SEDA Series – serie

Drawing on scholarship as well as established practice, A Handbook for Student Engagement in Higher Education is a sector-leading volume that unpacks the concept of student engagement. It provides ideas and examples alongside compelling theory- and research-based evidence to offer a thorough and innovative exploration of how students and staff can work together to genuinely transform the higher education learning experience.Providing readers with evidence from successfully embedded schemes, the book uses case studies and practical, workable examples from a variety of international institutions. With the insight of world-leading contributors, it showcases what good practice looks like in higher education institutions across the globe. Simultaneously collating a wealth of contemporary research, this book creates vivid connections between theories and student engagement in higher education, with chapter topics including: Creating relationships between students, staff and universities Offering non-traditional students extracurricular opportunities Taking a students-as-partners approach Critically reflecting on identities, particularities and relationships The future of student engagement.In a fast-developing and significantly shifting area, this book is essential reading for higher education managers and those working directly in the field of student engagement.

Drawing on scholarship as well as established practice, A Handbook for Student Engagement in Higher Education is a sector-leading volume that unpacks the concept of student engagement. It provides ideas and examples alongside compelling theory- and research-based evidence to offer a thorough and innovative exploration of how students and staff can work together to genuinely transform the higher education learning experience.Providing readers with evidence from successfully embedded schemes, the book uses case studies and practical, workable examples from a variety of international institutions. With the insight of world-leading contributors, it showcases what good practice looks like in higher education institutions across the globe. Simultaneously collating a wealth of contemporary research, this book creates vivid connections between theories and student engagement in higher education, with chapter topics including: Creating relationships between students, staff and universities Offering non-traditional students extracurricular opportunities Taking a students-as-partners approach Critically reflecting on identities, particularities and relationships The future of student engagement.In a fast-developing and significantly shifting area, this book is essential reading for higher education managers and those working directly in the field of student engagement.

Presenting leadership of educational change in higher education as a dynamic, collaborative, and evolving area, Delivering Educational Change in Higher Education provides rich examples of how new ways of working are being adopted and adapted. It brings together leaders and practitioners, as authors and readers, to share their experiences of whole organisational change.Across the chapters, common threads highlight the importance of organisational context, of shared or distributed leadership, and the critical need for continuous learning in and on action by reflective readers. Linking case studies to a range of practical models and theories, this book: Explores established paradigms and models of change management and leadership. Offers examples from a diverse range of institutional contexts. Models critical reflective practice in the leadership of educational change. Addresses the future of educational developers working collaboratively with an increasingly diverse higher education workforce.Providing rare insights into ‘the what’ and ‘the how’ of change management and leadership, this book will be of interest to senior managers, educators, programme leaders, and educational developers who are all working in collaborative ways to enact positive change for student learning and experience.

Presenting leadership of educational change in higher education as a dynamic, collaborative, and evolving area, Delivering Educational Change in Higher Education provides rich examples of how new ways of working are being adopted and adapted. It brings together leaders and practitioners, as authors and readers, to share their experiences of whole organisational change.Across the chapters, common threads highlight the importance of organisational context, of shared or distributed leadership, and the critical need for continuous learning in and on action by reflective readers. Linking case studies to a range of practical models and theories, this book: Explores established paradigms and models of change management and leadership. Offers examples from a diverse range of institutional contexts. Models critical reflective practice in the leadership of educational change. Addresses the future of educational developers working collaboratively with an increasingly diverse higher education workforce.Providing rare insights into ‘the what’ and ‘the how’ of change management and leadership, this book will be of interest to senior managers, educators, programme leaders, and educational developers who are all working in collaborative ways to enact positive change for student learning and experience.

This book offers fresh perspectives on the challenges of assessment and feedback in higher education. A must-read for university leaders, academics, and educational developers, it asks ‘what if’ questions to unlock some of the systemic problems of assessment and feedback. It shifts the debate to focus on students’ experience at a programme level, introducing a different way of thinking about assessment and feedback, and advancing the value of theories of alienation and engagement. Based on the ‘Transforming the Experience of Students through Assessment’ (TESTA) project, the book discusses a method for understanding the impact of assessment and feedback on student learning. Drawing on evidence from TESTA, it provides practical insights about changing programme assessment patterns to foster student agency and engagement. The book gives impetus to changing the design assessment and feedback, inviting academics, educational leaders, and students into more transparent, open, and shared decision-making about assessment and feedback beyond the module level.This key title is designed to support academics and educational leaders to making sustainable and systemic improvements to the pedagogy of assessment. It expands on good principles, practices, and theories about how students learn from assessment and feedback by paying attention to a programme level perspective of the student experience.

