Press Monographs – serie

Probability theory; random processes; canonical representation; optimal filtering; random models.

This book examines the contrast sensitivity of the human visual system - concerning the eye's ability to distinguish objects from each other or from the background - and its effects on the imageforming process. The text provides equations for determining various aspects of contrast sensitivity, in addition to models that easily can be used for practical applications.

The charge-coupled device (CCD) has recently celebrated its 30th birthday. The remarkable invention of Boyle and Smith of Bell Labs has dramatically changed the course of imaging in disciplines ranging from astronomy to biotechnology. James R. Janesick, an early proponent of the Scientific CCD, presents a careful and comprehensive history, tutorial and state-of-the-art description of the CCD. The book provides valuable reference information to scientists, engineers and hardware managers involved with imaging CCDs and high-performance camera systems, as well as those who need a comprehensive introduction to the subject. ""Charge-Coupled Devices"" is both a history of this development and a comprehensive reference manual on CCD and camera design, fabrication, operation, characterization and optimization. The key processes of CCD operation - charge collection, charge transfer and charge measurement - are described physically and illustrated by experimental data. Standards for characterizing and optimizing CCDs are presented in detail and the ultimate physical limitations on performance parameters discussed. Worked examples throughout provide valuable tutorials, and give the reader an appreciation for the level of performance that is being achieved by today's CCDs.

The ever-increasing requirements of product quality and reliability demand more efficient measuring and testing methods that must be online, non-destructive, whole field, and without contact. Developed in the 1990s, shearography - also called speckle pattern shearing interferometry (SPSI) - is a coherent-optical measuring and testing method, similar to holographic interferometry. Unlike holography, however, shearography measures the gradient of the deformation rather than the deformation itself. Consequently, shearography can measure the strain information directly, increasing its importance as an industrial measuring tool. This work describes the development of second-generation digital shearography, which is effective in non-destructive testing (NDT), strain measurement, and vibration analysis due to its relative insensitivity to environmental disturbances.

The development of new technologies in the fields of photonics, digital systems and computers has resulted in many exciting innovations in high speed photography (HSP) and its commercial, industrial and military applications. This book forms a definitive work on the subject and was written to fill a hitherto uncovered gap in the available literature on this topic. Compiled by a leading team of international experts and written with the cooperation of the Association for High Speed Photography (AHSP) under the Editorship of Sidney F. Ray, this is the most authoritative work on the subject to date.The book forms an introduction to high speed photography, principally for those who wish to investigate its almost limitless potential as a tool for instrumentation, measurement and analysis in both research and development work. It will also interest those who are mainly concerned with standard photographic and digital imaging procedures but need to know more about high speed recording. As a university textbook it is ideally suited to those undertaking postgraduate research, as well as to undergraduates on courses that include film production, biomedical imaging, scientific photography and applied imaging.The material in the book follows progressively from an introduction to and development of HSP, to details of illumination and image capture systems, data extraction and necessary image processing in experimental procedures. Both major and specialist applications of HSP are detailed, including ballistics, the natural world, detonics, the properties of materials and aircraft engineering, combustion processes, motor vehicle safety and holography. A large number of diagrams and photographs illustrate and supplement the text while tables of data provide easy access to numerical information.Will appeal to newcomers as well as professionals in the topicEndorsed by the Association for High Speed PhotographyMajor topics covered in one independent source

This book addresses some of the issues in visual optics with a functional analysis of ocular aberrations, especially for the purpose of vision correction. The basis is the analytical representation of ocular aberrations with a set of orthonormal polynomials, such as Zernike polynomials or the Fourier series. Although the aim of this book is the application of wavefront optics to laser vision correction, most of the theories discussed are equally applicable to other methods of vision correction, such as contact lenses and intraocular lenses.

