Transport Processes and Separation Process Principles

A. Allen Hersel is currently the associate dean of engineering at Trine University in Angola, Indiana. He is also an associate professor in the department of chemical engineering, where he has taught transport phenomena and separations for the last 12 years. His research is in the area of bioseparations and engineering education. Before entering academia, he worked for Koch Industries and Kellogg Brown & Root. He holds a Ph.D. in chemical engineering from Yale University.  Daniel H. Lepek is a professor in the department of chemical engineering at The Cooper Union. His research interests include particle technology, fluidization and multiphase flow, pharmaceutical engineering, modeling of transport and biotransport phenomena, and engineering education. He is an active member of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE), the International Society of Pharmaceutical Engineering (ISPE), and the American Society of Engineering Education (ASEE). He received a bachelor of engineering degree in chemical engineering from The Cooper Union and received his Ph.D. degree in chemical engineering from New Jersey Institute of Technology (NJIT).

• Preface to the Fifth Edition xxviiAbout the Authors xxxi   Part 1: Transport Processes: Momentum, Heat, and Mass  Chapter 1: Introduction to Engineering Principles and Units 3 1.0 Chapter Objectives 31.1 Classification of Transport Processes and Separation Processes (Unit Operations) 31.2 SI System of Basic Units Used in This Text and Other Systems 61.3 Methods of Expressing Temperatures and Compositions 81.4 Gas Laws and Vapor Pressure 101.5 Conservation of Mass and Material Balances 131.6 Energy and Heat Units 171.7 Conservation of Energy and Heat Balances 231.8 Numerical Methods for Integration 281.9 Chapter Summary 29  Chapter 2: Introduction to Fluids and Fluid Statics 362.0 Chapter Objectives 362.1 Introduction 362.2 Fluid Statics 372.3 Chapter Summary 47  Chapter 3: Fluid Properties and Fluid Flows 503.0 Chapter Objectives 503.1 Viscosity of Fluids 503.2 Types of Fluid Flow and Reynolds Number 543.3 Chapter Summary 58  Chapter 4: Overall Mass, Energy, and Momentum Balances 614.0 Chapter Objectives 614.1 Overall Mass Balance and Continuity Equation 624.2 Overall Energy Balance 684.3 Overall Momentum Balance 814.4 Shell Momentum Balance and Velocity Profile in Laminar Flow 904.5 Chapter Summary 96  Chapter 5: Incompressible and Compressible Flows in Pipes 1055.0 Chapter Objectives 1055.1 Design Equations for Laminar and Turbulent Flow in Pipes 1065.2 Compressible Flow of Gases 1255.3 Measuring the Flow of Fluids 1295.4 Chapter Summary 138  Chapter 6: Flows in Packed and Fluidized Beds 1456.0 Chapter Objectives 1456.1 Flow Past Immersed Objects 1466.2 Flow in Packed Beds 1506.3 Flow in Fluidized Beds 1566.4 Chapter Summary 161  Chapter 7: Pumps, Compressors, and Agitation Equipment 1667.0 Chapter Objectives 1667.1 Pumps and Gas-Moving Equipment 1667.2 Agitation, Mixing of Fluids, and Power Requirements 1767.3 Chapter Summary 192  Chapter 8: Differential Equations of Fluid Flow 1968.0 Chapter Objectives 1968.1 Differential Equations of Continuity 1968.2 Differential Equations of Momentum Transfer or Motion 2028.3 Use of Differential Equations of Continuity and Motion 2078.4 Chapter Summary 216   Chapter 9: Non-Newtonian Fluids 220 9.0 Chapter Objectives 2209.1 Non-Newtonian Fluids 2219.2 Friction Losses for Non-Newtonian Fluids 2269.3 Velocity Profiles for Non-Newtonian Fluids 2299.4 Determination of Flow Properties of Non-Newtonian Fluids Using a Rotational Viscometer 2329.5 Power Requirements in Agitation and Mixing of Non-Newtonian Fluids 2349.6 Chapter Summary 235   Chapter 10: Potential Flow and Creeping Flow 239 10.0 Chapter Objectives 23910.1 Other Methods for Solution of Differential Equations of Motion 23910.2 Stream Function 24010.3 Differential Equations of Motion for Ideal Fluids (Inviscid Flow) 24110.4 Potential Flow and Velocity Potential 24110.5 Differential Equations of Motion for Creeping Flow 24610.6 Chapter Summary 247  Chapter 11: Boundary-Layer and Turbulent Flow 25011.0 Chapter Objectives 25011.1 Boundary-Layer Flow 25111.2 Turbulent Flow 25411.3 Turbulent Boundary-Layer Analysis 26011.4 Chapter Summary 263  Chapter 12: Introduction to Heat Transfer 