This book offers fresh perspectives on the challenges of assessment and feedback in higher education. A must-read for university leaders, academics, and educational developers, it asks ‘what if’ questions to unlock some of the systemic problems of assessment and feedback. It shifts the debate to focus on students’ experience at a programme level, introducing a different way of thinking about assessment and feedback, and advancing the value of theories of alienation and engagement. Based on the ‘Transforming the Experience of Students through Assessment’ (TESTA) project, the book discusses a method for understanding the impact of assessment and feedback on student learning. Drawing on evidence from TESTA, it provides practical insights about changing programme assessment patterns to foster student agency and engagement. The book gives impetus to changing the design assessment and feedback, inviting academics, educational leaders, and students into more transparent, open, and shared decision-making about assessment and feedback beyond the module level.This key title is designed to support academics and educational leaders to making sustainable and systemic improvements to the pedagogy of assessment. It expands on good principles, practices, and theories about how students learn from assessment and feedback by paying attention to a programme level perspective of the student experience.

Offering research- and evidence-based approaches that explore the essential components of programme leadership in higher education, this book is designed to define, develop and support the programme leadership role and all those who undertake it.The book is split into three parts, taking into account the three different lenses through which programme leaders and their professional practice and relationships are generally viewed: the institution, the individual and the programme team. Chapters and case studies address key elements crucial to the holistic development of programme leadership and programme leaders. These include:Understanding and developing programme leadership in contextDeveloping organisational structures and processes so programme leaders can thriveGrowing programme leaders’ educational leadership, team working and communicationCrucial reading for programme leaders, as well as academic and educational developers and leaders working across faculties and whole institutions, this text includes contributions from teaching- and research-focused higher education institutions, as well as established and modern college- and university-based providers in both the northern and southern hemispheres.

Offering research- and evidence-based approaches that explore the essential components of programme leadership in higher education, this book is designed to define, develop and support the programme leadership role and all those who undertake it.The book is split into three parts, taking into account the three different lenses through which programme leaders and their professional practice and relationships are generally viewed: the institution, the individual and the programme team. Chapters and case studies address key elements crucial to the holistic development of programme leadership and programme leaders. These include:Understanding and developing programme leadership in contextDeveloping organisational structures and processes so programme leaders can thriveGrowing programme leaders’ educational leadership, team working and communicationCrucial reading for programme leaders, as well as academic and educational developers and leaders working across faculties and whole institutions, this text includes contributions from teaching- and research-focused higher education institutions, as well as established and modern college- and university-based providers in both the northern and southern hemispheres.

Systematic support for improving education and learning in further and higher education has moved to centre stage in recent years- a phenomenon reflected in the booming membership of professional development bodies. This title complements the authors' introductory Guide to Staff and Educational Development, also in this series. This book provides a more detailed consideration of the fundamental issues in staff and educational development, analysing the context in which it functions, the roles undertaken by practitioners and ways in which staff and educational development can be promoted and managed at senior and institutional levels, as well as for individuals.Written in an engaging, accessible style, it is rooted in practice with a wealth of case study material and practical advice. The book covers areas such as:* how professionals learn and develop* developing institutional policy and strategy for development* leading an educational development unit* programmes in learning and teaching in higher education* areas of specialist expertise* career pathwaysEnhancing Staff and Educational Development combines the insights of seasoned developers with the innovations of new developers, and will be a compelling read for anyone dedicated to the improvement of teaching and learning.

Systematic support for improving education and learning in further and higher education has moved to centre stage in recent years- a phenomenon reflected in the booming membership of professional development bodies. This title complements the authors' introductory Guide to Staff and Educational Development, also in this series. This book provides a more detailed consideration of the fundamental issues in staff and educational development, analysing the context in which it functions, the roles undertaken by practitioners and ways in which staff and educational development can be promoted and managed at senior and institutional levels, as well as for individuals.Written in an engaging, accessible style, it is rooted in practice with a wealth of case study material and practical advice. The book covers areas such as:* how professionals learn and develop* developing institutional policy and strategy for development* leading an educational development unit* programmes in learning and teaching in higher education* areas of specialist expertise* career pathwaysEnhancing Staff and Educational Development combines the insights of seasoned developers with the innovations of new developers, and will be a compelling read for anyone dedicated to the improvement of teaching and learning.