In its first update in 10 years, this text describes the characterization of all modern infrared imaging systems. In this new edition: the concept of target/background [DELTA]T (delta-T) with its dependence on background temperature is clarified; description of the three-dimensional noise model has been expanded with test methods plainly addressed; and, major updates were made to delineate Scanning and staring array methodologies in MTF measurement, and advantages and disadvantages of each are discussed.Although MRT test procedures have not changed very much over the years, observer variability is now well-documented in this title. All figures and graphs have been redrawn in this title. It is copublished with JCD Publishing.

Machine vision comprises three integrated processes: acquisition, preprocessing, and image analysis. While many resources discuss application-specific image analysis, there has been no unified account of image acquisition hardware and preprocessing--until now.Image Acquisition and Preprocessing for Machine Vision Systems is a comprehensive, exhaustive reference text detailing every aspect of acquisition and preprocessing, from the illumination of a scene to the optics of image forming, from CCD and CMOS image capture to the transformation of the captured image.This book bridges the gaps between hardware and software on one hand and theory and applications on the other. With its detailed coverage of imaging hardware and derivations of preprocessing kernels, it is an invaluable design reference for students, researchers, application and product engineers, and systems integrators.Distinctive features of the book include:• Detailed theories of CCD and CMOS image sensors, image formation, scene illumination, and camera calibration.• Unique combination of operational details of imaging hardware (front-end electronics) and analytical theories of low-level image-processing functions.• Coverage of image-acquisition modules and preprocessing functions within a unified framework.• Derivation of 2D image-processing functions from first principles by extending 1D signal-processing concepts.

Wave-optics simulation is an immensely useful tool for many applications. The simulation techniques in this book are directly applicable to atmospheric imaging, astronomy, adaptive optics, free-space optical communications, and LADAR. In addition, many of the basic techniques are applicable to integrated optics and nonlinear, anisotropic, and optically active media.Numerical Simulation of Optical Wave Propagation is solely dedicated to wave-optics simulations. The book discusses digital Fourier transforms (FT), FT-based operations, multiple methods of wave-optics simulations, sampling requirements, and simulations in atmospheric turbulence.This book will benefit optical scientists and engineers at all levels as a guide for FT-based data analysis, imaging system analysis, and wave-optics simulations. Professors can use this book to augment their Fourier optics courses and for independent studies with students. Problem sets are given at the end of each chapter. Students will learn principles and techniques from this book that can be utilized throughout their careers in optics. All readers will also benefit from the use of the MATLAB® scripting language and the code provided for the basic tools and examples used throughout the book.

Ten years have passed since the publication of the first edition of this classic text in April 2001. Considerable new material amounting to 100 pages has been added in this second edition. Each chapter now contains a Summary section at the end. The new material in Chapter 4 consists of a detailed comparison of Gaussian apodization with a corresponding beam, determination of the optimum value of the Gaussian radius relative to that of the pupil to yield maximum focal-point irradiance, detailed discussion of standard deviation, aberration balancing, and Strehl ratio for primary aberrations, derivation of the aberration-free and defocused OTF, discussion of an aberrated beam yielding higher axial irradiance in a certain defocused region than its aberration-free focal-point value, illustration that aberrated PSFs lose the advantage of Gaussian apodizaton in reducing the secondary maxima of a PSF, and a brief description of the characterization of the width of a multimode beam. In Chapter 5, the effect of random longitudinal defocus on a PSF is included. The coherence length of atmospheric turbulence is calculated for looking both up and down through the atmosphere. Also discussed are the angle of arrival of a light wave propagating through turbulence, and lucky imaging where better-quality short-exposure images are selected, aligned, and added to obtain a high-quality image.

Hyperspectral remote sensing is an emerging, multidisciplinary field with diverse applications that builds on the principles of material spectroscopy, radiative transfer, imaging spectrometry, and hyperspectral data processing. While there are many resources that suitably cover these areas individually and focus on specific aspects of the hyperspectral remote sensing field, this book provides a holistic treatment that captures its multidisciplinary nature.The content is oriented toward the physical principles of hyperspectral remote sensing as opposed to applications of hyperspectral technology. Readers can expect to finish the book armed with the required knowledge to understand the immense literature available in this technology area and apply their knowledge to the understanding of material spectral properties, the design of hyperspectral systems, the analysis of hyperspectral imagery, and the application of the technology to specific problems.