26512.0 Chapter Objectives 26512.1 Energy and Heat Units 26512.2 Conservation of Energy and Heat Balances 27112.3 Conduction and Thermal Conductivity 27712.4 Convection 28212.5 Radiation 28412.6 Heat Transfer with Multiple Mechanisms/Materials 28712.7 Chapter Summary 292  Chapter 13: Steady-State Conduction 29913.0 Chapter Objectives 29913.1 Conduction Heat Transfer 29913.2 Conduction Through Solids in Series or Parallel with Convection 30513.3 Conduction with Internal Heat Generation 31313.4 Steady-State Conduction in Two Dimensions Using Shape Factors 31513.5 Numerical Methods for Steady-State Conduction in Two Dimensions 31813.6 Chapter Summary 326  Chapter 14: Principles of Unsteady-State Heat Transfer 33214.0 Chapter Objectives 33214.1 Derivation of the Basic Equation 33214.2 Simplified Case for Systems with Negligible Internal Resistance 33414.3 Unsteady-State Heat Conduction in Various Geometries 33714.4 Numerical Finite-Difference Methods for Unsteady-State Conduction 35514.5 Chilling and Freezing of Food and Biological Materials 36614.6 Differential Equation of Energy Change 37214.7 Chapter Summary 376  Chapter 15: Introduction to Convection 38515.0 Chapter Objectives 38515.1 Introduction and Dimensional Analysis in Heat Transfer 38515.2 Boundary-Layer Flow and Turbulence in Heat Transfer 38915.3 Forced Convection Heat Transfer Inside Pipes 39415.4 Heat Transfer Outside Various Geometries in Forced Convection 40215.5 Natural Convection Heat Transfer 40815.6 Boiling and Condensation 41515.7 Heat Transfer of Non-Newtonian Fluids 42415.8 Special Heat-Transfer Coefficients 42715.9 Chapter Summary 436  Chapter 16: Heat Exchangers 44416.0 Chapter Objectives 44416.1 Types of Exchangers 44416.2 Log-Mean-Temperature-Difference Correction Factors 44716.3 Heat-Exchanger Effectiveness 45016.4 Fouling Factors and Typical Overall U Values 45316.5 Double-Pipe Heat Exchanger 45416.6 Chapter Summary 458  Chapter 17: Introduction to Radiation Heat Transfer 46117.0 Chapter Objectives 46117.1 Introduction to Radiation Heat-Transfer Concepts 46117.2 Basic and Advanced Radiation Heat-Transfer Principles 46517.3 Chapter Summary 482  Chapter 18: Introduction to Mass Transfer 48718.0 Chapter Objectives 48718.1 Introduction to Mass Transfer and Diffusion 48718.2 Diffusion Coefficient 49318.3 Convective Mass Transfer 50818.4 Molecular Diffusion Plus Convection and Chemical Reaction 50818.5 Chapter Summary 512  Chapter 19: Steady-State Mass Transfer 51919.0 Chapter Objectives 51919.1 Molecular Diffusion in Gases 51919.2 Molecular Diffusion in Liquids 52819.3 Molecular Diffusion in Solids 53119.4 Diffusion of Gases in Porous Solids and Capillaries 53719.5 Diffusion in Biological Gels 54419.6 Special Cases of the General Diffusion Equation at Steady State 54619.7 Numerical Methods for Steady-State Molecular Diffusion in Two Dimensions 55019.8 Chapter Summary 557  Chapter 20: Unsteady-State Mass Transfer 56820.0 Chapter Objectives 56820.1 Unsteady-State Diffusion 56820.2 Unsteady-State Diffusion and Reaction in a Semi-Infinite Medium 57520.3 Numerical Methods for Unsteady-State Molecular Diffusion 57720.4 Chapter Summary 582  Chapter 21: Convective Mass Transfer 58621.0 Chapter Objectives 58621.1 Convective Mass Transfer 58621.2 Dimensional Analysis in Mass Transfer 59421.3 Mass-Transfer Coefficients for Various Geometries 59521.4 Mass Transfer to Suspensions of Small Particles 61021.5 Models for Mass-Transfer Coefficients 61321.6 Chapter Summary 617   Part 2: Separation Process Principles  Chapter 22: Absorption and Stripping 627 22.0 Chapter Objectives 62722.1 Equilibrium and Mass Transfer Between Phases 62722.2 Introduction to Absorption 64522.3 Pressure Drop and Flooding in Packed Towers 64922.4 Design of Plate Absorption Towers 65422.5 Design of Packed Towers for Absorption 65622.6 Efficiency of Random-Packed and Structured Packed Towers 67222.7 Absorption of Concentrated Mixtures in Packed Towers 67522.8 Estimation of Mass-Transfer Coefficients for Packed Towers 67922.9 Heat Effects and Temperature Variations in Absorption 68222.10 Chapter Summary 685  Chapter 23: Humidification Processes 69423.0 Chapter Objectives 69423.1 Vapor Pressure of Water and Humidity 69423.2 Introduction and Types of Equipment for Humidification 70323.3 Theory and Calculations for Cooling-Water Towers 70423.4 