Higher education institutions are becoming increasingly reliant on ICT for providing enhanced teaching and learning, and lecturers are adopting new methods of working and ways of teaching with technology all the time. However, without structure and commitment, these changes may not be bringing out the best that ICT has to offer.Providing a wide-ranging account of the quality issues surrounding the use of ICT in higher education, this book develops useful advice and guidance on key areas including:* devising an institution-wide strategy* developing course materials* providing distance and e-learning courses* using ICT-assisted assessment* adopting professional support processes.With authoritative and practical contributions from leading experts in the field, this book will be a valuable addition to the shelves of all those involved in using ICT in higher education - managers, lecturers or education developers.

Higher education institutions are becoming increasingly reliant on ICT for providing enhanced teaching and learning, and lecturers are adopting new methods of working and ways of teaching with technology all the time. However, without structure and commitment, these changes may not be bringing out the best that ICT has to offer.Providing a wide-ranging account of the quality issues surrounding the use of ICT in higher education, this book develops useful advice and guidance on key areas including:* devising an institution-wide strategy* developing course materials* providing distance and e-learning courses* using ICT-assisted assessment* adopting professional support processes.With authoritative and practical contributions from leading experts in the field, this book will be a valuable addition to the shelves of all those involved in using ICT in higher education - managers, lecturers or education developers.

In today's highly competitive and globalized higher education market, leaders and managers find themselves considering the same issues of quality assurance, increased participation, the potential of new technologies and improving standards of teaching, learning and leadership. Education development has a central role to play in these areas, and should be a core element in the strategic positioning of all higher education institutions.This book is a packed with research and proven case study material on what education development can offer managers in higher education. It draws from worldwide experiences of leading innovative educational developers, and illustrates the numerous ways in which education development strategies, structures and processes can make a difference to an institution's corporate strategy.

Making sense of the many changes that have taken place in learning and teaching in higher education in recent years, Changing Higher Education also offers insights into how higher education might develop in the future.Using the work of Lewis Elton as a starting point, leading researchers and practitioners in the field examine and reflect on different aspects of the changing nature of higher eduction. These experts:* outline changes in higher education and ways of thinking about teaching and learning over the last thirty years. * analyse the development of students’ learning * examine the development of learning technologies in higher education * consider the development of the accreditation and scholarship of teaching in higher education * develop a framework through which to understand and question the future development of learning and teaching in higher education. Aimed at staff and educational developers, and those studying postgraduate qualifications in learning and teaching in higher education, this is an insightful framework through which to understand and question on-going developments in higher education.

Making sense of the many changes that have taken place in learning and teaching in higher education in recent years, Changing Higher Education also offers insights into how higher education might develop in the future.Using the work of Lewis Elton as a starting point, leading researchers and practitioners in the field examine and reflect on different aspects of the changing nature of higher eduction. These experts:* outline changes in higher education and ways of thinking about teaching and learning over the last thirty years. * analyse the development of students’ learning * examine the development of learning technologies in higher education * consider the development of the accreditation and scholarship of teaching in higher education * develop a framework through which to understand and question the future development of learning and teaching in higher education. Aimed at staff and educational developers, and those studying postgraduate qualifications in learning and teaching in higher education, this is an insightful framework through which to understand and question on-going developments in higher education.

In today's highly competitive and globalized higher education market, leaders and managers find themselves considering the same issues of quality assurance, increased participation, the potential of new technologies and improving standards of teaching, learning and leadership. Education development has a central role to play in these areas, and should be a core element in the strategic positioning of all higher education institutions.This book is a packed with research and proven case study material on what education development can offer managers in higher education. It draws from worldwide experiences of leading innovative educational developers, and illustrates the numerous ways in which education development strategies, structures and processes can make a difference to an institution's corporate strategy.

