NATO Science Series: C: Mathematical & Physical Sciences – serie
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31 produkter
31 produkter
Inbunden, Engelska, 1990
950 kr
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Inbunden, Engelska, 1991
874 kr
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Inbunden, Engelska, 1992
874 kr
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This volume contains the proceedings of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Numerical Integration that took place in Bergen, Norway, in June 1991. It includes papers for all invited talks and a selection of contributed talks. The papers are organized into four parts: numerical integration rules, numerical integration error analysis, numerical integration applications and numerical integration algorithms and software; many papers are relevant to more than one category. The workshop studied the state of the art in numerical integration, both single and multidimensional. The book contains a number of survey papers by experts on themes such as numerical solution of integral equations, cubature formulae construction, handling singularities in finite elements, statistical applications, lattice rules, error estimates, error bounds and software.
Inbunden, Engelska, 1992
874 kr
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Clusters and superclusters of galaxies are the largest objects in the Universe and are the subject of intense observational study at a variety of wavelengths, from radio to X-ray which has provoked much theoretical debate and advanced the understanding of the recent evolution of the large-scale structure the universe. The subject is reviewed in this volume by researchers who lectured at a NATO Advanced Study Institute held in Cambridge in July 1991. Much of the material is presented in a pedagogical manner and should be useful to scientists, astronomers and graduate students interested in extragalactic astronomy.
Inbunden, Engelska, 1992
874 kr
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Why has the energetics of organometallic species become an area of recognized importance? What methods are available to obtain information on reaction enthalpies and bond "strengths"? What other methods are likely to be used in the future? Is the present thermochemical data bank satisfactory for our needs? How accurately can we estimate the energetics of organometallic reactions? Can theory offer reliable help? Which are the main problems to be tackled by the experimentalist? These are some of the questions addressed in this text, which contains contributions by many of the leading groups in the are or organometallic thermochemistry.
Inbunden, Engelska, 1992
874 kr
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This volume documents the progress made in the design of complex artificial systems and in the study of intermolecular forces and interactions. It is possible, using appropriate strategies based on building blocks, to obtain very large supramolecular arrays containing several hundered atoms, where specific sites are occupied by the desired chemical functions. Such arrays can be used for such things as molecular recognition, self-organization, self-replication, selective reactivity, selective catalysis, photoinduced energy and electron transfer, signal processing, information storage and drug delivery.
Inbunden, Engelska, 1992
874 kr
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The motivation for the workshop on which this book is based was the discovery in recent years of a large number of binary and millisecond radio pulsars, in the galactic disk as well as in globular star clusters, the oldest stellar systems in our galaxy. These discoveries have revolutionized our thinking on many aspects concerning the interior structure and evolution of neutron stars, and have revived the interest in the study of neutron star physics in general. In this book some three dozen of the world's experts in the field of radio pulsars, X-ray binaries, stellar evolution, neutron star interiors and stellar dynamics review the latest observational discoveries as well as the current theoretical thinking on the formation and physics of binary X-ray sources and of the binary and milli-second pulsars. These include discoveries such as that of the elevent millisecond pulsars in the globular cluster 47 Tucanae, the relativistic effects in the new double neturon star system PSR 1534+12 and spectacular results from Germany's ROSAT X-Ray Observatory.
Inbunden, Engelska, 1993
874 kr
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The book covers topics confined to dynamical coupling processes in the Earth's lower and middle atmosphere in order to examine progress in a relatively focused area. Nevertheless, the results span spatial scales from molecular to global, and temporal scales from seconds to decades. The unifying theme in all areas is the strong interactions occurring between various scales of motion. The articles represent contributions to a NATO Advanced Research Workshop held in Norway in May 1992. They are written by some of the leading experts in the field and are of interest to specialists in the field of atmospheric dynamics as well as to students at graduate and doctorate levels.