There is no more challenging setting for laser use than a research environment. In almost every other setting the laser controls count on engineering controls, and human exposure is kept to a minimum. In research, however, the user often manipulates the optical layout and thereby places him or herself in peril, but this does not mean that accidents and injury are unavoidable. On the contrary, laser accidents can be avoided by following a number of simple approaches. Laser Safety in the Lab provides the laser user and laser safety officer with practical guidelines from housekeeping to eyewear to on-the-job training.

This book provides a faithful and robust simulation of the optical and visual performances of the human eye for axial vision of distant objects in a variety of visual conditions. The author moves from intrinsically theoretical aspects (the optical and neurophysical models of the eye) to include a great number of experimental measurements from the scientific literature, in order to adapt the model parameters to the observed phenomenology and validate the predictivity power of the models themselves. The results are very satisfactory in terms of quantitative and qualitative adherence of model predictions to field measurements.Resulting from the author's investigations over the last decade, the book material is largely original, and the most relevant achievement can be found in the capacity to evaluate visual acuity for a range of visual conditions, such as variations in pupil size, refractive error, and ambient illumination.Thanks to the general organisation of the book, chapters and paragraphs with high level mathematical and physical optics content can be safely skipped without compromising the overall comprehension. To this end, a brief summary is provided at the end of each chapter, making this book appropriate for readers with greatly varying degrees of technical knowledge.|This book provides a faithful and robust simulation of the optical and visual performances of the human eye for axial vision of distant objects in a variety of visual conditions. The author moves from intrinsically theoretical aspects (the optical and neurophysical models of the eye) to include a great number of experimental measurements from the scientific literature, in order to adapt the model parameters to the observed phenomenology and validate the predictivity power of the models themselves. The results are very satisfactory in terms of quantitative and qualitative adherence of model predictions to field measurements. Resulting from the author's investigations over the last decade, the book material is largely original, and the most relevant achievement can be found in the capacity to evaluate visual acuity for a range of visual conditions, such as variations in pupil size, refractive error, and ambient illumination. Thanks to the general organisation of the book, chapters and paragraphs with high level mathematical and physical optics content can be safely skipped without compromising the overall comprehension. To this end, a brief summary is provided at the end of each chapter, making this book appropriate for readers with greatly varying degrees of technical knowledge.

Stray light is defined as unwanted light in an optical system, a familiar concept for anyone who has taken a photograph with the sun in or near their camera's field of view. In a low-cost consumer camera, stray light may be only a minor annoyance, but in a space-based telescope, it can result in the loss of data worth millions of dollars. It is imperative that optical system designers understand its consequences on system performance and adapt the design process to control it. This book addresses stray light terminology, radiometry, and the physics of stray light mechanisms, such as surface roughness scatter and ghost reflections. The most-efficient ways of using stray light analysis software packages are included. The book also demonstrates how the basic principles are applied in the design, fabrication, and testing phases of optical system development.

Maxwell's Equations of Electrodynamics: An Explanation is a concise yet complete discussion of Maxwell's four equations of electrodynamics-the fundamental theory of electricity, magnetism, and light. Written for a general audience, it guides readers step-by-step through the vector calculus (yikes!) and development of each equation. Pictures and diagrams illustrate what the equations mean in basic terms. The book not only provides a fundamental description of our universe but also explains how these equations predict the fact that light is better described as ""electromagnetic radiation.

This book provides all the essential and best elements of Kidger's many courses taught worldwide on lens and optical design. It is written in a direct style that is compact, logical, and to the point-a tutorial in the best sense of the word.

