School of Human Rights Research – serie

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36 produkter

Del 42 - School of Human Rights Research

Procedural Justice?

Victim Participation in International Criminal Proceedings

AvBrianne McGonigle Leyh

Häftad, Engelska, 2011

963 kr

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Special Mention from the Jury of the Max van der Stoel Human Rights Award 2012 In early 2006, the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights called for more detailed research into the relevant international standards and national and international practices concerning the role of victims in criminal proceedings. In response to this call and the increased attention paid to victims at international criminal institutions, this study explores the role of victims in international criminal proceedings. As such, the aim of this study is threefold: (i) to describe, explain and clarify the procedural role afforded to victims in international criminal proceedings; (ii) to evaluate whether the current approaches to victim participation in international criminal proceedings are consistent with human rights standards; and (iii) to determine the proper scope and content of victim participation in international criminal proceedings. To structure the analysis, the framework focuses on two central concepts, namely the unique characteristics of international criminal proceedings and human rights standards.Broken up into two main parts, the first part of the study covers criminal law theories and the current role afforded to victims in domestic jurisdictions. It further examines the development of their procedural rights both domestically and internationally. The second part of the study then deals exclusively with international criminal justice institutions and the participatory rights afforded to victims therein. Using two case studies, one on the Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia and the other on the International Criminal Court, the research highlights how these courts have approached the issue of victim participation. The study concludes with general recommendations. It is hoped that the findings of this study may contribute to a better understanding of competing rights within international criminal justice and that they provide those involved in the shaping of international criminal justice a means through which to view the participatory rights of victims.

Del 46 - School of Human Rights Research

Interpretation of Fundamental Rights in a Multilevel Legal System

An Analysis of the European Court of Human Rights and the Court of Justice of the European Union

AvHanneke Senden

Häftad, Engelska, 2011

1 161 kr

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Fundamental rights provisions are known for their relatively vague and general formulation. As a result, judges dealing with these provisions are confronted with many and often controversial interpretative choices. These interpretative choices already present judges operating in a national context with difficulties, but that is even more so for European judges operating in a multilevel context. The European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) and the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) are often criticized for delivering judgments that contain debatable choices and do not offer sufficient insight into the reasons which have led the courts to make these choices. Especially in a multilevel context where the cooperation of national authorities plays an important role as regards the effectiveness of the European courts, it is important that interpretation methods and principles are used in a transparent manner so that the reasons that justify a specific interpretative choice are clear. This volume analyses the use of a selected number of interpretation methods and principles in the fundamental rights case law of the ECtHR and the CJEU.The use of teleological, comparative, evolutive and autonomous interpretation by the ECtHR and the CJEU are elaborately discussed on the basis of both legal theoretical literature and case law. The legal theoretical analysis provides the basis for various relevant questions, hypotheses and (analytical) suggestions, that are further studied in the subsequent case law analysis. This leads to a thorough overview of the role of these interpretation methods and principles and the possibilities for improvement. This volume has been written as a PhD Thesis by Hanneke Senden (Institute for Public Law, University of Leiden; presently lawyer at Van Doorne, the Netherlands) in the framework of the research project 'Judicial reasoning in fundamental rights cases - national and European perspectives', supervised by professor J.H. Gerards and funded by the Netherlands Organisation of Scientific Research (NWO).

Del 47 - School of Human Rights Research

United Nations, the Evolution of Global Values and International Law

AvOtto Spijkers

Häftad, Engelska, 2011

1 185 kr

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In this book, Otto Spijkers describes how moral values have determined the founding of the United Nations Organization in 1945 and the evolution of its purposes, principles and policies since then. A detailed examination of the proceedings of the United Nations Conference on International Organization in San Francisco demonstrates that the drafting of the United Nations Charter was significantly influenced by global moral values, i.e. globally shared beliefs distinguishing right from wrong, good from bad, and the current from a preferable state-of-the-world. A common desire to eradicate war, poverty, inhuman treatment, and to halt the exploitation of peoples, has led to an affirmation of the values of peace and security, social progress and development, human dignity and the self-determination of all peoples. All these values ended up in the UN Charter.The book further analyzes how the United Nations, and especially its General Assembly, has continued to influence the maturing of global morality through contributions to the values-debate, and to the translation of these values into the language of international law, including the law on the use of force, sustainable development, human rights and the right to self-determination.