Teaching International Students explores the challenges presented to lecturer and student alike by increased cultural diversity within universities. Packed with practical advice from experienced practitioners and underpinned by reference to pedagogic theory throughout, topics covered include: the issues arising from international students studying alongside ‘home’ students the nature of learning and teacher-student relationships curriculum and development of teaching skills multicultural group work postgraduate supervision the experience of the international studentTeaching International Students is essential reading. It demonstrates how improved training for teachers and a better understanding of the international student can enhance the experience of both and, ultimately, provide more positive learning environments for international students in the higher education system.

Teaching International Students explores the challenges presented to lecturer and student alike by increased cultural diversity within universities. Packed with practical advice from experienced practitioners and underpinned by reference to pedagogic theory throughout, topics covered include: the issues arising from international students studying alongside ‘home’ students the nature of learning and teacher-student relationships curriculum and development of teaching skills multicultural group work postgraduate supervision the experience of the international studentTeaching International Students is essential reading. It demonstrates how improved training for teachers and a better understanding of the international student can enhance the experience of both and, ultimately, provide more positive learning environments for international students in the higher education system.

The Realities of Change in Higher Education explores the theory and practice of the everyday reality of change to promote learning and teaching in universities. Drawing on international case studies, it analyses a range of practical strategies to promote change that enhance students’ learning. Structured to flow from analysis of policy level change through to small-scale change at curriculum level, experienced practitioners consider key topics including:national policies and strategies different leadership styles the advancement of teaching and learning through research and scholarship how communities of practice may be effective agents for change in higher education the relationship between technology and change student assessment as a strategic tool for enhancing teaching and learning. With practical advice to enhance the learning experience of increasing numbers of university students, this book will appeal to all practitioners involved in improving learning and teaching outcomes in higher education.

The Realities of Change in Higher Education explores the theory and practice of the everyday reality of change to promote learning and teaching in universities. Drawing on international case studies, it analyses a range of practical strategies to promote change that enhance students’ learning. Structured to flow from analysis of policy level change through to small-scale change at curriculum level, experienced practitioners consider key topics including:national policies and strategies different leadership styles the advancement of teaching and learning through research and scholarship how communities of practice may be effective agents for change in higher education the relationship between technology and change student assessment as a strategic tool for enhancing teaching and learning. With practical advice to enhance the learning experience of increasing numbers of university students, this book will appeal to all practitioners involved in improving learning and teaching outcomes in higher education.

Part-time teachers have become an increasing part of the workforce in universities throughout the world. They work in a sector undergoing enormous change and debate about the purposes of the university for individuals, societies and economies. As part-time employees, however, they are not necessarily offered the same level of support or recognition as full-time lecturers. This book, drawing on the voices of part-time teachers and the expertise of those who support them, considers whole-institution strategies to promote individual and collective professional development.Utilising real action research undertaken by expert practitioners from Australia, New Zealand and the UK, this book explains: What motivates part-time teachers;Developing effective policy and practice to support part-time teachers;What part-time teachers’ voices tell us about the content and delivery of induction programmes and ongoing support;The implications of change and future directions of Higher Education and part-time educators;How to build sustainable frameworks for the professional development of part-time staff.Developing Effective Part-time Teachers in Higher Education explores the extent to which part-time staff are utilised, the effectiveness of their teaching, their integration into the broader teaching environment, and their training and development. This international text will prove an invaluable source for anyone involved in academic and educational staff development in Higher or Further Education, and is essential reading for Human Resources directors and managers, senior academics and all part-time teachers.

Part-time teachers have become an increasing part of the workforce in universities throughout the world. They work in a sector undergoing enormous change and debate about the purposes of the university for individuals, societies and economies. As part-time employees, however, they are not necessarily offered the same level of support or recognition as full-time lecturers. This book, drawing on the voices of part-time teachers and the expertise of those who support them, considers whole-institution strategies to promote individual and collective professional development.Utilising real action research undertaken by expert practitioners from Australia, New Zealand and the UK, this book explains: What motivates part-time teachers;Developing effective policy and practice to support part-time teachers;What part-time teachers’ voices tell us about the content and delivery of induction programmes and ongoing support;The implications of change and future directions of Higher Education and part-time educators;How to build sustainable frameworks for the professional development of part-time staff.Developing Effective Part-time Teachers in Higher Education explores the extent to which part-time staff are utilised, the effectiveness of their teaching, their integration into the broader teaching environment, and their training and development. This international text will prove an invaluable source for anyone involved in academic and educational staff development in Higher or Further Education, and is essential reading for Human Resources directors and managers, senior academics and all part-time teachers.

