Oxford Engineering Science Series – serie

This new title leads readers step-by-step through the transition from subsonic to supersonic flow, and will help them develop an understanding of the complex theoretical principles involved. The work provides complete information on the fundamentals as well as matters of increasing complexity demonstrating the logic behind the computer analysis that is a necessary part of such a study. The book will be of use to anyone who needs to acquire an understanding of transonic flow, practising engineers as well as students of fluid mechanics.

This is the first text devoted exclusively to the subject of nonsteady, compressible, internal flow theory and the application of this theory to practical devices. The need for such a text has become apparent now that commerical equipment, the function of which depends upon nonsteady, compressible flow phenomena, is available. The book is dually usable as both a text for graduate level courses and an introduction for readers wishing to become familiar with nonsteady flow phenomena and their practical applications.The first and second chapters are introductory in nature, aiming to assist readers who are familiar only with the concepts of steady flow to adjust to unfamiliar events and circumstances while avoiding the finer details of algebraic manipulation. A generalized derivation of the classical method-of-characteristics as applied to one-dimensional, nonsteady, internal flows is included in chapter three. Chapter four is devoted to a study of the various boundary conditions necessary for handling a wide range of problems. Chapter five deals with methods of solution including both graphical and pipeline flows, dynamic pressure exchangers, pulse combusters and the tuning of the exhaust and induction systems of reciprocating, and Wankel type, internal combustion engines. Additional nonsteady flow devices are described in the last chapter. The final five chapters are overviews supported by appropriate references to available literature. A link is made, in each of the final five chapters, to the basic material presented in the first half of the book. When necessary, additional specialized theoretical material is included in each of the special- topics-applications-oriented chapters. In order to fulfill the needs of graduate students and their instructors, worked examples are included in addition to exercise problems.

Advanced undergraduate students in Engineering and Materials Science should have a good understanding of the property of elasticity. This book will be a vital resource for the complete study of elasticity as it is the only book on the particular subject of anisotropic materials. Homogenous materials, such as rubber bands, are said to be isotropic, and the mechanics of isotropic materials are easy to study and their problems easy to solve. However, for the whole new class of materials called composites, where two or more substances are combined for greater strength or superconductive properties, solving problems of the material's anisotropic elasticity are considerably more difficult. This book, however, is the first text to deal with the problems of composite, or anisotropic materials and their elasticity.

This book presents scientific aspects of combustion from a fundamental viewpoint. It is unique because it addresses scientifically literate readers who have not specialized in combustion. Central topics of the science, notably diffusion flames, deflagrations, detonations, flammability, explosions, and turbulent combustion, are covered from an up-to-date perspective. In addition, there are discussions of the history of the subject and projections for future developments. Current topics of combustion research may be found in this volume, as well as introductions to the modern methods being used to attack these.

This monograph presents a new systematic approach to the continuum modelling of flow phenomena within materials endowed with a complex internal microstructure, such as polymers and liquid crystals. The approach taken in this text is novel in that it combines the principles of Hamiltonian mechanics with those of irreversible thermodynamics.The book begins by outlining the relevant physical prnciples and then goes on to the numerous applications. From their results the authors draw conclusions in relation to the available state-of-the-art knowledge of the corresponding subjects.

Manufacturing processes have existed, in some form, since the dawn of civilization. Modelling and numerical simulation of mechanics of such processes, however, are of fairly recent vintage; made possible, mainly by improved understanding of the fundamental mechanics and physics of these processes as well as by the availability of ever more powerful computers. Our capabilities of designing manufacturing processes, however, significantly lag behind our abilities in simulating such processes. In fact, research in the area of design of manufacturing processes is barely a decade old.Analysis of manufacturing processes, and its integration into the design cycle of these processes, are the dual themes of this book. The boundary element method (BEM) is the computational method of choice. This versatile and powerful method has enjoyed extensive development during the last two decades and has been applied to virtually all areas of engieering mechanics (both linear and nonlinear) as well as in other areas.The BEM infra-structure is presented in Chapters 2, 3, and 4. Chapters 2 and 3, respectively provide reviews of the fundamentals of nonlinear and thermal problems. Material and geometric nonlinearities are ubiquitous in manufacturing processes such as forming and machining while thermal issues play significant roles in casting and machining processes. Chapter 4 discusses design sensitivity analysis, and provides an avenue for utilizing insights gained from analysis toward design synthesis of manufacturing processes. Chapters 5 through 9 are devoted to detailed discussions of a broad range of manufacturing processes - forming, solidification, machining, and ceramic grinding.The unique features of this book are its emphasis on numerical simulation as well as on design of manufacturing processes, and the use of the boundary element method as the computational method of choice.

