Alan D. Penman is a retired physician, formerly a professor in the Department of Preventive Medicine at the John D. Bower School of Population Health at the University of Mississippi Medical Center in Jackson, Mississippi. There, he directed and taught courses in epidemiology, biostatistics, public health, global health, and evolutionary medicine for medical students and graduate medical faculty. Dr. Penman earned his medical degree from the Aberdeen University Medical School in 1979, a Master of Science degree in Clinical Tropical Medicine from the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine in 1981, a Master of Public Health degree from the University of Alabama at Birmingham in 1998, and a PhD in Biostatistics from the University of Mississippi in 2008.Joe Alcock is a practicing clinician and professor of emergency medicine at the University of New Mexico (UNM), with twenty-five years' experience in academic emergency medicine. After earning his medical degree at UCLA andcompleting a residency at UNM, Dr. Alcock designed and taught a popular course on evolutionary medicine for UNM undergraduate and graduate students. He also initiated an evolutionary medicine elective for medical students at the UNM School of Medicine, which is now in its seventeenth year. His research focus is the human relationship with the microbiome through an evolutionary lens of conflict and cooperation. He has featured in scientific outreach podcasts, web articles, video shorts, and meetings, aiming to expand the reach of evolutionary medicine.

• 1: The Fundamentals of Evolution 2: Human Vulnerability to Disease 3: Demographic and Epidemiological Transitions in Human History 4: Section Overview-The Cardiovascular System 5: Hypertension 6: Atherosclerotic Coronary Artery Disease 7: Section Overview-The Kidney 8: Chronic Kidney Disease (Secondary to Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis) 9: Section Overview-The Lung 10: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease 11: Pulmonary Tuberculosis 12: Cystic Fibrosis 13: Section Overview-The Gastrointestinal Tract 14: Lactose Intolerance 15: Celiac Disease 16: Crohn Disease 17: Section Overview-The Skeletal System 18: Vitamin D Deficiency 19: Osteoporosis 20: Gout 21: Rheumatoid Arthritis 22: Familial Mediterranean Fever 23: Section Overview-The Metabolic and Endocrine Systems 24: Obesity 25: Type 2 Diabetes 26: Type 1 Diabetes 27: Vitamin C Deficiency 28: Phenylketonuria 29: Variegate Porphyria 30: Section Overview-The Hematological System 31: Blood Group Incompatibility 32: Hemochromatosis 33: Iron-Deficiency Anemia 34: Sickle Cell Disease 35: Hemophilia 36: Section Overview-The Immune System and Infectious Diseases 37: HIV Resistance Associated With the CCR5-Delta 32 Mutation 38: Fever 39: Sepsis 40: Antimicrobial-Resistant Infections 41: Section Overview-Cancers 42: Melanoma 43: Colorectal Cancer 44: Breast Cancer 45: Section Overview-The Reproductive System 46: Preeclampsia 47: Obstructed Labor 48: Section Overview-The Central Nervous System 49: Alzheimer's Disease 50: Multiple Sclerosis 51: Parkinson's Disease 52: Section Overview-Mental Illness 53: Anxiety Disorders 54: Depression 55: Substance Use Disorders

Alan D. Penman is a retired physician, formerly a professor in the Department of Preventive Medicine at the John D. Bower School of Population Health at the University of Mississippi Medical Center in Jackson, Mississippi. There, he directed and taught courses in epidemiology, biostatistics, public health, global health, and evolutionary medicine for medical students and graduate medical faculty. Dr. Penman earned his medical degree from the Aberdeen University Medical School in 1979, a Master of Science degree in Clinical Tropical Medicine from the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine in 1981, a Master of Public Health degree from the University of Alabama at Birmingham in 1998, and a PhD in Biostatistics from the University of Mississippi in 2008.Joe Alcock is a practicing clinician and professor of emergency medicine at the University of New Mexico (UNM), with twenty-five years' experience in academic emergency medicine. After earning his medical degree at UCLA andcompleting a residency at UNM, Dr. Alcock designed and taught a popular course on evolutionary medicine for UNM undergraduate and graduate students. He also initiated an evolutionary medicine elective for medical students at the UNM School of Medicine, which is now in its seventeenth year. His research focus is the human relationship with the microbiome through an evolutionary lens of conflict and cooperation. He has featured in scientific outreach podcasts, web articles, video shorts, and meetings, aiming to expand the reach of evolutionary medicine.

