Probability and Its Applications (duplicate) - Böcker

Since the seminal work of P. Anderson in 1958, localization in disordered systems has been the object of intense investigations. Mathematically speaking, the phenomenon can be described as follows: the self-adjoint operators which are used as Hamiltonians for these systems have a ten­ dency to have pure point spectrum, especially in low dimension or for large disorder. A lot of effort has been devoted to the mathematical study of the random self-adjoint operators relevant to the theory of localization for disordered systems. It is fair to say that progress has been made and that the un­ derstanding of the phenomenon has improved. This does not mean that the subject is closed. Indeed, the number of important problems actually solved is not larger than the number of those remaining. Let us mention some of the latter: • A proof of localization at all energies is still missing for two dimen­ sional systems, though it should be within reachable range. In the case of the two dimensional lattice, this problem has been approached by the investigation of a finite discrete band, but the limiting pro­ cedure necessary to reach the full two-dimensional lattice has never been controlled. • The smoothness properties of the density of states seem to escape all attempts in dimension larger than one. This problem is particularly serious in the continuous case where one does not even know if it is continuous.

Students and teachers of mathematics and related fields will find this book a comprehensive and modern approach to probability theory, providing the background and techniques to go from the beginning graduate level to the point of specialization in research areas of current interest. The book is designed for a two- or three-semester course, assuming only courses in undergraduate real analysis or rigorous advanced calculus, and some elementary linear algebra. A variety of applications--Bayesian statistics, financial mathematics, information theory, tomography, and signal processing--appear as threads to both enhance the understanding of the relevant mathematics and motivate students whose main interests are outside of pure areas.

The self-avoiding walk is a mathematical model with important applications in statistical mechanics and polymer science. This text provides a unified account of the rigorous results for the self-avoiding walk, focusing on its critical behaviour. Topics discussed include: the lace explosion and its application to the self-avoiding walk in more than four dimensions where most issues are now resolved; an introduction to the nonrigorous scaling theory; classical work of Hammersley and others; an exposition of Kesten's pattern theorem and its consequences; a discussion of the decay of the two-point function and its relation to probabilistic renewal theory; and the role of the self-avoiding walk in physical and chemical applications.

Focusing on a number of problems related to the intersection of random walks and the self-avoiding walk. Many of these problems arise in studying statistical physics and other critical phenomena. Topics covered include: discrete harmonic measure; the probability that independent random walks do not intersect; and properties of walks without self-intersections. With the inclusion of a self-contained introduction to the properties of simple random walks, and an emphasis on rigorous results, this text should be of use to researchers in probability and statistical physics, and to graduate students interested in basic properties of random walk.

The main emphasis of this work is on stochastic partial differential equations. First the stochastic Poisson equation and the stochastic transport equation are discussed; then the authors go on to deal with the Schrodinger equation, the heat equation, the nonlinear Burgers' equation with a stochastic source, and the pressure equation. The white noise approach often allows for solutions given by explicit formulas in terms of expectations of certain auxiliary processes. The noise in the above examples are all of a Gaussian white noise type. In the end, the authors also show how to adapt the analysis to SPDEs involving noise of Poissonian type.

A hundred years ago it became known that deterministic systems can exhibit very complex behavior. By proving that ordinary differential equations can exhibit strange behavior, Poincare undermined the founda­ tions of Newtonian physics and opened a window to the modern theory of nonlinear dynamics and chaos. Although in the 1930s and 1940s strange behavior was observed in many physical systems, the notion that this phenomenon was inherent in deterministic systems was never suggested. Even with the powerful results of S. Smale in the 1960s, complicated be­ havior of deterministic systems remained no more than a mathematical curiosity. Not until the late 1970s, with the advent of fast and cheap comput­ ers, was it recognized that chaotic behavior was prevalent in almost all domains of science and technology. Smale horseshoes began appearing in many scientific fields. In 1971, the phrase 'strange attractor' was coined to describe complicated long-term behavior of deterministic systems, and the term quickly became a paradigm of nonlinear dynamics. The tools needed to study chaotic phenomena are entirely different from those used to study periodic or quasi-periodic systems; these tools are analytic and measure-theoretic rather than geometric. For example, in throwing a die, we can study the limiting behavior of the system by viewing the long-term behavior of individual orbits. This would reveal incomprehensibly complex behavior. Or we can shift our perspective: Instead of viewing the long-term outcomes themselves, we can view the probabilities of these outcomes. This is the measure-theoretic approach taken in this book.