Del 51 - School of Human Rights Research

Enforced Disappearance

Determining State Responsibility Under the International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance

AvMarthe Lot Vermeulen

Häftad, Engelska, 2012

1 114 kr

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In late 2010, the International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance (ICPPED) entered into force. The present study addresses the question of determining state responsibility under the ICPPED, based on a framework that harmonises the protection afforded by this convention with the experiences of victims of enforced disappearance. The premise is that such an approach enhances the protection from this grave human rights violation. The book consists of two parts. The first part sets the parameters for the evaluative framework. This part examines the norms laid down in the ICPPED and identifies room for interpretation. The first part also examines the effects of an enforced disappearance on its victims and discerns the main causes of their suffering. Lastly, this part examines the state obligations that give effect to the protection from enforced disappearance. This framework provides the basis for the comparative case law analysis in the second part of the book. The second part primarily scrutinises the case law of the Human Rights Committee, the Inter-American Court of Human Rights and the European Court of Human Rights.It compares the case law on the various state obligations that are relevant to the interpretation and application of the ICPPED. Subsequently, this part evaluates the case law and provides, where necessary, alternative approaches in light of the identified main causes of victims' suffering. This study concludes with recommendations for the interpretation and application of the norms laid down in the ICPPED by its supervisory committee. Although primarily directed towards the ICPPED, the study addresses general issues concerned with the protection from enforced disappearance. Thereby, it is hoped that the book is of value to a wide range of human rights bodies and experts dealing with this human rights violation.

Del 54 - School of Human Rights Research

Mens Rea and Defences in European Criminal Law

AvJeroen Blomsma

Häftad, Engelska, 2012

1 431 kr

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In the past decades, the process of European integration has influenced all fields of law, and eventually also criminal law. Whereas the creation and enforcement of criminal liability used to be purely a national matter, European legislation now requires Member States to criminalize all sorts of harmful conduct. However, this legislation does not determine the full scope of criminal liability, omitting to define general principles of criminal law. For example, the Union refers to 'intention' in its legislation, but it has not deter-mined what qualifies as such. As a result, what is criminal in one State may not be in another, which runs counter to the goal of harmonization. This book aims to remedy this by establishing what mens rea and defences should look like in European criminal law. Should intentional conduct also encompass those consequences that were not wanted, but merely foreseen as possible side-effects? Should the European legislator be allowed to criminalize conduct that does not require any proof of mens rea? What justifications and excuses could a defendant raise in Court? Can torture or murder ever be excused?To answer these questions, this book infers common principles of mens rea and defences from European law and the legal systems of the Member States. Subsequently, it merges them into one coherent and enforceable system.

Del 56 - School of Human Rights Research

Corruption: A Violation of Human Rights and a Crime Under International Law?

AvMartine Boersma

Häftad, Engelska, 2012

1 289 kr

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Corruption, being the abuse of public office for private or political gain, currently receives an increasing amount of attention from scholars and practitioners in various disciplines, including law. While the phenomenon is as old as mankind, the last fifteen years saw the rise of many anti-corruption treaties, aimed at criminalisation, prevention and cooperation. At the same time, there seems to be relatively little work done on corruption in the field of human rights law or international criminal law. This book argues that these areas of law can certainly contribute to fighting corruption, by giving a human face to both victims and perpetrators. The study commences with Part A, containing a broader analysis of the 'multi-headed monster' named corruption, looking into issues of definition, measurement, and consequences. This is followed by an overview of the content and functioning of the global and regional anti-corruption treaties that are currently in force, including the United Nations Convention Against Corruption.Hereafter, Part B considers whether or not types of corruption can be qualified as a violation of internationally recognised human rights, enshrined in the International Bill of Rights. It is argued that corruption, especially in the public sector, can have a severe negative impact upon both civil and political rights, as well as upon economic, social and cultural rights. Moreover, the study examines to what extent this is recognised by the human rights supervisory mechanisms at the global and regional level. The concluding observations and case law of the human rights treaty bodies are scrutinised, as well as the outcomes of the various Special Procedures and the Universal Periodic Review System of the UN Human Rights Council. At the regional level, the case law of the European Court of Human Rights, the Inter-American Commission and Court of Human Rights, as well as the cases of the African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights are discussed. Furthermore, Part C of the book aims to view corruption from the angle of international criminal law, inter alia by examining whether or not types of corruption can be qualified as a crime under international criminal law.In this context, the question is answered whether corruption can fall under the current provisions of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court de lege lata. Also, the various possibilities offered by international criminal law de lege ferenda to combat corruption are touched upon. Finally, Part D draws conclusions and formulates recommendations as to how human rights law and international criminal law can best be used to address corruption. This includes a draft General Comment on corruption and human rights, with the purpose of providing a starting point for further reflection on the topic.

