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The decade of the 1970's has seen substantial improvement in our under standing of the determinants of urban spatial patterns. It is typical of western science and technology of the past several centuries that these advances in urban spatial analysis have resulted from the efforts of many individuals. No one of these claims to have found the answer; rather, each contributes some additional understanding of a rather complex set of inter related phenomena. All of this most recent work, in one way or another, rests on preliminary analysis work done in the previous ten to fifteen years. Those earlier efforts are the subject of this book. A very few studies of urban spatial patterns were done prior to 1960. However, it was not until then, with the coming of age of electronic data processing machinery, that work began in earnest. Many theories and theoretical models of urban form were postulated, and some were tested. Often the tests were inconclusive or unsuccessful. The theories often lacked consistency and coherence. Some of the testing was inadequate or even inappropriate. Much of the research was done amidst the turmoil (and sometimes chaos) of attempted (and often premature) application. The results were frequently incompletely described, if described at all. Yet, out of all this, there began to emerge some clearer notion of the determinants of urban spatial patterns.
Economies of Scale, Transport Costs and Location
Studies in Applied Regional Science Series
Inbunden, Engelska, 1979
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The presence of nonconvexities does severe damage to conventional theories of the firm and of the individual. The essential contribution of location theory, however, is in a world in which there are such nonconvexities. If resources are distributed evenly and the usual convexity assumptions made, then economic activity would be distributed evenly; there would be no concentration of pro duction. Thus the statement that is usually made, that the standard results carry over to a world in which there is spatial choice, is too weak and fails to capture the essence oflocation theory. Nevertheless, we must also concede that, while the introduction of the spatial dimension is interesting and fruitful when (perhaps only when) there are non convexities, space should not be thought of as a panacea whereby problems those associated with economies of scale, for example -can be made to disap pear. There is no guarantee, for example, that production units will be operated in convex regions of their total cost curves, even if they are constrained to oper ate in a 'space economy'. These considerations led to the conclusion that the role of spatial choice and the determinants of such choice would be best analysed by case study. This book is one such study. It is based on my doctoral dissertation at the University of Cambridge, fmanced by a grant from the Social Science Research Council.
Del 17 - Studies in Applied Regional Science
Economic—Environmental—Energy Interactions
Modeling and Policy Analysis
Inbunden, Engelska, 1980
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This publication is concerned with two major current debates in public policy in all affluent societies. One is the widespread concern with the quality of the natural environment-the quality of air, water, land, and wilderness areas-which has expressed itself in the passage and implementation in recent years of a variety of environmental laws and regulations. A second debate concerns the adequacy of energy resources to meet the requirements of a growing economy. The requirement that industries must abate environmental pollution leads to increased costs of production and, in turn, to higher prices, falling output in those industries, and reduced employment and income in the region where such industries are located. There may be, at the same time, growth in indus tries that supply pollution abatement equipment and services in those or other regions. Over time, the health and economic benefits of higher envi ronmental quality express themselves in changing patterns of consumption.
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The study of the evolution of an urban system raises a number of practical questions, as to the operational definition of the components of the system as well as to the incorporation of the factor time in the analysis. In this chapter the fo cuss is on the urban centres, the nodes of the urban system. One of the first pro blems to be solved now is the definition of such a node. It has been argued above that population size can be used as an approximation of the complexity of the spatial economic structure of a region. The acceptation of this notion makes it possible to study the urban system as a population system. The analysis of the population system over the study period will be pursued from this perspective. The study period, 1840-1970, covers completely the industrialization and urbanization phase which occurred during the industrial revolution. Over this period the spatial organizational structure of society evolved from a rural-commercial to wards a modern urban-industrial state. One of the major events in this period of change is the spatial redistribution of the population and the population growth. This process will be examined below at three levels of aggregation: (I) the popu lation distribution as one frequency distribution, (2) the population distribution dis aggregated into a n~ber of size classes, and (3) the individual cities which make up the population distribution.