Chapter Summary 712  Chapter 24: Filtration and Membrane Separation Processes (Liquid–Liquid or Solid–Liquid Phase) 71624.0 Chapter Objectives 71624.1 Introduction to Dead-End Filtration 71624.2 Basic Theory of Filtration 72224.3 Membrane Separations 73224.4 Microfiltration Membrane Processes 73324.5 Ultrafiltration Membrane Processes 73424.6 Reverse-Osmosis Membrane Processes 73824.7 Dialysis 74724.8 Chapter Summary 751  Chapter 25: Gaseous Membrane Systems 75925.0 Chapter Objectives 75925.1 Gas Permeation 75925.2 Complete-Mixing Model for Gas Separation by Membranes 76525.3 Complete-Mixing Model for Multicomponent Mixtures 77025.4 Cross-Flow Model for Gas Separation by Membranes 77325.5 Derivation of Equations for Countercurrent and Cocurrent Flow for Gas Separation by Membranes 77925.6 Derivation of Finite-Difference Numerical Method for Asymmetric Membranes 78725.7 Chapter Summary 798  Chapter 26: Distillation 80526.0 Chapter Objectives 80526.1 Equilibrium Relations Between Phases 80526.2 Single and Multiple Equilibrium Contact Stages 80826.3 Simple Distillation Methods 81326.4 Binary Distillation with Reflux Using the McCabe–Thiele and Lewis Methods 81826.5 Tray Efficiencies 83626.6 Flooding Velocity and Diameter of Tray Towers Plus Simple Calculations for Reboiler and Condenser Duties 83926.7 Fractional Distillation Using the Enthalpy–Concentration Method 84126.8 Distillation of Multicomponent Mixtures 85126.9 Chapter Summary 862  Chapter 27: Liquid–Liquid Extraction 87427.0 Chapter Objectives 87427.1 Introduction to Liquid–Liquid Extraction 87427.2 Single-Stage Equilibrium Extraction 87827.3 Types of Equipment and Design for Liquid–Liquid Extraction 88027.4 Continuous Multistage Countercurrent Extraction 88927.5 Chapter Summary 901  Chapter 28: Adsorption and Ion Exchange 90728.0 Chapter Objectives 90728.1 Introduction to Adsorption Processes 90728.2 Batch Adsorption 91028.3 Design of Fixed-Bed Adsorption Columns 91228.4 Ion-Exchange Processes 91828.5 Chapter Summary 924  Chapter 29: Crystallization and Particle Size Reduction 92829.0 Chapter Objectives 92829.1 Introduction to Crystallization 92829.2 Crystallization Theory 93529.3 Mechanical Size Reduction 94229.4 Chapter Summary 947  Chapter 30: Settling, Sedimentation, and Centrifugation 95230.0 Chapter Objectives 95230.1 Settling and Sedimentation in Particle–Fluid Separation 95330.2 Centrifugal Separation Processes 96630.3 Chapter Summary 979  Chapter 31: Leaching 98431.0 Chapter Objectives 98431.1 Introduction and Equipment for Liquid–Solid Leaching 98431.2 Equilibrium Relations and Single-Stage Leaching 99031.3 Countercurrent Multistage Leaching 99431.4 Chapter Summary 999  Chapter 32: Evaporation 100232.0 Chapter Objectives 100232.1 Introduction 100232.2 Types of Evaporation Equipment and Operation Methods 100432.3 Overall Heat-Transfer Coefficients in Evaporators 100832.4 Calculation Methods for Single-Effect Evaporators 101032.5 Calculation Methods for Multiple-Effect Evaporators 101632.6 Condensers for Evaporators 102632.7 Evaporation of Biological Materials 102832.8 Evaporation Using Vapor Recompression 102932.9 Chapter Summary 1030  Chapter 33: Drying 103533.0 Chapter Objectives 103533.1 Introduction and Methods of Drying 103533.2 Equipment for Drying 103633.3 Vapor Pressure of Water and Humidity 104033.4 Equilibrium Moisture Content of Materials 104933.5 Rate-of-Drying Curves 105233.6 Calculation Methods for a Constant-Rate Drying Period 105733.7 Calculation Methods for the Falling-Rate Drying Period 106233.8 Combined Convection, Radiation, and Conduction Heat Transfer in the Constant-Rate Period 106533.9 Drying in the Falling-Rate Period by Diffusion and Capillary Flow 106833.10 Equations for Various Types of Dryers 107433.11 Freeze-Drying of Biological Materials 108433.12 Unsteady-State Thermal Processing and Sterilization of Biological Materials 108833.13 Chapter Summary 1096  Part 3: AppendixesAppendix A.1 Fundamental Constants and Conversion Factors 1107Appendix A.2 Physical Properties of Water 1113Appendix A.3 Physical Properties of Inorganic and Organic Compounds 1124Appendix A.4 Physical Properties of Foods and Biological Materials 1147Appendix A.5 Properties of Pipes, Tubes, and Screens 1151Appendix A.6 Lennard-Jones Potentials as Determined from Viscosity Data 1154   Notation 1156Index 1166