In this new edition of an SPIE bestseller, R. C. Olsen examines the definition and uses of remote sensing from a military perspective. The book discusses the instruments and principles that support a wide range of systems, including optical, thermal, radar, and LiDAR. Full-color images, as well as detailed examples and problems sets, make this a valuable textbook for students and engineers alike.

Since the publication of the first edition of the Handbook in 2002, optical methods for biomedical diagnostics have developed in many well-established directions, and new trends have also appeared. To encompass all current methods, the text has been updated and expanded into two volumes.Volume 1: Light - Tissue Interaction features eleven chapters, five of which focus on the fundamental physics of light propagation in turbid media such as biological tissues. The six following chapters introduce near-infrared techniques for the optical study of tissues and provide a snapshot of current applications and developments in this dynamic and exciting field. Topics include the scattering of light in disperse systems, the optics of blood, tissue phantoms, a comparison between time-resolved and continuous-wave methods, and optoacoustics.Volume 2: Methods begins by describing the basic principles and diagnostic applications of optical techniques based on detecting and processing the scattering, fluorescence, FT IR, and Raman spectroscopic signals from various tissues, with an emphasis on blood, epithelial tissues, and human skin. The second half of the volume discusses specific imaging technologies, such as Doppler, laser speckle, optical coherence tomography (OCT), and fluorescence and photoacoustic imaging.

This is an engineering treatise for mechanical engineers who design and analyze optical systems. It will also be of interest to other professionals working in the optics industry. The treatise is based on both the physical science and the practical realities of designing, analyzing, building, testing, and servicing real optical products.

Getting Started with UAV Imaging Systems: A Radiometric Guide provides the tools technologists need to begin designing or analyzing the data product of a UAV imager. Covering the basics of target signatures, radiometric propagation, electro-optical systems, UAV platforms, and image quality, it is replete with examples that promote immediate application of the concepts. Reference materials at the end of each chapter, including many links to current systems and platforms, offer further guidance for readers. Engineers and scientists who specify instrument requirements; design, build, or test hardware; or analyze images for commercial, scientific, and military applications will find the book a useful addition to their working library.

Currently, III-V antimonide-based detector technology is under strong development as a possible alternative to HgCdTe material systems. The apparent rapid success of a broken-gap type-II superlattice (T2SL) depends not only on the previous five decades of development of III-V materials, but mainly on recent ideas in the design of infrared photodetectors. The ability to tune the positions of the conduction and valence band edges independently in the T2SL is especially helpful in the design of unipolar barriers. Unipolar barriers are used to implement the barrier detector architecture for increasing the collection efficiency of photogenerated carriers and reducing dark current originating within the depletion region without inhibiting photocurrent flow. During the last decade, antimonide-based focal plane array technology has achieved a level close to HgCdTe. However, the modern version of the technology is still in its infancy. The advent of bandgap engineering has given III-Vs a new lease on life. This book describes current concepts of antimonide-based IR detectors, focusing on designs having the largest impact on the mainstream of IR detector technologies. It is suitable for graduate students in physics and engineering who have knowledge of modern solid-state physics and electronic circuits, and will be of interest to those working with aerospace sensors and systems, remote sensing, thermal imaging, military imaging, optical telecommunications, infrared spectroscopy, and lidar.

Extreme ultraviolet lithography (EUVL) is the principal lithography technology—beyond the current 193-nm-based optical lithography—aiming to manufacture computer chips, and recent progress has been made on several fronts: EUV light sources, scanners, optics, contamination control, masks and mask handling, and resists. This book covers the fundamental and latest status of all aspects of EUVL used in the field.Since 2008, when SPIE Press published the first edition of EUVL Lithography, much progress has taken place in the development of EUVL as the choice technology for next-generation lithography. In 2008, EUVL was a prime contender to replace 193-nm-based optical lithography in leading-edge computer chip making, but not everyone was convinced at that point. Switching from 193-nm to 13.5-nm wavelengths was a much bigger jump than the industry had attempted before. It brought several difficult challenges in all areas of lithography—light source, scanner, mask, mask handling, optics, optics metrology, resist, computation, materials, and optics contamination. These challenges have been effectively resolved, and several leading-edge chipmakers have announced dates, starting in 2018, for inserting EUVL into high-volume manufacturing.This comprehensive volume comprises contributions from the world’s leading EUVL researchers and provides the critical information needed by practitioners and those wanting an introduction to the field. Interest in EUVL technology continues to increase, and this volume provides the foundation required for understanding and applying this exciting technology. This book is intended for people involved in one or more aspects of EUVL, as well as for students, who will find this text equally valuable.