This book is for those interested in dynamical systems. It assumes a solid undergraduate training in mathematics. Geometrical methods are developed to study the process of iteration, which involves taking the output of a function and feeding it back as input. Iteration processes are used to produce fractals and wavelets, and to numerically approximate solutions to ordinary and partical differential equations. Each iteration procedure generates a discrete dynamical system. These systems are at the heart of many numerical algorithms. Essentially all mathematical models of evolving physical systems can be viewed as discrete dynamical systems. This book attempts to present the fundamental ideas of discrete dynamical systems as clearly and geometrically as possible. Illustrative examples of dynamical systems are presented in the first chapter. The second chapter gives a review of the typology of metric spaces. The third presents basic results and establishes a philosophy of dynamics which is strongly influenced by the work of Charles Conley. The stable manifold and local structural stability theorems are presented in the fourth chapter. Invariant sets and isolating blocks are defined in the fifth. The sixth develops what is called the Conley Index in the context of discrete dynamics, and the final chpater covers measure-preserving and symplectic maps. The book would be suitable for use as a main text for a graduate course in dynamical systems, and as a reference for engineers and scientists.

The book describes and explains the fundamental physical processes involved in bubbly dynamics and the phenomenon of cavitation.The study of cavitation and bubbly flow applies to many areas of interest;from valve damage in hydroelectric equipment,ship propellors and internal combustion engines to the performance of turbines and pumps of all sizes,to physiological phenomena such as the cracking of joints and the "bends"

The direct simulation Monte Carlo (or DSMC) method has, in recent years, become widely used in engineering and scientific studies of gas flows that involve low densities or very small physical dimensions. This method is a direct physical simulation of the motion of representative molecules, rather than a numerical solution of the equations that provide a mathematical model of the flow. These computations are no longer expensive and the period since the 1976 publication of the original Molecular Gas Dynamics has seen enormous improvements in the molecular models, the procedures, and the implementation strategies for the DSMC method. The molecular theory of gas flows is developed from first principles and is extended to cover the new models and procedures. Note: The disk that originally came with this book is no longer available. However, the same information is available from the author's website (http://gab.com.au/)

This highly topical book, written by a leading Japanese author, provides a comprehensive study of current research in soil dynamics for earthquake engineering. The behaviour of the ground on which structures are built during earthquake conditions is crucial to understanding the behaviour of those structures. This well-illustrated text summarizes current knowledge of the subject, presenting material accumulated by Japanese and other researchers over recent years. It comprehensively covers theory, laboratory tests, and field work. It also includes helpful guidelines for civil engineers undertaking groundwork to protect structures in potential earthquake zones.

Heat transfer phenomena involving boiling and condensation are an important aspect of engineering in the power and process industries. This book, aimed at final year undergraduates and graduate students in mechanical or chemical engineering, deals with these phenomena in detail. The first part of the book describes gas-liquid two-phase flow, as a necessary preliminary to the later discussion of heat transfer and changes of phase. A detailed section on calculation methods shows how theory can be put to practical use, and there are also descriptions of some of the equipment and plant used in the process and power industries.

This work presents an up-to-date account of some of the fundamental aspects of liquid-liquid extraction technology together with an account of extraction processes in a number of important industries.The work is divided into two parts. This volume is concerned with the thermodynamics of phase equilibria; mass transfer in liquid-liquid systems including the complicating role of interfacial turbulence; behaviour of liquid-liquid dispersions and the selection and design of countercurrent contactors for particular applications.

This two volume work is intended for engineers and scientists concerned with the underlying principles of extraction processes as well as those engaged in research in the field. The work discusses the relevant physics and chemistry of the extraction operations as well as the engineering design and control of extraction equipment.The technique is widely used in a variety of industrial processes from the oil industry to food preparation.

The tubular thermosyphon is a very simple idea for transferring heat. Fluid inside a tube is circulated by buoyancy forces and thus carries thermal energy from the hot end to the cold end with great efficiency. The device has many uses: freezing ground, cooling equipment and machinery, waste heat recovery, and energy conservation. The operating details of the thermosyphon are, however, very complex and change dramatically with the circumstances. The length and diameter of the tube, the nature and state of the fluid, the strength and variation of the body force field, etc., all influence the internal circulation pattern and thus create different operating characteristics - variations on a basic theme. The book deals with each of these variations thoroughly and systematically. Emphasis is placed on the physical principles underlying thermal behaviour: under single-phase or evaporative conditions; whether the tube is stationary or rotating; and whether it is straight or bent. Consideration is also given to other devices having a similar purpose.

Multiconductor transmission lines form the basic building blocks of microwave and millimetre-wave integrated circuits, and are omnipresent in digital systems. The early chapters of this book give a detailed account of the way in which self-consistent CAD circuit models for such coupled lines, carrying either TEM or hybrid modes, can be obtained from a full-wave solution of Maxwell's equations. Most of the knowledge in the field is covered, including the latest advances for lossy lines. Subsequent chapters discuss the full-wave integral equation solution for basic transmission structures on MMICs, PCBs, and Multiwire® and Microwire® boards with the method of moments. For thin coupled microstrips and striplines the proposed space domain solution offers an alternative for the classical spectral domain approach. This book is the first to handle the full-wave analysis of discrete wire structures and of lossy polygonal conductors. The modal propogation constants and all (coupling) impedances necessary to construct a circuit model are determined.