Del 55 - School of Human Rights Research

Principle of Equality of Arms in International Criminal Proceedings

AvMasha Fedorova

Häftad, Engelska, 2012

1 101 kr

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This book studies the interpretation and application of the principle of equality of arms in proceedings before several international criminal courts. The coming of age of these institutions merits an evaluation of the application of one of the fundamental principles underlying a criminal procedure. The practice of these courts presents some substantial challenges to achieving a meaningful equality of arms in the context in which these courts operate. Before studying the law and jurisprudence of the International Criminal Tribunals for the former Yugoslavia and Rwanda, the Special Court for Sierra Leone, the International Criminal Court, and the Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia, the historical roots and the meaning of the principle of equality of arms are examined from two perspectives: the human rights perspective and the criminal process perspective. Subsequently, four themes that are central to understanding the principle of equality of arms in the international criminal context are discussed. First, the focus is on the investigation stage of the criminal process and the ability of the parties to prepare for trial.Next, the study takes a closer look at the system of disclosure of materials that were collected during investigations. Third, attention is paid to the issue of the perceived inequality in resources and facilities between the parties and the institutionally unequal positioning of the defence. Last, issues concerning the presentation of the case at the trial stage, such as the time and the number of witnesses the parties are allowed to present and the issues relating to the examination of witnesses and the admissibility of evidence, are examined. The book concludes with general observations on the scope and proper understanding of the principle of fairness, the right to a fair trial and the principle of equality of arms.

Del 57 - School of Human Rights Research

Successive and Additional Measures to the TRC Amnesty Scheme in South Africa

Prosecutions and Presidential Pardons

AvHendrik J. Lubbe

Häftad, Engelska, 2012

1 161 kr

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The process of the transformation, reconciliation, development and reconstruction of South African society had not been finalised when the Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) and the Amnesty Committee reached the end of their mandates in 1998 and 2003 respectively. The reality is that apart from those people whose applications for amnesty have failed, there are also those who simply choose not to participate in the proceedings, as well as those who could not participate due to the limitations in the scope of the TRC. It is therefore imperative to implement measures to address "unfinished business," which should be approached in such a manner that they complement and build upon the work of the TRC. This book focuses on successive measures in the form of prosecutions and on the implementation of additional measures in the form of Presidential pardons in the aftermath of the TRC's amnesty scheme. The main objective of this book is to examine the manner in which the post-TRC phase in South Africa has unfolded and to answer the question of whether or not South Africa's post-TRC initiatives are in compliance with both national and international law.The aim of presenting the South African model, although context specific, is to contribute to a better understanding of legal challenges a society in transition faces in the aftermath of initial measures in the form of amnesty. This will provide guidance to future societies in transition and reduce the likelihood of repeating avoidable errors - errors that transitional societies can hardly afford to make.

Del 58 - School of Human Rights Research

Religious Symbols in Public Functions: Unveiling State Neutrality

A Comparative Analysis of Dutch, English and French Justifications for Limiting the Freedom of Public Officials to Display Religious Symbols

AvHana M. A. E. van Ooijen

Häftad, Engelska, 2012

1 031 kr

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Religious symbols are loaded with meaning, not only for those who display them. They have generated controversy in many circles, be they religious or secular, public or private, and within or outside academia. Debate has taken place throughout Europe and beyond, at times leading to limitations or bans of religious symbols. While this debate might seem whimsical in occasional flare-ups, it merits closer scrutiny, precisely because it is part of a long-running debate, it crosses boundaries and because it touches upon larger underlying questions. This book singles out a particularly contentious issue: religious symbols in public functions and it focuses on the judiciary, the police and public education. It is often argued that public officials in these functions should be 'neutral' which consequently implies that they cannot display religious symbols. This book aims to unravel this line of thought to the core. It disentangles the debate as it has been conducted in the Netherlands and studies the concept of state neutrality in depth.Furthermore, it appraises the arguments put forward against the background of three contexts: the European Convention on Human Rights, France and England. It critically questions whether state neutrality can necessitate and/or even justify limitations on the freedom of public officials to display religious symbols. Although this book is the result of an academic legal study, it can be read by students, academics, professionals, or anyone interested in the issue of religious symbols in public functions.