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The greatest challenge facing mankind today is the immense disparity in the levels of income among people in different parts of the globe. The growth rate of income of the poor countries is consistantiy far below the rate of the advanced, industrialized nations. Due to low income and a high propensity to consume, there is very little left in these countries for investment. A major portion of the resources available is devoted to military expenditures. This continual decline in the standard of living, coupled with poverty and unemployment, will lead to social and political upheaval in these countries, which affects developed countries. Because of high capacity and low population growth, the market of the developed countries is already saturated. To maintain the high standard of living in the developed countries it is necessary to have a strong and stable developing world. It is gratifying to see that both groups of countries see the need for peaceful economic growth; however, the amount of cooperation between countries and the material help from the developed countries are far from satisfactory. The economic and social scientists have investigated the best way to achieve the transformation from a poverty-ridden condition to a decent existence. Their studies have proceeded in two different directions. One is a more descriptive, historical analysis and the other is theoretical model building. Although these studies have achieved a relatively high level of perfection, one significant factor is sometimes missing.
Del 1 - Studies in Applied Regional Science
On the use of input-output models for regional planning
Häftad, Engelska, 1976
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This book attempts to show, in a style acceptable to both academics and hurried planning executives, how simple analytic tools may be used to bridge the substantial gap between producing an input-output table and using one. In pursuing this goal, we eschew all discussions of complex programming models, for example, and concentrate on, above all, interpretation of the transactions table itself, on such common tools as multipliers, impact analysis, projections models, and self-sufficiency analysis, and on a few innovations such as income-per-employee indices, development simulators, and market analysis routines. Our primary purpose has been to show how planners, both private and public, can use regional input-output analysis quickly and to their advantage. The Georgia Interindustry Study was sponsored by the Office of Planning and Budget and the Department of Industry and Trade of the State of Georgia; their support is gratefully acknowledged. The fmal study report, of which this book represents a substantial revision, benefited enormously from the support and incisive criticisms of Dr. William W. Nash, then with the Office of Planning and Bud~t; his efforts are warmly appreciated. Many other officials in Georgia government contributed to this study, including: Louis Schneider and Kenneth P. Johnson in the' Office of PlaJ}ning and Budget; James O. Bohanan, James Butler, George Rogers, and H.W. Wiley in the Department of Industry and Trade; Joe Woodall and Corine Cross in the Department of Labor; William M. Nixon in the Department of Audits; and J .B.
Del 2 - Studies in Applied Regional Science
Forecasting transportation impacts upon land use
Häftad, Engelska, 1976
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The idea for this book had its origins in a series of working papers prepared for the Georgia Transportation Planning Land Use Model project. The book is not an official report on that project and does not necessarily reflect the views of the Georgia Department of Transportation. Mrs. Catherine Bennett, Systems Designer, assisted in the special run of the Georgia State Econometric Model in Chapter 2. Mr. Richard Burns and Miss Louise Shedd, research assistant!i, aided in data assembly and analysis for Chapters 3 and 5. The authors wish to express their particular thanks to Mrs. Dallas Gonzales, who provided editorial assistance, and to Mrs. Deborah Conklin, who typed the final manuscript. Table of contents PREFACE v LIST OF TABLES x LIST OF FIGURES xii 1. INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW PAUL F. WENDT Urban growth theories 1 Land use models 4 The Georgia transportation planning land use model 6 Employment and population submodel 7 Description of the Delphi technique 8 Housing and population submodel 9 Relationships between land use forecasting 10 Summary 12 2. NATIONAL AND REGIONAL ECONOMETRIC MODELS 16 JOHN B. LEGLER AND TERRY D. ROBERTSON Macro-econometric models 16 Problems in constructing regional econometric models 19 The Georgia model 20 Testing the Georgia model 22 Forecasts and applications of the Georgia model 25 An example of impact analysis using the Georgia state model 28 Summary 30 3. GROWTH AND CHANGE IN THE GEORGIA REGIONAL ECONOMIES 32 CHARLES F.