Most university teachers have ideas about the typical good or not-so-good student in their classes, but rarely do they share these thoughts with others. By keeping quiet about the preconceptions – or stereotypes – they harbour, teachers put themselves at risk of missing key evidence to help them revise their beliefs; more importantly, they may fail to notice students in real need of their support and encouragement.In this unique work, the authors explore UK and US university teachers’ beliefs about their students’ performance and reveal which beliefs are well-founded, which are mistaken, which mask other underlying factors, and what they can do about them. So is it true, for instance, that British Asian students find medicine more difficult than their white counterparts, or that American students with sports scholarships take their studies less seriously? Is it the case that students who sit at the front of the lecture hall get better grades than those who sit at the back? By comparing students’ demographic data and their actual performance with their teachers’ expectations, the authors expose a complex picture of multiple factors affecting performance. They also contrast students’ comments about their own study habits with their views on what makes a good learner. For each preconception, they offer clear advice on how university teachers can redesign their courses, introduce new activities and assignments and communicate effective learning strategies that students will be able to put into practice. Finally, the authors explore the ramifications of teachers’ beliefs and suggest actions that can be taken at the level of the institution, department or programme and in educational development events, designed to level the playing field so that students have a more equitable chance of success.Ideal for both educational developers and university teachers, this book: reveals general tendencies and findings that will inform developers’ own work with university teachers, provides practical guidance and solutions for university teachers to be able to identify and address students’ actual – rather than assumed – needs, explores means of addressing and challenging people’s natural tendency to rely on preconceived ideas and stereotypes, and explains an action research method that educational developers can use on their own campuses to unravel some of the local preconceptions that may be hampering student success.

Most university teachers have ideas about the typical good or not-so-good student in their classes, but rarely do they share these thoughts with others. By keeping quiet about the preconceptions – or stereotypes – they harbour, teachers put themselves at risk of missing key evidence to help them revise their beliefs; more importantly, they may fail to notice students in real need of their support and encouragement.In this unique work, the authors explore UK and US university teachers’ beliefs about their students’ performance and reveal which beliefs are well-founded, which are mistaken, which mask other underlying factors, and what they can do about them. So is it true, for instance, that British Asian students find medicine more difficult than their white counterparts, or that American students with sports scholarships take their studies less seriously? Is it the case that students who sit at the front of the lecture hall get better grades than those who sit at the back? By comparing students’ demographic data and their actual performance with their teachers’ expectations, the authors expose a complex picture of multiple factors affecting performance. They also contrast students’ comments about their own study habits with their views on what makes a good learner. For each preconception, they offer clear advice on how university teachers can redesign their courses, introduce new activities and assignments and communicate effective learning strategies that students will be able to put into practice. Finally, the authors explore the ramifications of teachers’ beliefs and suggest actions that can be taken at the level of the institution, department or programme and in educational development events, designed to level the playing field so that students have a more equitable chance of success.Ideal for both educational developers and university teachers, this book: reveals general tendencies and findings that will inform developers’ own work with university teachers, provides practical guidance and solutions for university teachers to be able to identify and address students’ actual – rather than assumed – needs, explores means of addressing and challenging people’s natural tendency to rely on preconceived ideas and stereotypes, and explains an action research method that educational developers can use on their own campuses to unravel some of the local preconceptions that may be hampering student success.

Enhancing the student experience, and in particular student engagement, has become a primary focus of Higher Education. It is in particularly sharp focus as Higher Education moves forward into the uncertain world of high student fees and a developed Higher Education market. Student engagement is a hot topic, in considering how to offer ‘value’ and a better student experience. Moreover it is receiving much attention all over the world and underpins so many other priorities such as retention, widening participation and improving student learning generally.Understanding and Developing Student Engagement draws from a range of contributors in a wide variety of roles in Higher Education and all contributors are actively involved in the Researching, Advancing and Inspiring Student Engagement (RAISE) Network.While utilising detailed case examples from UK universities, the authors also provide a critical review and distillation of the differing paradigms of Student Engagement in America, Australasia, South Africa and Europe, drawing upon key research studies and concepts from a variety of contexts.This book uncovers the multi-dimensional nature of student engagement, utilising case examples from both student and staff perspectives, and provides conceptual clarity and strong evidence about this rather elusive notion. It provides a firm foundation from which to discuss practices and policies that might best serve to foster engagement.