Del 60 - School of Human Rights Research

Actus Reus and Participation in European Criminal Law

AvJohannes Keiler

Häftad, Engelska, 2013

1 114 kr

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With the coming into force of the Treaty of Lisbon the competences of the European Union in the realm of criminal law have greatly expanded. The Union, in a multitude of legislative instruments, requires its Member States to criminalize a big variety of harmful conducts. However, the criminal law legislation of the European Union has so far almost exclusively focused on specific criminal offences and has failed to develop and define general principles of criminal law. The Union frequently refers to conduct, attempt and participation in its legislation but fails to determine what these concepts should denote to. As a result the scope of European criminal law may differ among European countries as Member States will apply their national doctrines to European legislation. This book aims to step in this lacuna by establishing what actus reus and rules on participation should look like in European criminal law. In addition it investigates inchoate offences and corporate criminal liability. How should the doctrines of conduct, omission and causation be defined? How to attribute liability in case several people cooperate to bring about a criminal result?What should preparing and attempting a crime denote to in European criminal law and how can corporations best be held responsible for the harm they have caused? To answer these questions this book distills common general principles on actus reus, participation, inchoate and corporate liability from the national criminal justice systems of the Member States as well as from European Union law. These results are subsequently merged into coherent principles of European criminal law.

Del 61 - School of Human Rights Research

Remedial Secession

A Right to External Self-Determination as a Remedy to Serious Injustices?

AvSimone van den Driest

Häftad, Engelska, 2013

881 kr

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It is increasingly often suggested in literature that a right to unilateral secession, stemming from the right to self-determination of peoples, may arise in case of serious injustices suffered by a people. In those extreme circumstances, an alleged right to unilateral secession operates as an ultimum remedium. While such a right to remedial secession may well be morally desirable, the question is to what extent it has actually emerged under contemporary international law. The right to self-determination of peoples is generally considered to be one of the most fundamental norms in international law. Outside the context of decolonization, the right to self-determination is a continuous right, which is to be exercised primarily within the framework of an existing State. In contrast to this internal dimension of self-determination, claims to external self-determination beyond decolonization are much more controversial, primarily due to their relation with the principle of territorial integrity of States and the fear of the international community to create disrupting precedents.In seeking to answer the question as to the extent to which a right to remedial secession has emerged under contemporary international law, this book examines the conventional content and meaning of the right to self-determination and scrutinizes whether the various sources of international law disclose (traces of) a right to remedial secession. Assessing the existence of a customary norm in this respect, the international responses to attempts at unilateral secession are examined, paying particular attention to the recent case of Kosovo. It is concluded that while there is a certain body of support for the doctrine of remedial secession, no (customary) right to remedial secession has materialized under contemporary international law. However, in view of the humanization of the international legal order, an entitlement to remedial secession might emerge in the future.

Del 63 - School of Human Rights Research

Domestic Impact and Effectiveness of the Process of State Reporting Under Un Human Rights Treaties in the Netherlands, New Zealand and Finland

Paper-Pushing or Policy Prompting?

AvJasper Krommendijk

Häftad, Engelska, 2014

1 004 kr

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The number of international human rights treaties and monitoring mechanisms has grown considerably over the past decades. States are increasingly confronted with criticism as to their domestic human rights record. What is the effect of all these treaties, monitoring and criticism? Do they lead to changes and improvements? This book addresses such questions. More in particular, it investigates the domestic impact and effectiveness of the process of state reporting under the six main UN human rights treaties in the Netherlands, New Zealand and Finland. The focus is on the effectiveness of the recommendations of the treaty bodies and the extent to which policy or legislation is changed as a result of these recommendations. This question has hardly been addressed before. This book fills this empirical gap and provides insights into the factors at both the national and international level which contribute to the effectiveness of the treaty bodies' recommendations. The book is original and thorough in its approach because it is based on an extensive analysis of a wide variety of documents as well as 175 interviews with various domestic human rights stakeholders in the three countries.This includes government officials, NGO representatives, members of parliament, lawyers and judges, representatives from human rights and Ombudsman institutions and academics. The book discusses a large number of concrete examples of effective recommendations of the treaty bodies to illustrate the major conclusions. The book is targeted at both academics as well as human rights practitioners, including government officials, human rights advocates and representatives from NGOs and national human rights institutions. It provides practical insights on how such practitioners can deal with or use the reporting process and the recommendations in their work. This book is also of interest to an interdisciplinary group of scholars studying compliance with international law and human rights. The book particularly includes International Relations and International Law theories on domestic and transnational mobilisation and advocacy as well as legitimacy and persuasion based explanations.