Del 3 - Studies in Applied Regional Science
Estimation of stochastic input-output models
Some statistical problems
Häftad, Engelska, 1976
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This monograph is a revision of my Indiana University doctoral disserta tion which was completed in April, 1975. Thanks are, therefore, due to the members of my doctoral committee: Saul Pleeter (Chairman), David J. Behling, R. Jeffery Green, Richard L. Pfister, and Elmus Wicker for their helpful comments on previous versions of the manuscript. In addition, I am indebted to the Division of Research and to the Office of Research and Advanced Studies at Indiana University for financial support. As the reader will observe, the techniques developed in Chapters 3 and 4 of this monograph are illustrated using input-output data from West Virginia. These data were generously made available by William H. Miernyk, Director of the Regional Research Institute at West Virginia University. I also wish to acknowledge the Bureau of Business and Eco nomic Research at Arizona State University for providing two research assistants, Kevin A. Nosbisch and Tom R. Rex, who aided in processing the West Virginia data. A third research assistant, Phillip M. Cano, also worked on this project as part of an independent study program taken under my direction during the spring semester of 1975. Finally, I must thank Mary Holguin and Margaret Shumway who expertly typed the final copy of the manuscript. Despite the efforts of all the individuals mentioned above, I assume responsibility for any errors which may remain.
Del 4 - Studies in Applied Regional Science
Locational behavior in manufacturing industries
Häftad, Engelska, 1976
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The research incorporated in this monograph was initially undertaken as part of a Ph. D. dissertation submitted to the University of lllinois in 1973. Revisions were accomplished at the University of Delaware. I want to gratefully acknowledge the assistance of Hugh O. Nourse who suggested the investigation, Paul Chouinard who ably and accurately translated verbal instructions into computer programmes, and Harold F. Williamson, Jr. and Peter Nijkamp who commented atlength on earlier drafts of the manuscript. Rapid and accurate typing of several drafts of the manuscript and valuable editorial assistance were provided by my wife, Sally M. Latham. Contents PREFACE vii xi LIST OF TABLES 1. INTRODUCTION 1 The need for industrial location analysis 2 Concentration on disaggregated manufacturing activity 3 The location of economic activity 5 The factors of location approach 6 Agglomerative economies as location factors 9 Outline of following chapters 11 2. DESCRIPTION OF THE DATA BASE 13 Regions used 13 Location data 15 Industrial linkage data 19 Summary 22 3. MEASUREMENT OF FACTORS INFLUENCING INDUSTRIAL LOCATION 23 Nonrandomness in location 23 The orientation of industries 27 Labor orientation 28 Market orientation 34 Material orientation 35 Agglomerative economy orientation 38 Summary 43 46 4.
Del 5 - Studies in Applied Regional Science
Regional economic structure and environmental pollution
An application of interregional models
Häftad, Engelska, 1977
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Environmental problems, as far as they raise economic questions, even conflicting with pre-ecology economics, can be tackled in different ways. The way chosen by Bernard Coupe was not the French 'voie royale', -a Louis-XIV equivalent of a speedway - but the narrow path, con sisting in carefully implementing a simple but valid model. This model is amenable to many extensions, but it reveals the core of some economic-ecological problems: the search for acceptable solutions when one is confronted with a set of rather narrow constraints. A not uninteresting finding is that 'full-employment' solutions do seem to exist, though leading to different uses of the product made available. How such solutions are to be politically implemented is then a further stage of the reasoning, not taken up in this book. We spent, Bernard and I, many a well-filled hour in discussing the technicalities of the exercise: the consumption and investment functions, with their estimation problems, the treatment of the transportation sector, problems in geometric programming, et de quibusdam aliis. Especially when prefacing the final product, one is particularly pleased to be able to evoke the times past, but well spent. Bernard Coupe will certainly in the course of his development work in Africa, use the spirit and techniques of this approach. We can expect in the future some good reporting on this facet of his work too.