Since 1960, the study of turbulence has been enhanced by developments in areas such as laser anemometry, powerful computers, digital data processing, and theoretical methods from quantum physics. Turbulence is the archetypal, non-linear, non-equilibrium problem of statistical physics; the fundamental problems of turbulence are still unsolved, but there is growing interest in their solution. This book aims to look at fluid turbulence from the point of view of engineering science and physics to produce an integrated treatise on the nature of the physics of fluid turbulence as a universal phenomenon with a universal behaviour. As these topics are almost exclusively theoretical, the closing chapters of the book may be seen as attempting to restore a balance by dealing with some of the more practical aspects of the subject, while at the same time illustrating the amazing diversity of physical phenomena which has emerged from experimental studies of turbulence over the last few years. It is designed for those who are new to the subject and also for those familiar with the more traditional branches of the study of turbulence but not with the usages of quantum physics.

This book is the first comprehensive treatment of latent heat transfer. It is designed for engineering graduate students who will later be required to work in industrial or environmental settings where latent heat transfer is important. The book provides a fundamental treatment of such topics as boiling, condensation, melting, and solidification and has been written to provide both insight and example for the student. There are also preparatory chapters on the history and significance of the subject, thermodynamics, and fluid mechanics, as well as a final chapter devoted to worked examples. Emphasis throughout is placed on fundamentals which apply equally to both industrial and environmental situations.

This book introduces a new framework for non-linear analysis and control of intelligent machines such as robot arms, mechanical hands, and other advanced mechatronic systems. It clarifies the physical and mathematical prinicples underlying the complicated dynamics of non-linear mechanical systems and deals with the design of controllers that enable sophisticated tasks to be executed. A new concept called `non-linear position-dependent circuits' plays a crucial role, together with passivity analysis as a generalization of the impedance concept. Adaptability and learnability of robot arms and hands as intelligent machines are aLso analysed through visible expressions of their dynamics via corresponding non-linear circuits and generalized impedance concepts.This approach may mark a milestone not only in development of a control theory for advanced mechatronics systems but also in the long path toward understanding the mysteries of motor control in the human central nervous system.

This popular and well-established reference on two-phase flows, boiling, and condensation is now available in paperback. `Convection Boiling and Condensation' is written primarily as an aid to heat exchanger design and is in its third edition. The first two editions of the book were widely adopted in industry, by design and development engineers, and also as a graduate text for students studying this area. The third edition covers the new advances made since the last edition in 1982, and significantly extends coverage to include new problems after each chapter to enhance its use as a text.

Machine vision is the study of how to build intelligent machines which can understand the environment by vision. Among many existing books on this subject, this book is unique in that the entire volume is devoted to computational problems, which most books do not deal with. One of the main subjects of this book is the mathematics underlying all vision problems - projective geometry, in particular. Since projective geometry has been developed by mathematicians without any regard to machine vision applications, our first attempt is to `tune' it into the form applicable to machine vision problems. The resulting formulation is termed computational projective geometry and applied to 3-D shape analysis, camera calibration, road scene analysis, 3-D motion analysis, optical flow analysis, and conic image analysis.A salient characteristic of machine vision problems is that data are not necessarily accurate. Hence, computational procedures defined by using exact relationships may break down if blindly applied to inaccurate data. In this book, special emphasis is put on robustness, which means that the computed result is not only exact when the data are accurate but also is expected to give a good approximation in the prescence of noise. The analysis of how the computation is affected by the inaccuracy of the data is also crucial. Statistical analysis of computations based on image data is also one of the main subjects of this book.

This monograph deals with the theoretical aspects of the circuit modelling of high-frequency electromagnetic structures using the Lorentz reciprocity theorem. This is the first book to cover the generalization from closed structures to open-boundary waveguides and circuit structures. The author has developed a new way to represent a general waveguide by transmission lines: and was awarded the Microwave Prize of the IEEE for this work. The first part of the book discusses the construction of transmission line models for waveguide structures. Then the incidence of external electromagnetic waves on high-frequency structures is studied, and finally the concepts derived in the earlier parts of the book are generalized to reciprocal and non-reciprocal anisotropic, bi-isotropic, and bianisotropic materials.

This book sets out to provide a guide, with examples, for those who wish to make predictions about the mechanical and thermal behaviour of non-Newtonian materials in engineering and processing technology. After an introductory survey of the field and a review of basic continuum mechanics, the radical differences between elongational and shear behaviour are shown. Two chapters, one based on a continuum approach and the other using microstructural approaches, lead to useful mathematical desriptions of materials for engineering applications. As examples of nearly-viscometric and nearly-elongational flows, there is a discussion of lubrication and related shearing flows, and fibre- spinning and film-blowing respectively. A long chapter is devoted to the important new field of computational rheology, and this is followed by chapters on stability and turbulence and the all-important temperature effects in flow. This new edition contains much new material not available in book form elsewhere-for example wall slip, suspension rheology, computational rheology and new results in stability theory.