This book provides an in-depth, self-contained introduction of partially coherent imaging theory for researchers and engineers working on optical lithography for semiconductor manufacturing, including those in the EDA industry. It is mathematically complete: the opening chapters discuss the essential principles, and all derivations are presented with their intermediate steps. For increased accessibility, simplified and consistent notations are used throughout the text. Full-color pages illustrate the connections between figures and equations.

Many scientists and engineers consider themselves poor writers or find the writing process difficult. The good news is that you do not have to be a talented writer to produce a good scientific paper, but you do have to be a careful writer. In particular, writing for a peer-reviewed scientific or engineering journal requires learning and executing a specific formula for presenting scientific work. This book is all about teaching the style and conventions of writing for a peer-reviewed scientific journal. From structure to style, titles to tables, abstracts to author lists, this book gives practical advice about the process of writing a paper and getting it published.

This book presents basic structural deformation and stress analysis as applied to optical systems. It provides the tools for first-order analyses required in the design concept phase before handling the intricate details of a full-up design. While finite element analysis is paramount to a successful design, the purpose of this text is not to use finite element analysis to validate the hand analysis, but rather to use hand analysis to validate the finite element models. The hand analysis forces a discipline that is paramount in the understanding of structural behavior. Presuming that the reader has a working knowledge in the strength of materials, the text applies engineering principles to opto-structural analysis.

This first volume of the series Lectures in Optics introduces the simplest optical phenomena and the simplest optical instruments. Among these phenomena, rectilinear propagation, reflection, and refraction dominate the optical effects in nature and are essential to understanding the function of simple optical devices. Introduction to Optics presents the arguments relating to the nature of light and its propagation, the basic interactions between light and matter, and the energy aspect of light in relation to the quantitative measurement of visible radiation (photometry). It covers the fundamental laws governing reflection and refraction, as well as their applications in prisms and atmospheric phenomena. Simple optical instruments such as the pinhole camera, the human eye, the microscope, the telescope, and the photographic camera are covered. The text is accompanied by copious diagrams and striking photographs whose visual appeal entices readers to delve into the concepts. This book is suitable for various levels of instruction, from high school upper-level STEM classes to entry-level college optics 101 courses. Practice examples throughout the chapters reinforce an understanding of the presented material.

This second volume of the series Lectures in Optics develops a thorough presentation of geometrical optics effects. The book begins by discussing refraction and reflection off single surfaces, both flat and spherical. Presented next are the essential building elements, optical power and beam vergence, which are paramount in imaging because the incident vergence is added to the element’s power to produce the vergence leaving the optical element. Imaging definitions and formulation are covered next, followed by the power configurations and imaging arrangements possible with a single element, a single lens, and a mirror for real and virtual objects. Next, two more parameters are introduced: the extent of an element along the optical axis (thick lenses and lens systems) and the extent of an element perpendicular to the optical axis (stops and pupils). The way image quality is affected by the transverse restriction of light is then discussed, including resolution and image blur. Finally, the book introduces the concepts of optical aberrations as a consequence of a violation of the paraxial approximations. This book is suitable for all Geometrical Optics courses at college, graduate school, or professional school levels, such as physics, engineering, visual science, or optometry programs. Comprehensive practice examples, exercises, and quizzes throughout the chapters reinforce an understanding of the covered material.