Inbunden, Engelska, 1993
874 kr
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For the last couple of decades it has been recognized that the foundation material on which a structure is constructed may interact dynamically with the structure during its response to dynamic excitation to the extent that the stresses and deflections in the system are modified from the values that would have been developed if it had been on a rigid foundations. This phenomenon is examined in detail in this book. The basic solutions are examined in time and frequency domains and finite element and boundary element solutions compared. Experimental investigations aimed at correlation and verification with theory are described in detail. A wide variety of SSI problems may be formulated and solved approximately-using simplified models in lieu of rigorous procedures; the book gives a good overview of these methods. A feature often lacking in other texts on the subject, is the way in which dynamic behaviour of soil can be modelled. Two contributors have addressed this problem from the computational and physical characterization viewpoints. The book illustrates practical areas with the analysis of tunnel linings and stiffness and damping of pile groups.Finally, design code provisions and derivation of design input motions complete this thorough overview of SSI in conventional engineering practice. Taken in its entirety the book, written by 15 well known experts, gives an in-depth review of soil-structure interaction across a broad spectrum of aspects usually not covered in a single volume. It should be a readily usable reference for the research worker as well as the advance level practitioner.
Inbunden, Engelska, 1993
874 kr
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The symbiosis between particles physics and cosmology has virtually become a conjugal relationship. Hence the 9th Biennial Course of the International School of Cosmic-Ray Astrophysics was designed to bridge these formerly disparate disciplines. This NATO Advanced Study Institute took place at the Ettore Majorana Centre in Erice, Italy, June 20-30, 1992. Seventy participants from 17 countries participated in lively interactions and enjoyed the stimulating lectures that form the basis for this volume. The book includes current advances in both astrophysics (cosmic gamma ravs, X-rays, cosmic rays) and cosmology (an introduction to inflation in big-bang theory, the age of the universe, nucleosynthesis in the early universe). It is suitable for reading and study by all interested physical scientists, especially those having a limited specialized background in astrophysics and cosmology.
Inbunden, Engelska, 1994
950 kr
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A consequence of the description of the superfluid condensate in superfluid He or in superconductors as a single macroscopic quantum state is the quantization of circulation, resulting in quantized vortex lines. This book draws no distinction between superfluid He3 and He4 and superconductors. It examines theoretical and experimental progress in understanding of the vortex state in both superconductors and superfluids, from lectures given by both experimentalists and theoreticians, who gathered in Cargese for a NATO ASI. The peculiar features related to short coherence lengths, 2D geometry, high temperatures, disorder and pinning are discussed.
Inbunden, Engelska, 1994
874 kr
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This conference allowed specialists in several complex variables to meet with specialists in potential theory to demonstrate the interface and interconnections between their two fields. The following topics were discussed: 1. Real and complex potential theory - capacity and approximation, basic properties of plurisubharmonic functions and methods to manipulate their singularities and study theory growth, Green functions, Chebyshev-like quadratures, electrostatic fields and potentials, and the propagation of smallness. 2. Complex dynamics - review of complex dynamics in one variable, Julia sets, Fatou sets, background in several variables, Henon maps, ergodicity use of potential theory and multifunctions. 3. Banach algebras and infinite dimensional holomorphy - analytic multifunctions, spectral theory, analytic functions on a Banach space, semigroups of holomorphic isometries, Pick interpolation on uniform algebras and von Neumann inequalities for operators on a Hilbert space.
Inbunden, Engelska, 1994
874 kr
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The presentations of this NATO Advanced Study Institute centre around X-ray clusters of galaxies and their role in understanding the structure and evolution of the universe. Reminiscences of the beginning of the extra-solar X-ray astronomy some 30 years ago, of subsequent X-ray satellites which, among other discoveries, found galaxy clusters to be an important new class of intrinsically bright X-ray sources, and highlights from the most recent All Sky Survey by ROSAT serve as an introduction. The topics range from X-ray clusters and cluster environments to cluster masses and dynamics, cooling flows and chemical abundances, cluster lensing and the Sunyaev-Sel'dovich effect, cluster formation and evolution to large-scale structure in the universe and cosmological parameters. The reviews, introducing the various topics, generally conclude with presentations of current and future work and are frequently followed by shorter research notes pertaining to ongoing projects. More than 200 figures illustrate the discussions, more than 20 tables and many quotations in the text provide numerical data for almost 100 clusters of galaxies and give new estimates for the cosmological parameters.Together with a sample of equations, this text should constitute a useful collection of empirical and theoretical quantities and relations in extragalactic X-ray astronomy and cosmology.