This volume studies the foundations of the theory of linear and nonlinear forms in single and multiple random variables including single and multiple random series and stochastic integrals, both Gaussian and non-Gaussian. Its topic is intimately connected with a number of classical problems of probability theory such as the summation of independent random variables, martingale theory and the Weiner theory of polynomial chaos, as well as with several application areas such as stochastic analysis, limit theorems for symmetric statistics, representation of random fields, partial differential equations and quantum field theory. The emphasis is on domination principles for comparison of sequences of random variables and on decoupling techniques. The volume is intended for researchers and graduate students in probability theory, stochastic processes, theoretical statistics and in several areas of theoretical physics and engineering.

The book aims at presenting a detailed and mathematically rigorous exposition of the theory and applications of a class of point processes and piecewise deterministic p- cesses. The framework is suf?ciently general to unify the treatment of several classes of stochastic phenomena: point processes, Markov chains and other Markov processes in continuous time, semi-Markov processes, queueing and storage models, and li- lihood processes. There are applications to ?nance, insurance and risk, population models, survival analysis, and congestion models. A major aim has been to show the versatility of piecewise deterministic Markov processes for applications and to show how they may also become useful in areas where thus far they have not been much in evidence. Originally the plan was to develop a graduate text on marked point processes - dexed by time which would focus on probabilistic structure and be essentially se- contained. However, it soon became apparent that the discussion should naturally include a traditional class of continuous time stochastic processes constructed from certain marked point processes. This class consists of ‘piecewise deterministic p- cesses’; that is, processes with ?nitely many jumps on ?nite time intervals which, roughly speaking, develop deterministically between the random jump times. The - position starts with the point process theory and then uses this to treat the piecewise deterministic processes.

A hundred years ago it became known that deterministic systems can exhibit very complex behavior. By proving that ordinary differential equations can exhibit strange behavior, Poincare undermined the founda­ tions of Newtonian physics and opened a window to the modern theory of nonlinear dynamics and chaos. Although in the 1930s and 1940s strange behavior was observed in many physical systems, the notion that this phenomenon was inherent in deterministic systems was never suggested. Even with the powerful results of S. Smale in the 1960s, complicated be­ havior of deterministic systems remained no more than a mathematical curiosity. Not until the late 1970s, with the advent of fast and cheap comput­ ers, was it recognized that chaotic behavior was prevalent in almost all domains of science and technology. Smale horseshoes began appearing in many scientific fields. In 1971, the phrase 'strange attractor' was coined to describe complicated long-term behavior of deterministic systems, and the term quickly became a paradigm of nonlinear dynamics. The tools needed to study chaotic phenomena are entirely different from those used to study periodic or quasi-periodic systems; these tools are analytic and measure-theoretic rather than geometric. For example, in throwing a die, we can study the limiting behavior of the system by viewing the long-term behavior of individual orbits. This would reveal incomprehensibly complex behavior. Or we can shift our perspective: Instead of viewing the long-term outcomes themselves, we can view the probabilities of these outcomes. This is the measure-theoretic approach taken in this book.

The study of the cone of excessive measures associated with a Markov process goes back to Hunt's fundamental mem- oir [H57]. However until quite recently it received much less attention than the cone of excessive functions. The fact that an excessive function can be composed with the underlying Markov process to give a supermartingale, subject to secondary finiteness hypotheses, is crucial in the study of excessive func- tions. The lack of an analogous construct for excessive mea- sures seemed to make them much less tractable to a proba- bilistic analysis. This point of view changed radically with the appearance of the pioneering paper by Fitzsimmons and Maisonneuve [FM86] who showed that a certain stationary process associated with an excessive measure could be used to study excessive measures probabilistically. These station- ary processes or measures had been constructed by Kuznetsov [Ku74] extending earlier work of Dynkin. It is now common to call them Kuznetsov measures. Following the Fitzsimmons- Maisonneuve paper there was renewed interest and remarkable progress in the study of excessive measures.The purpose of this monograph is to organize under one cover and prove under standard hypotheses many of these recent results in the theory of excessive measures. The two basic tools in this recent development are Kuznet- sov measures mentioned above and the energy functional.

This is a substantial expansion of the first edition. The last chapter on stochastic differential equations is entirely new, as is the longish section §9.4 on the Cameron-Martin-Girsanov formula. Illustrative examples in Chapter 10 include the warhorses attached to the names of L. S. Ornstein, Uhlenbeck and Bessel, but also a novelty named after Black and Scholes. The Feynman-Kac-Schrooinger development (§6.4) and the material on re­ flected Brownian motions (§8.5) have been updated. Needless to say, there are scattered over the text minor improvements and corrections to the first edition. A Russian translation of the latter, without changes, appeared in 1987. Stochastic integration has grown in both theoretical and applicable importance in the last decade, to the extent that this new tool is now sometimes employed without heed to its rigorous requirements. This is no more surprising than the way mathematical analysis was used historically. We hope this modest introduction to the theory and application of this new field may serve as a text at the beginning graduate level, much as certain standard texts in analysis do for the deterministic counterpart. No monograph is worthy of the name of a true textbook without exercises. We have compiled a collection of these, culled from our experiences in teaching such a course at Stanford University and the University of California at San Diego, respectively. We should like to hear from readers who can supply VI PREFACE more and better exercises.

