful to students studying either the theory of the heating process or its practice. The mathematics is not difficult and SI units are used throughout.

This book sets out statistical methods that can be used in the preparation, execution, evaluation and interpretation of experiments of a random nature. It also includes the assessment of test methods used in high-voltage engineering from a statistical standpoint, and contains detailed sections on breakdown statistics of typical electrical insulating arrangements. Separate special areas of mathematical statistics - such as statistical trial planning, questions of reliability, and stochastic processes - are mentioned briefly. The extensive bibliography points the way to more advanced work.Emphasis is placed on easy comprehension, clarity, visual representation and practical relevance, and each process is explained using at least one example. The book is written from the engineer's point of view: mathematical eduction is dispensed with, while mathematical logic and terminological accuracy are ensured.This book is directed both at the practising engineer and at the student of electrical engineering at the stages of study involving independent creative experimental activity. Physicists and mathematicians encountering problems of application will also find the book invaluable.

Valuable data, essential services and production process plants are typical assets that can be lost or seriously disturbed by power supply breaks or contamination. An uninterruptible power supply (UPS) can avoid potentially catastrophic havoc caused by electricity supply line disturbances. Behind this protection, however, is the need for a sound UPS design based on a thorough specification to achieve reliable and consistent functioning.This book is a comprehensive guide to the various types of UPS systems available and how they may be specified and applied effectively. It should be beneficial to design engineers working on commercial premises and industrial processes that employ sensitive electronic equipment; to building services and their consulting engineers; and to facilities managers concerned with computer installations and telecommunication systems. Essentially written for practising electrical engineers, the text will also be of value to students in computer technology and telecommunications as well as building services and design.