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This book is written for students and scholars seeking a rather 'unconven tional' approach to the problem of water supply planning. The 'uncon ventionality' is present in the adoption of social psychological tools for the economic planning of water system design in an arid environment. The theoretics of Chapter I provides the framework for the empirical analysis of the ensuing chapters. The language of that chapter is designed to be under standable to students in introductory regional science, economics or geography courses, as well as professionals in allied fields. The fresh approach of the empirical analysis should lift the field of urban water resources analysis into using a greater expanse of tools and methods for policy planning. In any case, it is signifying that straightforward engineer ing analysis in most cases may be made more effective by socio-economic studies as that carried out in Israel. Indeed the guidelines and specifications presented in this work are presently being used by Israeli planners. A number of individuals and institutions contributed greatly to this effort. Foremost, the authors would like to thank Tahal Consulting Engineers, Inc. , for funding the major part of this study. Ms. Suzy Ashkenazi of that organization aided in data analysis. The authors especially express their indebtedness to Dr. Shalom Reichman of the Hebrew University. His reading of a number of drafts and permitting further funding through the Hebrew University Social Science Research Council was more than invalu able.
Del 7 - Studies in Applied Regional Science
Production systems and hierarchies of centres
The relationship between spatial and economic structures
Häftad, Engelska, 1977
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The ideas of this book originate from a research group at the Department of Economics in Gothenburg working with the problem of "Relations between Physical and Economic Planning". The research was financed by grants from the Swedish Council for Building Research. Among all the persons, who from time to time were associated to the project group, the author wishes to express his particular thanks to Ph.D. Rune Jungen, Ph.D.Johan L6nnroth and M.A.Lars Andersson. c' This book is also my doctoral dissertation for which professor Ake E. Andersson has acted as supervisor. It has been a privilege for me to have him as my supervisor. I have benefited a great deal from a professional as well as a personal point of view. There are other members of the Department of Economics to whom I am indebted. Professor Harald Dickson was a close reader of my last drafts. The help I got from Ph.D.Lennart Hjalmarsson and Ph.D.Olle Ohlsson has also been indispensable to me. Ph.D.Barbro Atlestam, M.A.G6sta Olavi and Ph.D.Folke Snickars have assisted with calculations and the solution of mathematical pro- blems. At last the author wishes to thank M. A . Mette Lembring who made the translation from Swedish.Jan Gunnarsson Contents V PREFACE Definition of the problem and results 1. 1.1. Some comments on the structure of systems of centres 1 A brief survey of problems 5 1.2.
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Del 9 - Studies in Applied Regional Science
Economic aspects of regional welfare
Income distribution and unemployment
Häftad, Engelska, 1977
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This book is the product of research which I undertook for my doc- toral thesis. The project was started whilst I was at the Free Univer- sity of Amsterdam, and the State University of Groningen gave me ample opportunity to complete the work. At both universities I was lucky enough to find kind colleagues who were willing to perform my teaching tasks, enabling me to spend much of my time some of on my research. I should like to thank Wietze Boomsma, Kees van den Hoeven and Jan Oosterhaven for their kind help. I was also most encouraged to discover several students at both institutions who were interested in the research topic. This meant that some research could be performed with their co-operation, which proved most stimulating. Harry ter Braak and Henk van Metelen were especially enthusiastic helpers. During the initial stage of research, Fons Bertens did a great deal of meticulous work, with never a com- plaint. In the final stages, Arend Stemerding helped me greatly. The completed manuscript was read by Nol Merkies and Peter Nijkamp, who had some helpful comments on the contents.Pro- fessor Nijkamp succeeded in stimulating me during the research by his interest in the project and subsequent edifying discussions. Several persons helped to type the manuscript, but Yvonne van Tuyl took the lion's share, typing a perfect final copy in record time.