Enhancing the student experience, and in particular student engagement, has become a primary focus of Higher Education. It is in particularly sharp focus as Higher Education moves forward into the uncertain world of high student fees and a developed Higher Education market. Student engagement is a hot topic, in considering how to offer ‘value’ and a better student experience. Moreover it is receiving much attention all over the world and underpins so many other priorities such as retention, widening participation and improving student learning generally.Understanding and Developing Student Engagement draws from a range of contributors in a wide variety of roles in Higher Education and all contributors are actively involved in the Researching, Advancing and Inspiring Student Engagement (RAISE) Network.While utilising detailed case examples from UK universities, the authors also provide a critical review and distillation of the differing paradigms of Student Engagement in America, Australasia, South Africa and Europe, drawing upon key research studies and concepts from a variety of contexts.This book uncovers the multi-dimensional nature of student engagement, utilising case examples from both student and staff perspectives, and provides conceptual clarity and strong evidence about this rather elusive notion. It provides a firm foundation from which to discuss practices and policies that might best serve to foster engagement.

Across the world, universities are transforming their teaching and learning practices to meet the challenges facing Higher Education in the 21st century. Research into teaching and learning in Higher Education has never been a more important issue. Growing numbers of academics across disciplines are conducting research in their teaching. This book presents contemporary approaches to researching university teaching and learning to address this rising demand. The author provides a much needed comprehensive yet basic approach for conducting this type of research. A perfect resource for new lecturers, professional developers, researchers and graduate students; this book provides useful and effective guidance for conducting teaching and learning research in Higher Education. Filling a clear gap in the market, this book covers all the essential methodological and theoretical bases needed to engage in Higher Education research. This book offers a refreshingly light yet serious approach to research which has proved to yield significant advances in the field, allowing new academics from any discipline to effectively conduct higher education research. Each chapter covers the following: FRAMING HIGHER EDUCATION RESEARCH Generating an ETHICAL FRAMEWORK QUALITATIVE DATA ANALYSIS FOCUS GROUP RESEARCH SEMI-STRUCTURED INTERVIEWS NARRATIVE INQUIRY ETHNOGRAPHIC APPROACHES CASE STUDY RESEARCH ACTION RESEARCH APPRECIATIVE INQUIRY PHENOMENOGRAPHY RESEARCHING THRESHOLD CONCEPTS VISUAL RESEARCH EVALUATION APPROACHES This book is an invaluable resource for anyone interested in up to date theories and methods for conducting teaching and learning research in Higher Education.

Across the world, universities are transforming their teaching and learning practices to meet the challenges facing Higher Education in the 21st century. Research into teaching and learning in Higher Education has never been a more important issue. Growing numbers of academics across disciplines are conducting research in their teaching. This book presents contemporary approaches to researching university teaching and learning to address this rising demand. The author provides a much needed comprehensive yet basic approach for conducting this type of research. A perfect resource for new lecturers, professional developers, researchers and graduate students; this book provides useful and effective guidance for conducting teaching and learning research in Higher Education. Filling a clear gap in the market, this book covers all the essential methodological and theoretical bases needed to engage in Higher Education research. This book offers a refreshingly light yet serious approach to research which has proved to yield significant advances in the field, allowing new academics from any discipline to effectively conduct higher education research. Each chapter covers the following: FRAMING HIGHER EDUCATION RESEARCH Generating an ETHICAL FRAMEWORK QUALITATIVE DATA ANALYSIS FOCUS GROUP RESEARCH SEMI-STRUCTURED INTERVIEWS NARRATIVE INQUIRY ETHNOGRAPHIC APPROACHES CASE STUDY RESEARCH ACTION RESEARCH APPRECIATIVE INQUIRY PHENOMENOGRAPHY RESEARCHING THRESHOLD CONCEPTS VISUAL RESEARCH EVALUATION APPROACHES This book is an invaluable resource for anyone interested in up to date theories and methods for conducting teaching and learning research in Higher Education.

Exploring the issue of how educational staff can balance successfully their research and teaching activities, this volume argues that the entire system governing the relationship amongst research, teaching and learning should be dismantled and rebuilt, focusing on symbiosis rather than conflict.