• 1: The Fundamentals of Evolution 2: Human Vulnerability to Disease 3: Demographic and Epidemiological Transitions in Human History 4: Section Overview-The Cardiovascular System 5: Hypertension 6: Atherosclerotic Coronary Artery Disease 7: Section Overview-The Kidney 8: Chronic Kidney Disease (Secondary to Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis) 9: Section Overview-The Lung 10: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease 11: Pulmonary Tuberculosis 12: Cystic Fibrosis 13: Section Overview-The Gastrointestinal Tract 14: Lactose Intolerance 15: Celiac Disease 16: Crohn Disease 17: Section Overview-The Skeletal System 18: Vitamin D Deficiency 19: Osteoporosis 20: Gout 21: Rheumatoid Arthritis 22: Familial Mediterranean Fever 23: Section Overview-The Metabolic and Endocrine Systems 24: Obesity 25: Type 2 Diabetes 26: Type 1 Diabetes 27: Vitamin C Deficiency 28: Phenylketonuria 29: Variegate Porphyria 30: Section Overview-The Hematological System 31: Blood Group Incompatibility 32: Hemochromatosis 33: Iron-Deficiency Anemia 34: Sickle Cell Disease 35: Hemophilia 36: Section Overview-The Immune System and Infectious Diseases 37: HIV Resistance Associated With the CCR5-Delta 32 Mutation 38: Fever 39: Sepsis 40: Antimicrobial-Resistant Infections 41: Section Overview-Cancers 42: Melanoma 43: Colorectal Cancer 44: Breast Cancer 45: Section Overview-The Reproductive System 46: Preeclampsia 47: Obstructed Labor 48: Section Overview-The Central Nervous System 49: Alzheimer's Disease 50: Multiple Sclerosis 51: Parkinson's Disease 52: Section Overview-Mental Illness 53: Anxiety Disorders 54: Depression 55: Substance Use Disorders

Alan D. Penman is a retired physician, formerly a professor in the Department of Preventive Medicine at the John D. Bower School of Population Health at the University of Mississippi Medical Center in Jackson, Mississippi. There, he directed and taught courses in epidemiology, biostatistics, public health, global health, and evolutionary medicine for medical students and graduate medical faculty. Dr. Penman earned his medical degree from the Aberdeen University Medical School in 1979, a Master of Science degree in Clinical Tropical Medicine from the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine in 1981, a Master of Public Health degree from the University of Alabama at Birmingham in 1998, and a PhD in Biostatistics from the University of Mississippi in 2008.Joe Alcock is a practicing clinician and professor of emergency medicine at the University of New Mexico (UNM), with twenty-five years' experience in academic emergency medicine. After earning his medical degree at UCLA andcompleting a residency at UNM, Dr. Alcock designed and taught a popular course on evolutionary medicine for UNM undergraduate and graduate students. He also initiated an evolutionary medicine elective for medical students at the UNM School of Medicine, which is now in its seventeenth year. His research focus is the human relationship with the microbiome through an evolutionary lens of conflict and cooperation. He has featured in scientific outreach podcasts, web articles, video shorts, and meetings, aiming to expand the reach of evolutionary medicine.

• 1: The Fundamentals of Evolution 2: Human Vulnerability to Disease 3: Demographic and Epidemiological Transitions in Human History 4: Section Overview-The Cardiovascular System 5: Hypertension 6: Atherosclerotic Coronary Artery Disease 7: Section Overview-The Kidney 8: Chronic Kidney Disease (Secondary to Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis) 9: Section Overview-The Lung 10: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease 11: Pulmonary Tuberculosis 12: Cystic Fibrosis 13: Section Overview-The Gastrointestinal Tract 14: Lactose Intolerance 15: Celiac Disease 16: Crohn Disease 17: Section Overview-The Skeletal System 18: Vitamin D Deficiency 19: Osteoporosis 20: Gout 21: Rheumatoid Arthritis 22: Familial Mediterranean Fever 23: Section Overview-The Metabolic and Endocrine Systems 24: Obesity 25: Type 2 Diabetes 26: Type 1 Diabetes 27: Vitamin C Deficiency 28: Phenylketonuria 29: Variegate Porphyria 30: Section Overview-The Hematological System 31: Blood Group Incompatibility 32: Hemochromatosis 33: Iron-Deficiency Anemia 34: Sickle Cell Disease 35: Hemophilia 36: Section Overview-The Immune System and Infectious Diseases 37: HIV Resistance Associated With the CCR5-Delta 32 Mutation 38: Fever 39: Sepsis 40: Antimicrobial-Resistant Infections 41: Section Overview-Cancers 42: Melanoma 43: Colorectal Cancer 44: Breast Cancer 45: Section Overview-The Reproductive System 46: Preeclampsia 47: Obstructed Labor 48: Section Overview-The Central Nervous System 49: Alzheimer's Disease 50: Multiple Sclerosis 51: Parkinson's Disease 52: Section Overview-Mental Illness 53: Anxiety Disorders 54: Depression 55: Substance Use Disorders