Tourism and regional growth
An empirical study of the alternative growth paths for Hawaii
Häftad, Engelska, 1977
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The purpose of this study is to analyze the alternative growth paths open to a region under various policies designed to control the growth oftour ism. This is motivated by the current interest of decision-makers in con trolling the growth of tourism. Such interest and any policies which emanate from it may prove detrimental unless a thorough understanding of the consequences of these policies are the foundation upon which the decisions are made. The study consists of four parts, each is written by an author or a group of authors. Thus, while the logical sequence of the parts and the feedbacks among them unify the study, the methodology adopted in each is different, reflecting the diversity and dexterity of forecasting techniques in econo mics. This variety of techniques is desirable in itself as it exposes the reader to some of the alternative approaches. In chapter 1, the theory of regional growth, and in particular the dis tinction between the supply-based and the demand-based models, is dis cussed. The role played by natural resource constraints is shown to be absent from both types of models, and it is argued that this role can be investigated by considering the alternative growth paths available to the region through variations in the rate oftuilization of the resource. To ac complish that, however, a model of regional growth is needed. The empiri cal evidence provided favour a demand-type model. A model of this type is developed and utilized in succeeding parts of the study.
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In recent years the development of spatial referencing techniques in com puter-based information systems has enormously increased the opportuni ties that exist for the treatment and presentation of both point and interaction data. The extent of this increase has drawn attention to the need for special aggregation and clustering procedures to be developed which enable data to be grouped in an efficient way for analytical pur poses with a minimum loss of detail. In the case of interaction data, economy of representation is particularly important as the analysis is further complicated by the two-way directionality that is inherent in each data set. Procedural rules of this kind are needed not only for descriptive analy sis and spatial accounting but also for hypothesis testing and the develop ment of operational models of spatial interaction. Yet the importance of spatial representation in this kind of research has only recently been fully understood. The first generation of urban development models that were developed in Europe and North America during the 1960's often treated matters of zoning system specification very casually, even though in some cases this imposed severe limits on the interpretation of their findings and it was not until the Centre for Environmental Studies/Cheshire project (Barras et al. , 1971) that a serious attempt was made to put forward general principles which could be used as guidelines in future work.
Del 12 - Studies in Applied Regional Science
Economies of scale in manufacturing location
Theory and measure
Häftad, Engelska, 1978
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The research reported in this book began as part of a Ph.D. dissertation submitted to the University of Pittsburgh in 1976. Revisions were accomp lished at Florida International University in Miami. There have been many people who were instrumental in the formation and completion of this research. The contributions made by Jack Ochs are far too numerous to mention. Jack's insights and suggestions will always be appreciated. I am also grateful to Melvin Greenhut, David Houston, Tatsuhiko Kawashima, Asatoshi Maeshiro, William Miernyk, Josephine Olson, Peter Nijkamp and Harry Richardson who read and critically re viewed earlier manuscripts. I am doubly indebted to Harry Richardson who initially suggested this investigation. Special thanks are in order for Gene Gruver, Peter Montiel, Randy Miller and James Wheller for always finding the time to hear out many of my arguments. In addition, I appreci ate the valuable suggestions they made as well. I am grateful, moreover, to Janice Carlino who most generously gave of herself to assist in this in any way she could. Janice not only helped with data preparation and with typing-entire drafts of earlier manuscripts, but, more importantly, showed an unusual degree oftolerance toward one for whom the research effort is not the most tranquil of experiences.
Del 21 - Studies in Applied Regional Science
Urbanization and Environmental Quality
Häftad, Engelska, 2011
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The purpose of this monograph is to clarify the effect of environmental change on the process of urbanization. The research attempts to uncover the similarities as well as the differences across countries of the charac teristics of environmental effects on cities and metropolitan areas during the process of industrial development. Over the past several decades, a notable behavioral shift has been observed in many developed countries. People appear to be switching from an almost exclusive concern for material (commodity) consumption to a broader set of concerns that includes interest in so-called environ mental problems and in improving the quality of life (USEPA 1973). These new areas of concern include, of course, the problems of pollution, congestion, and, in general, environmental degradation in urban areas. People seem to be becoming increasingly conscious of the physical as well as the social environment. Richard L. Morrill described the situation in the United States as follows: Evidently many are still moving [their residences] for amenity values, into regions they like, irrespective of job opportunities. While movement to the traditional amenity areas of Florida and Arizona continues, there has been a dramatic shift away from California, or from metropolitan areas generally, to xv xvi INTRODUCTION the Pacific Northwest, the Rocky Mountains, upper New England, and even to the Ozarks, Appalachia, and Upper Michigan. [Quoted in Berry and Gillard 1977, p.