Inbunden, Engelska, 1994
950 kr
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The discovery of C60 and C70, icosahedral spherical and ellipsoidal carbon species in September 1985, followed by their successful synthesis in 1990, excited the imagination of many scientists and demanded a radical revision of old, seemingly well-founded, preconceptions in carbon science, leading to the institution of a new, multidisciplinary science of chemistry, physics and materials science "in the round". Unique carbon materials have been discovered, like the nanotubes, buckyonions and endohedral metallofullerenes; and the fullerenes themselves, and their derivatives, have been found to possess a plethora of interesting properties, ranging from the inhibition of HIV-I protease to superconductivity and ferromagnetism. This book discusses the physics and chemistry of the fullerenes in this context.
Inbunden, Engelska, 1994
874 kr
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Historically, technological developments that have made use of the acidity/basicity of solids have often preceded an understanding of the phenomena involved. This, of course, is very expensive, and a far less efficient process than research based on a fundamental understanding of the science. For the last 50 years, therefore, a vast amount of research has been devoted to the subject: the rewards, in terms of technological advantage, were seen to be high. In the last few years, however, significant advances in the field have been achieved, in terms of our theoretical understanding, in instrumentation that allows research to be conducted "in situ" and under conditions appropriate to industrial processes, and in the realization that a closer coupling between science and technology can improve our quest. It is against such a background that "Acidity and Basicity of Solids" presents work in the field. This text should be suitable for specialized workers in the field and university teachers of introductory as well as graduate courses. The more general reader may find the reviews interesting.
874 kr
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This text comprises selected lectures presented in the 9th course of the International School of Cosmic-Ray Astrophysics held at the Ettore Majorana Centre in Erice, Sicily, May 7-18, 1994. Devoted to problems and prospects in high-energy astrophysics and cosmology, the major areas explored are: gamma- ray, X-ray, and neutrino astronomies; cosmic rays; pulsars and supernova remnants; and cosmology, as well as cosmogony. Among the principal developments in gamma-ray astrophysics are those generated by the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory. Cosmic neutrinos at MeV energies, i.e. those from the Sun and from Supernova 1987a are discussed, as well as neutrino masses in astrophysics. The source composition of cosmic rays and extensive air shower experiments receive special attention. The early universe according to COBE data, and as viewed by theorists of cosmology, is reviewed.
Inbunden, Engelska, 1995
874 kr
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The analogy between the chemistry of molecular transition metal clusters and the processes of chemisorption and catalysis at metal surfaces (the Cluster Surface analogy) has for a number of years provided an interplay between experimental and theoretical inorganic and physical chemists. This collaborative approach has borne fruit in the use of well-defined modes of metal-ligand bonding in discrete molecular clusters, models for metal-ligand binding on surfaces. Some of the key topics discussed in this book are: mechanisms of the fluxional behaviour in clusters in the liquid phase and the connections with diffusion processes on extended surfaces, and the role of metal-metal bond breaking in diffusion; analogies in the structure of chemisorbed species and related ligands on metallic clusters; analogies between benzene surface chemistry on extended metal surfaces and on metal surfaces in molecular cluster compounds with particular reference to structural distortions; and the role of mobile precursors for dissociation of chemisorption on extended metals and on clusters.
Inbunden, Engelska, 1995
874 kr
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This is a presentation of the progress and current problems in the early universe, cosmic microwave background radiation, large scale structure formation, and the interplay between them. The emphasis is on the mutual impact of fundamental physics and cosmology, both at theoretical and experimental (observational) levels within a deep, well-focused and well-defined programme. The nature of the domain itself leads to different aspects, approaches and points of view on the same topic. Special care has been taken to provide the reader the basis of the different, sometimes competing lines of research.
Inbunden, Engelska, 1995
874 kr
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The theme of the study is the determination of just how much of a galaxy's stellar output is reprocessed through the interstellar medium. Many techniques are described and observations over a wide range of wavelengths are discussed.
Inbunden, Engelska, 1995
874 kr
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This text contains a collection of lectures presented at the NATO ASI on "Frontiers of Chemical Dynamics" in Kemer, Turkey. Even though these articles include and sometimes emphasize the latest developments in corresponding research fields, they all share a common denominator, namely, they are intended as lectures for students at various levels as well as scientists entering a new field. It can, therefore, be used as a supplementary textbook for graduate courses on chemical dynamics. The various aspects of dynamical problems are discussed by experimentalists, theoreticians and those who carry out "numerical experiments", although it is not always easy to distinguish between theory and experiment. Most of the topics discussed offer different approaches to the same problem which will give an overall picture.