Since the seminal work of P. Anderson in 1958, localization in disordered systems has been the object of intense investigations. Mathematically speaking, the phenomenon can be described as follows: the self-adjoint operators which are used as Hamiltonians for these systems have a ten­ dency to have pure point spectrum, especially in low dimension or for large disorder. A lot of effort has been devoted to the mathematical study of the random self-adjoint operators relevant to the theory of localization for disordered systems. It is fair to say that progress has been made and that the un­ derstanding of the phenomenon has improved. This does not mean that the subject is closed. Indeed, the number of important problems actually solved is not larger than the number of those remaining. Let us mention some of the latter: • A proof of localization at all energies is still missing for two dimen­ sional systems, though it should be within reachable range. In the case of the two dimensional lattice, this problem has been approached by the investigation of a finite discrete band, but the limiting pro­ cedure necessary to reach the full two-dimensional lattice has never been controlled. • The smoothness properties of the density of states seem to escape all attempts in dimension larger than one. This problem is particularly serious in the continuous case where one does not even know if it is continuous.

This book is based on research that, to a large extent, started around 1990, when a research project on fluid flow in stochastic reservoirs was initiated by a group including some of us with the support of VISTA, a research coopera­ tion between the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters and Den norske stats oljeselskap A.S. (Statoil). The purpose of the project was to use stochastic partial differential equations (SPDEs) to describe the flow of fluid in a medium where some of the parameters, e.g., the permeability, were stochastic or "noisy". We soon realized that the theory of SPDEs at the time was insufficient to handle such equations. Therefore it became our aim to develop a new mathematically rigorous theory that satisfied the following conditions. 1) The theory should be physically meaningful and realistic, and the corre­ sponding solutions should make sense physically and should be useful in applications. 2) The theory should be general enough to handle many of the interesting SPDEs that occur in reservoir theory and related areas. 3) The theory should be strong and efficient enough to allow us to solve th,~se SPDEs explicitly, or at least provide algorithms or approximations for the solutions.

Let {Xti t ~ O} be a Markov process in Rl, and break up the path X t into (random) component pieces consisting of the zero set ({ tlX = O}) and t the "excursions away from 0," that is pieces of path X. : T ::5 s ::5 t, with Xr- = X = 0, but X. 1= 0 for T < s < t. When one measures the time in t the zero set appropriately (in terms of the local time) the excursions acquire a measure theoretic structure practically identical to that of processes with stationary independent increments, except the values of the process are paths rather than real numbers. And there is a measure on path space that helps describe the measure theoretic properties of the excursions in the same way that the Levy measure describes the jumps of a process with independent increments. The entire circle of ideas is called excursion theory. There are many attractive things about the subject: it is an area where one can use to advantage general probabilistic potential theory to make quite specific calculations, it provides a natural setting for apply­ ing esoteric things like David Williams' path decomposition, it provides a method for constructing processes whose description in terms of an in­ finitesimal generator or some such analytic object would be complicated. And the ideas seem to be closely related to a good deal of current research in probability.

Completely revised and greatly expanded, the new edition of this text takes readers who have been exposed to only basic courses in analysis through the modern general theory of random processes and stochastic integrals as used by systems theorists, electronic engineers and, more recently, those working in quantitative and mathematical finance.

Completely revised and greatly expanded, the new edition of this text takes readers who have been exposed to only basic courses in analysis through the modern general theory of random processes and stochastic integrals as used by systems theorists, electronic engineers and, more recently, those working in quantitative and mathematical finance. Building upon the original release of this title, this text will be of great interest to research mathematicians and graduate students working in those fields, as well as quants in the finance industry. New features of this edition include: End of chapter exercises; New chapters on basic measure theory and Backward SDEs; Reworked proofs, examples and explanatory material; Increased focus on motivating the mathematics; Extensive topical index. "Such a self-contained and complete exposition of stochastic calculus and applications fills an existing gap in the literature. The book can be recommended for first-year graduate studies. It will be useful for all who intend to work with stochastic calculus as well as with its applications."-Zentralblatt (from review of the First Edition)

This book extends the theory and applications of random evolutions to semi-Markov random media in discrete time, essentially focusing on semi-Markov chains as switching or driving processes.

