Penal Reform in Overcrowded Times

"This book provides the reader with a wealth of information and insight into the sentencing practices of a range of criminal justice systems." --The Howard Journal of Criminal Justice"Michael Tonry's book succeeds in providing useful information and analyses of fourteen countries. The book is very useful in positing theories and raising questions about the roles of politics, public opinion, and other social factors in shaping developments affecting criminal punishments." --Law and Politics Book Review"This book provides the reader with a wealth of information and insight into the sentencing practices of a range of criminal justice systems." --The Howard Journal of Criminal Justice"Michael Tonry's book succeeds in providing useful information and analyses of fourteen countries. The book is very useful in positing theories and raising questions about the roles of politics, public opinion, and other social factors in shaping developments affecting criminal punishments." --Law and Politics Book Review

• Contributors Introduction: Penal Policies at the Beginning of the Twenty-First Century The Importance of Penal Policy The Determinants of Penal Policy The Transferability of Penal Policy The Spread of Innovation One: Penal Developments in America The Punitiveness Story The Sentencing Story The Fragmntation Story The United States Michael Tonry: U.S. Sentencing Systems Fragmenting Kevin R. Reitz: The Status of Sentencing Guideline Reforms in the United States Katherine Beckett: Political Preoccupation with Crime Leads, Not Follows, Public Opinion Katherine Beckett and Bruce Western: The Penal System as Labor Market Institution: Jobs and Jails, 1980-1995 Michael Tonry: Why are U.S. Incarceration Rates So High? Early State Guidelines Systems Richard D. Van Wagenen: Washington State Sentencing Changes, 1994-1997 Fritz Rauschenberg: Ohio Guidelines Take Effect Cynthia Kempinen: Pennsylvania Revises Sentencing Guidelines North Carolina Ronald F. Wright: North Carolina Prepares for Guidelines Sentencing Robin L. Lubitz: Sentencing Changes in North Carolina Ronald F. Wright: Flexibility in North Carolina Structured Sentencing, 1995-1997 Two: Penal Developments in Europe and Japan André Kuhn: Incarceration Rates across the World Scandinavia Britta Kyvsgaard: Penal Sanctions and the Use of Imprisonment in Denmark Nils Jareborg: Sentencing Law, Policy, and Patterns in Sweden Paul Larsson: Norway Prison Use Up Slightly, Community Penalties Lots Patrik Törnudd: Sentencing and Punishment in Finland Tapio Lappi-Seppälä: Recent Trends in Finnish Sentencing Policy Germany Hans-Jörg Albrecht: Sentencing and Punishment in Germany France Annie Kensey and Pierre Tournier: French Prison Numbers Stable since 1988, but Populations Changing Netherlands Peter J. P. Tak: Sentencing and Punishment in the Netherlands Peter J. P. Tak and Anton M. van Kalmthout: Prison Population Growing Faster in the Netherlands than in the United States Gerrit Scurer and Reinier van Loon: The Netherlands Adopts Numerical Prosecution Guidelines Anton M. van Kalmthout and Peter J. P. Tak: New Sanctions Proliferating in the Netherlands Josine Junger-Tas: Dutch Penal Policies Changing Direction Switzerland Martin Killias, Marcelo F. Aebi, André Kuhn, and Simone Rônez: Sentencing in Switzerland in 2000 Japan Prison Population in Japan Stable for 30 Years Three: Penal Developments in English-Speaking Countries Australia Arie Freiberg: Sentencing and Punishment in Australia in the 1990s Arie Freiberg: Prison Populations Up, Sentencing Policy Harsher in Australia Arie Freiberg: Understanding Rising Prison Populations in Australia Canada Julian V. Roberts: Reforming Sentencing and Parole in Canada Jane B. Sprott and Anthony N. Doob: Imprisonment Rates in Canada: One Law, 10 Outcomes England/Wales Andrew Ashworth: New Sentencing Laws Take Effect in England Rod Morgan: English Penal Policies and Prisons: Going for Broke Michael Hough and Julian V. Roberts: English Believe Sentences Soft and Crime Rising Rod Morgan: Imprisonment in England and Wales: Flood Tide, but on the Turn? Andrew Ashworth: English Sentencing: From Enlightenment to Darkness in a Decade Ireland Ian O'Donnell: Sentencing and Punishment in Ireland References Acknowledgments