Inbunden, Engelska, 1997
874 kr
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There has been considerable progress in the field of microlocal analysis. In a broad sense the subject is the modern version of the classical Fourier technique for solving partial differential equations, with the localization process taking account of dual variables. The tools of pseudo-differential operators, wave-front sets and Fourier integral operators have now conferred a mature form on the theory of linear partial differential operators in the frame of Schwartz distributions or other generalized functions. At the same time, microlocal analysis has assumed an important role as an independent part of analysis, with other applications throughout mathematics and physics, one major theme being spectral theory for the Schrodinger equation in quantum mechanics. The papers collected here emphasize the topics of microlocal methods in the study of linear PDEs (analytic-Gevrey regularity of the solutions, elliptic boundary value problems, higher microlocalization), and applications to spectral theory (Schrodinger equation, asymptotic behavior of the eigenvalues, semi-classical analysis in large dimensions and statistical mechanics).
Inbunden, Engelska, 1997
874 kr
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The study of physical adsorption has economic and technical value, while continuing to present scientific challenges. During recent years three significant trends have become manifest: significant theoretical advances; instrumental developments allowing detailed characterization of materials, including microporous solids; and the realization that closer coupling of scientific and technological lines of enquiry can lead to both greater scientific understanding and better technology. Topics covered in this text include: progress in theoretical analysis; breakthroughs in experimentation; the unique aspects of transport in micropores; and the application of physical absorption in industrial processes. Specialized workers and university lecturers may find material in the book useful for introductory or graduate courses. The literature references point to further detailed studies.
Inbunden, Engelska, 1997
874 kr
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The contributions to this work are based on late-1990s knowledge of solar corona physics and on the prospects for future total eclipse observations, focusing on the eclipse of August 11, 1999 - the last this century - which forecasters believe will occur at precisely the maximum of solar activity. The results of past eclipse observations are reviewed, including coronal hot and cold structures, coronal heating, public education and instrumental problems. The relation of the corona to the Sun is discussed, that is, the energy and mass transfer between the chromosphere and the corona, including the formation of prominences by coronal condensation in coronal cavities and the supply of mass to the corona by spicules. The coronal heating mechanism is also discussed, that is, does heating occur in current sheets or in sheaths surrounding flux tubes? Prospects for international collaborative observations, both ground-based and from space, are presented.
Inbunden, Engelska, 1997
874 kr
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Materials chemistry is a growing interdisciplinary field which interfaces with and draws from many disciplines including solid state chemistry and physics, materials science and crystallography. This volume provides a review of the main techniques and topical materials presented by leading workers in the field. The survey of techniques includes in-depth coverage of diffraction, microscopy, NMR and IR spectroscopic methods; and special emphasis is given to the growing role of computational and theoretical techniques. The development of new materials with specific applications is a major feature of contemporary materials chemistry. Later chapters of the book emphasize ionic conductors, superconductors, colossal magneto-resistance materials and catalytic systems (including micro- and meso-porous materials), to which several chapters are devoted. Synthetic aspects of the field are also emphasized. This comprehensive survey of the field should be of interest to research workers in the area of materials chemistry or related disciplines. It should also serve as an introduction to the field for graduate students.
Inbunden, Engelska, 1997
874 kr
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Modular chemistry involves the assembly of well defined, relatively large functional structures from repetitive units that themselves are molecules of some complexity. The two most visible sources underlying modular chemistry are supramolecular ("self assembly") chemistry and polymer chemistry, but the appeal of the field is to crystallographers, solid-state chemists and physicists, small-molecule organic synthetic chemists, inorganic coordination or main group chemists, photochemists and physicists, surface chemists, electrochemists, carbon or semiconductor cluster chemists, biochemists, biomimetic chemists, biomineral chemists, materials scientists, microscopists and theoreticians, those working in "molecular electronics", nonlinear optics, and with Langmuir-Blodgett or self-assembly monolayers, or liquid crystals. The book captures the interdisciplinary nature of the subject, concentrating on up-to-date results. The result is a peer-reviewed volume on where modular chemists stand, where they are going, and what they propose to do when they get there.
