Patrick Emmenegger is Professor of Comparative Political Economy and Public Policy at the University of St.Gallen, Switzerland. He obtained his PhD from the University of Bern in 2008, and his research focuses on questions of democratization, electoral reform, and state building, on the political economy of welfare and skills, as well as institutional theory.André Walter is a research group leader at the University of St.Gallen in Switzerland with a PhD from University of St.Gallen, Switzerland. In his research, he focuses on democratization, electoral systems, and state formation. Methodologically, he is interested in causal inference and machine learning.

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• 1: The most manipulative instrument of politics 2: Containment measures and electoral system choice 3: Neutralizing electoral threats in MR systems 4: Distortions, coalitions, and support for PR 5: The politics of electoral system choice 6: Designing districts for new PR systems 7: The politics of district design in new PR systems 8: Electoral system choice in Belgium and Switzerland 9: Conclusion

Patrick Emmenegger is Professor of Comparative Political Economy and Public Policy at the University of St.Gallen, Switzerland. He obtained his PhD from the University of Bern in 2008, and his research focuses on questions of democratization, electoral reform, and state building, on the political economy of welfare and skills, as well as institutional theory.André Walter is a research group leader at the University of St.Gallen in Switzerland with a PhD from University of St.Gallen, Switzerland. In his research, he focuses on democratization, electoral systems, and state formation. Methodologically, he is interested in causal inference and machine learning.

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• 1: The most manipulative instrument of politics 2: Containment measures and electoral system choice 3: Neutralizing electoral threats in MR systems 4: Distortions, coalitions, and support for PR 5: The politics of electoral system choice 6: Designing districts for new PR systems 7: The politics of district design in new PR systems 8: Electoral system choice in Belgium and Switzerland 9: Conclusion

Patrick Emmenegger is Professor of Comparative Political Economy and Public Policy at the University of St.Gallen, Switzerland. He obtained his PhD from the University of Bern in 2008, and his research focuses on questions of democratization, electoral reform, and state building, on the political economy of welfare and skills, as well as institutional theory.André Walter is a research group leader at the University of St.Gallen in Switzerland with a PhD from University of St.Gallen, Switzerland. In his research, he focuses on democratization, electoral systems, and state formation. Methodologically, he is interested in causal inference and machine learning.

Select Guide Rating

• 1: The most manipulative instrument of politics 2: Containment measures and electoral system choice 3: Neutralizing electoral threats in MR systems 4: Distortions, coalitions, and support for PR 5: The politics of electoral system choice 6: Designing districts for new PR systems 7: The politics of district design in new PR systems 8: Electoral system choice in Belgium and Switzerland 9: Conclusion