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The greatest challenge facing mankind today is the immense disparity in the levels of income among people in different parts of the globe. The growth rate of income of the poor countries is consistantiy far below the rate of the advanced, industrialized nations. Due to low income and a high propensity to consume, there is very little left in these countries for investment. A major portion of the resources available is devoted to military expenditures. This continual decline in the standard of living, coupled with poverty and unemployment, will lead to social and political upheaval in these countries, which affects developed countries. Because of high capacity and low population growth, the market of the developed countries is already saturated. To maintain the high standard of living in the developed countries it is necessary to have a strong and stable developing world. It is gratifying to see that both groups of countries see the need for peaceful economic growth; however, the amount of cooperation between countries and the material help from the developed countries are far from satisfactory. The economic and social scientists have investigated the best way to achieve the transformation from a poverty-ridden condition to a decent existence. Their studies have proceeded in two different directions. One is a more descriptive, historical analysis and the other is theoretical model building. Although these studies have achieved a relatively high level of perfection, one significant factor is sometimes missing.
Del 20 - Studies in Applied Regional Science
Empirical Explorations in Regional Growth
Häftad, Engelska, 2011
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1 A number of economic explanations for the process of regional growth have been proposed in the literature. Apart from pure scholarly interest, under standing the factors that have promoted growth in some regions while others have been left lagging is of crucial importance for the design of policy aimed at helping "depressed" regions or promoting balanced growth among regions. The purpose of studying the process of regional growth is to delineate the variables that have the major influence on growth, to under stand the mechanisms through which these variables exert their forces, and to determine if the interactions of these forces alter the magnitudes of response or the manner in which a regional economy responds to stimuli. The first step in this process is the determination of the primary forces responsible for the growth or stagnation of a region. These forces should be few in number if the analyses of the mechanisms that transmit their effects and the interactions among those mechanisms are to be reasonably tract able. Regional economists cannot draw on many of the results of studies of the economic development of nations, for many of the forces isolated by development economists, such as culture, tradition, or barriers to free flows of goods and factors of production, have no viable role to play in the explanation of the variety of growth experience within a system of regions.
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This publication is concerned with two major current debates in public policy in all affluent societies. One is the widespread concern with the quality of the natural environment-the quality of air, water, land, and wilderness areas-which has expressed itself in the passage and implementation in recent years of a variety of environmental laws and regulations. A second debate concerns the adequacy of energy resources to meet the requirements of a growing economy. The requirement that industries must abate environmental pollution leads to increased costs of production and, in turn, to higher prices, falling output in those industries, and reduced employment and income in the region where such industries are located. There may be, at the same time, growth in indus tries that supply pollution abatement equipment and services in those or other regions. Over time, the health and economic benefits of higher envi ronmental quality express themselves in changing patterns of consumption.
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The study of the evolution of an urban system raises a number of practical questions, as to the operational definition of the components of the system as well as to the incorporation of the factor time in the analysis. In this chapter the fo cuss is on the urban centres, the nodes of the urban system. One of the first pro blems to be solved now is the definition of such a node. It has been argued above that population size can be used as an approximation of the complexity of the spatial economic structure of a region. The acceptation of this notion makes it possible to study the urban system as a population system. The analysis of the population system over the study period will be pursued from this perspective. The study period, 1840-1970, covers completely the industrialization and urbanization phase which occurred during the industrial revolution. Over this period the spatial organizational structure of society evolved from a rural-commercial to wards a modern urban-industrial state. One of the major events in this period of change is the spatial redistribution of the population and the population growth. This process will be examined below at three levels of aggregation: (I) the popu lation distribution as one frequency distribution, (2) the population distribution dis aggregated into a n~ber of size classes, and (3) the individual cities which make up the population distribution.