Inbunden, Engelska, 1997
874 kr
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Many fundamental aspects of the methods used in mass spectrometry are presented here, with reference to recent developments. The principles and applications of electrospray, ion spray and MALDI ionization technique are included, together with optimised GC/MS interfacing systems and tools for quantitative analysis. There is also a comprehensive treatment of modern instrumentation for mass analysis and detection. The major part of the book deals with bioanalytical applications to peptides, proteins, oligonucleotides, polysaccharides, lipids and plant metabolites. Several contributions are devoted to the evaluation of adduct formation between DNA and carcinogens. Environmental applications are also included, with examples of some specific cases. Fundamentals and applications are treated with the same degree of depth, and the first two parts of the book therefore provide a basis for the understanding of the biomolecular-applications section.The book is intended for advanced graduate students of chemistry who have learned some basic mass spectrometry, and is also suitable for PhD students in chemistry, biology and medicine, as well as researchers in academic and industrial laboratories.
Inbunden, Engelska, 1998
874 kr
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The proceedings of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Biological Electron Transfer Chains contains reports on three themes. The first theme concerns electron transfer. The analysis of ET at the molecular level is still fundamental to an understanding of how ET chains operate "in vivo". The second theme concerns bacterial redox chains. These contributions show how complicated these chains can be, often involving a number of gene clusters, each of which in turn consists of an extensive array of genes. The third theme relates to the structure and function of redox proteins. Structural information on proteins is necessary to a proper understanding of their function and of the context in which they operate. The two final chapters deal with oxido-reductases and the cytochrome oxidase family.
Inbunden, Engelska, 1998
874 kr
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Studies of convection in geophysical flows constitute an advanced and rapidly developing area of research that is relevant to problems of the natural environment. Since the late 1980s, significant progress has been achieved in the field as a result of both experimental studies and numerical modelling. This led to the principal revision of the widely held view on buoyancy-driven turbulent flows comprising an organized mean component with superimposed chaotic turbulence. An intermediate type of motion, represented by coherent structures, has been found to play a key role in geophysical boundary layers and in larger scale atmospheric and hydrospheric circulations driven by buoyant forcing. New aspects of the interaction between convective motions and rotation have recently been discovered and investigated at the end of the 20th century. Extensive experimental data have also been collected on the role of convection in cloud dynamics and microphysics. New theoretical concepts and approaches have been outlined regarding scaling and parameterization of physical processes in buoyancy-driven geophysical flows.The book summarizes interdisciplinary studies of buoyancy effects in different media (atmosphere and hydrosphere) over a wide range of scales (small scale phenomena in unstably stratified and convectively mixed layers to deep convection in the atmosphere and ocean), by different research methods (field measurements, laboratory simulations, numerical modelling), and within a variety of application areas (dispersion of pollutants, weather forecasting and hazardous phenomena associated with buoyant forcing).
Inbunden, Engelska, 1998
874 kr
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There have been several recent breakthroughs in the supramolecular domain: larger molecular components are being synthesized; 2D layers involving multiple recognition sites; crystals with intricate building blocks are being designed; more components are being used in assembly and self-assembly "algorithms" (some having molecular weights as high as 15,000); and there is an increasing versatility in applications. The difficulty in characterizing and obtaining structural information on such large assemblies has increased to such a level that no single technique is now adequate. Various methods have now been upgraded and are being combined: X-ray diffraction (structures with hundreds of independent atoms), NMR, AFM/STM (manipulation of a single molecule), FAB/MS, time-resolved techniques up to the picosecond range, new computational approaches, and others. The present book aims to shed light on the most recent developments in both the synthesis of novel assemblies and on current methods for their characterization.
Inbunden, Engelska, 1998
874 kr
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Interstellar and solar system solids are different stages of the same materials. In this book, the sources and evolution of circumstellar dust, interstellar dust, comets, meteorites and interplanetary dust are carefully discussed in the context of their interrelations. One of the major questions raised is: how do characteristically 1/10 micron interstellar dust particles evolve to rocky materials 1000 times larger or more? The closest we appear to be getting in relating interstellar dust to particles in the solar system is the evidence for submicron organic coated particles in interplanetary dust particles collected in the upper atmosphere, which allow direct laboratory investigation on Earth. What we know about comets, however, either results from remote observation or space measurements in situ. Comet volatiles compare very well with interstellar ices. These astrophysical problems bring to bear a very wide range of theoretical, observational and laboratory expertise in such fields as astronomy, physics and chemistry and, with the evidence of complex prebiotic organics in meteorites.