This book extends the theory and applications of random evolutions to semi-Markov random media in discrete time, essentially focusing on semi-Markov chains as switching or driving processes.

This monograph highlights the connection between the theory of neutron transport and the theory of non-local branching processes.

This monograph highlights the connection between the theory of neutron transport and the theory of non-local branching processes.

This book gives a comprehensive review of results for associated sequences and demimartingales developed so far, with special emphasis on demimartingales and related processes. Probabilistic properties of associated sequences, demimartingales and related processes are discussed in the first six chapters. Applications of some of these results to some problems in nonparametric statistical inference for such processes are investigated in the last three chapters.

This book gives a comprehensive review of results for associated sequences and demimartingales developed so far, with special emphasis on demimartingales and related processes. Probabilistic properties of associated sequences, demimartingales and related processes are discussed in the first six chapters. Applications of some of these results to some problems in nonparametric statistical inference for such processes are investigated in the last three chapters.

There are two parts in this book. The first part is devoted mainly to the proper­ ties of linear diffusions in general and Brownian motion in particular. The second part consists of tables of distributions of functionals of Brownian motion and re­ lated processes. The primary aim of this book is to give an easy reference to a large number of facts and formulae associated to Brownian motion. We have tried to do this in a "handbook-style". By this we mean that results are given without proofs but are equipped with a reference where a proof or a derivation can be found. It is our belief and experience that such a material would be very much welcome by students and people working with applications of diffusions and Brownian motion. In discussions with many of our colleagues we have found that they share this point of view. Our original plan included more things than we were able to realize. It turned out very soon when trying to put the plan into practice that the material would be too wide to be published under one cover. Excursion theory, which most of the recent results concerning linear Brownian motion and diffusions can be classified as, is only touched upon slightly here, not to mention Brownian motion in several dimensions which enters only through the discussion of Bessel processes. On the other hand, much attention is given to the theory of local time.

A beautiful interplay between probability theory (Markov processes, martingale theory) on the one hand and operator and spectral theory on the other yields a uniform treatment of several kinds of Hamiltonians such as the Laplace operator, relativistic Hamiltonian, Laplace-Beltrami operator, and generators of Ornstein-Uhlenbeck processes. For such operators regular and singular perturbations of order zero and their spectral properties are investigated.A complete treatment of the Feynman-Kac formula is given. The theory is applied to such topics as compactness or trace class properties of differences of Feynman-Kac semigroups, preservation of absolutely continuous and/or essential spectra and completeness of scattering systems.The unified approach provides a new viewpoint of and a deeper insight into the subject. The book is aimed at advanced students and researchers in mathematical physics and mathematics with an interest in quantum physics, scattering theory, heat equation, operator theory, probability theory and spectral theory.

In 1931 Erwin Schrödinger considered the following problem: A huge cloud of independent and identical particles with known dynamics is supposed to be observed at finite initial and final times. What is the "most probable" state of the cloud at intermediate times? The present book provides a general yet comprehensive discourse on Schrödinger's question. Key roles in this investigation are played by conditional diffusion processes, pairs of non-linear integral equations and interacting particles systems. The introductory first chapter gives some historical background, presents the main ideas in a rather simple discrete setting and reveals the meaning of intermediate prediction to quantum mechanics. In order to answer Schrödinger's question, the book takes three distinct approaches, dealt with in separate chapters: transformation by means of a multiplicative functional, projection by means of relative entropy, and variation of a functional associated to pairs of non-linear integral equations. The book presumes a graduate level of knowledge in mathematics or physics and represents a relevant and demanding application of today's advanced probability theory.

This book offers a detailed review of perturbed random walks, perpetuities, and random processes with immigration.

This book offers a detailed review of perturbed random walks, perpetuities, and random processes with immigration.

This book provides a rigorous yet accessible introduction to the theory of stochastic processes. A significant part of the book is devoted to the classic theory of stochastic processes. In turn, it also presents proofs of well-known results, sometimes together with new approaches. Moreover, the book explores topics not previously covered elsewhere, such as distributions of functionals of diffusions stopped at different random times, the Brownian local time, diffusions with jumps, and an invariance principle for random walks and local times.Supported by carefully selected material, the book showcases a wealth of examples that demonstrate how to solve concrete problems by applying theoretical results. It addresses a broad range of applications, focusing on concrete computational techniques rather than on abstract theory. The content presented here is largely self-contained, making it suitable for researchers and graduate students alike.