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The decade of the 1970's has seen substantial improvement in our under standing of the determinants of urban spatial patterns. It is typical of western science and technology of the past several centuries that these advances in urban spatial analysis have resulted from the efforts of many individuals. No one of these claims to have found the answer; rather, each contributes some additional understanding of a rather complex set of inter related phenomena. All of this most recent work, in one way or another, rests on preliminary analysis work done in the previous ten to fifteen years. Those earlier efforts are the subject of this book. A very few studies of urban spatial patterns were done prior to 1960. However, it was not until then, with the coming of age of electronic data processing machinery, that work began in earnest. Many theories and theoretical models of urban form were postulated, and some were tested. Often the tests were inconclusive or unsuccessful. The theories often lacked consistency and coherence. Some of the testing was inadequate or even inappropriate. Much of the research was done amidst the turmoil (and sometimes chaos) of attempted (and often premature) application. The results were frequently incompletely described, if described at all. Yet, out of all this, there began to emerge some clearer notion of the determinants of urban spatial patterns.
Economies of Scale, Transport Costs and Location
Studies in Applied Regional Science Series
Häftad, Engelska, 2011
1 096 kr
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The presence of nonconvexities does severe damage to conventional theories of the firm and of the individual. The essential contribution of location theory, however, is in a world in which there are such nonconvexities. If resources are distributed evenly and the usual convexity assumptions made, then economic activity would be distributed evenly; there would be no concentration of pro duction. Thus the statement that is usually made, that the standard results carry over to a world in which there is spatial choice, is too weak and fails to capture the essence oflocation theory. Nevertheless, we must also concede that, while the introduction of the spatial dimension is interesting and fruitful when (perhaps only when) there are non convexities, space should not be thought of as a panacea whereby problems those associated with economies of scale, for example -can be made to disap pear. There is no guarantee, for example, that production units will be operated in convex regions of their total cost curves, even if they are constrained to oper ate in a 'space economy'. These considerations led to the conclusion that the role of spatial choice and the determinants of such choice would be best analysed by case study. This book is one such study. It is based on my doctoral dissertation at the University of Cambridge, fmanced by a grant from the Social Science Research Council.
Del 19 - Studies in Applied Regional Science
Economic Impact Analysis: Methodology and Applications
Methodology and Applications
Häftad, Engelska, 2012
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As a result of a contract awarded by the Construction Engineering Research Laboratory, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, and the Environmental Pro tection Agency, a workshop on the methodology of economic impact analy sis was held at Hueston Woods State Park Lodge in Oxford, Ohio, April 13-15, 1977. Leading researchers in regional modeling were gathered to take stock of current developments in the field and to put forth new ideas and directions for research. Also attending the workshops were individuals from various governmental agencies that use regional models and economic impact statements. Preliminary versions of the papers appearing in this vol ume served as focal points for discussions that have hopefully continued, stimulating further thinking of the problems addressed. The objectives of the conference were not only to explore recent develop ments in methodology but also to expose users of economic impact analyses to a wide variety of models and applications and to acquaint academicians with the needs of users. The papers appearing in this volume represent only a portion of the output of this workshop.
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William E. Bivens, III For the first time in more than 160years, the nation's rural areas and small towns are growing faster than its metropolitan areas. The 1980Census of Population shows that the nonmetropolitan population increased by 15.4010 during the 1970s, while the metropolitan population grew by only 9.1010. During the 1960s, rural areas and small towns had lost some 2.8 million people to cities and their suburbs, but during the 1970s at least 4 million more people moved into nonmetropolitan areas than left them. This rural oriented population growth resulted from a number of factors, including a strong preference for rural and small-town living, the decentralization of manufacturing and related services,energyand other mining developments, William E. Bivens,Ill, isthe Senior Policy Fellowfor Rural Affairs ofthe National Gover nors' Association. He is a rural development generalist providing liaison between the gover nors and federal officials and performing applied policy research to support improvements in rural development programs and systems for their delivery. Mr. Bivenswas one of the designers of the Carter Administration's Small Community and Rural Development Policy and provided the implementation link involving the formation of governors' rural development councils. Mr. Bivens attended Brown University and did postgraduate work at the University of Texas, where he also taught American government and politics. xiii xiv FOREWORD and comparatively high rural birthrates along with improved infant mortal ity rates.