Del 64 - School of Human Rights Research

Access to Medicines

The Interface Between Patents and Human Rights. Does One Size Fit All?

AvJennifer Sellin

Häftad, Engelska, 2014

1 065 kr

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Millions of people worldwide lack adequate access to medicines, particularly in developing countries where resources are scarce with devastating human, social and economic consequences. The example of HIV/AIDS, for which treatment has advanced so significantly in the last decade that a diagnosis no longer necessarily brings with it a death sentence, highlights the importance of ensuring that essential medicines are affordable and accessible to all. This book focuses on one aspect of access to medicines: the affordability of essential medicines, and its connection to human rights and patents. The argument often made is that patent protection for medicines results in higher prices which negatively impacts access. Patients having no or inadequate access to affordable medicines endangers the full realisation of human rights, particularly the right to health. This book investigates this issue from a legal perspective, taking both an international and domestic angle.This study examines the interface of access to affordable medicines and patent protection from the perspective of international human rights law and the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) within the framework of the World Trade Organisation. The essential question posed by this book is whether access to medicines and patent protection conflict or coexist. The discussion is deepened by including a developing country approach. Three country studies have been conducted, on South Africa, India and Uganda. These aim to provide a concrete insight into whether these countries recognise and acknowledge the interplay between patents and human rights with respect to access to medicines. Secondly these studies examine whether TRIPS leaves sufficient freedom for (developing) states to adopt a patent system suited to their domestic needs, enabling them to strike a fair balance between access to medicines and patent protection for medicines. In other words: does one size fit all? This book is targeted at both academics and human rights practitioners, including government officials, human rights advocates and NGOs.It goes further than a mere theoretical discussion on the issue from an international law perspective by providing an in-depth examination of domestic (legal) frameworks relevant for the issue of access to medicines. It illustrates that the normative force of human rights in combination with social movement can provide a powerful tool for prioritising the health needs of the global poor.

Del 66 - School of Human Rights Research

Prevention of Genocide Under International Law

An Analysis of the Obligations of States and the United Nations to Prevent Genocide at the Primary, Secondary and Tertiary Levels

AvEtienne Ruvebana

Häftad, Engelska, 2014

1 091 kr

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Genocide is the crime of crimes which shocks the conscience of mankind the most because of the unspeakable damage and pain it causes. This book studies the obligation to prevent genocide under international law and more particularly the extent of that obligation under the Genocide Convention and customary international law.

Del 65 - School of Human Rights Research

Rights, Scarcity, and Justice

An Analytical Inquiry into the Adjudication of the Welfare Aspects of Human Rights

AvGustavo Arosemena Solorzano

Häftad, Engelska, 2014

970 kr

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Can human rights really protect people from want? If one is lacking medical care or housing, can one really go to a judge and ask for the provision of such goods and services? These questions have proved divisive for academics, politicians and judges working in the field of human rights. Some consider that there is no real difference between civil and political rights and economic, social and cultural rights. Others think that economic, social and cultural rights have structural features that make their judicial protection unwelcome. This book aims to move this debate forward. It starts by recognizing that while there is no abyss between civil and political rights and economic, social and cultural rights, some perceptible differences between different duties arising out of human rights remain. In particular, duties aiming to provide for basic needs which are significantly costly give rise to problems that deserve special attention. They are structurally disposed to give rise to dilemmas.Under human rights, everybody is entitled to certain goods and services in times of dire need, but in a context of scarcity, there are not enough resources to provide these goods and services to everybody. Under what rule or principle would it be reasonable for judges to intervene in these sorts of situations? What would be the best approach to these problems? How can a judge intervene in these problems while maintaining his commitment to the rights of everyone? The book studies the possibilities of judicial engagement with matters of welfare in situations of scarcity. First, it isolates the real problems that such forms of judicial engagement entail. Afterwards, it presents three distinct strategies for protecting welfare duties judicially: reasonableness, prioritization and deliberative democratic dialogue. Reasonableness is based on the practice of reasonableness review present in the Constitutional Court of South Africa. By contrast, prioritization and deliberative democratic dialogue constitute more novel alternatives to reasonableness that are loosely inspired in various developments in comparative constitutional law.Finally, it discusses the relative merits and demerits of these strategies in an analytical framework based on qualitative comparative analysis.