The People of Sunghir

Erik Trinkaus is a Professor of Anthropology at Washington University, who has been analyzing the late archaic and early modern fossil human remains since his doctoral work at the University of Pennsylvania. He is concerned primarily with the changes in human biology that reflect the emergence of modern humans.

• Preface ; Assessing the Paleobiology of the Sunghir People ; The Site of Sunghir: Contents and Chronology ; The Site of Sunghir ; Radiocarbon Dating of the Site and the Burials ; The Mortuary Behavior at Sunghir ; The Isolated Sunghir 5 Cranium ; Grave 1 and Sunghir 1 ; Grave 2 and Sunghir 2 and 3 ; Grave 2bis plus Sunghir 6 and/or Sunghir 7 ; Sunghir 8 ; Time Investment in the Sunghir Burials ; Burial versus Everyday Clothing ; The Mid Upper Paleolithic Mortuary Context ; Additional Considerations ; Sunghir and its Human Remains ; The Sunghir Human Skeletal Remains ; The Skeletal Inventory of Sunghir 1 ; The Skeletal Inventory of Sunghir 2 ; The Skeletal Inventory of Sunghir 3 ; The Sunghir 4 Femoral Diaphysis ; The Sunghir 5 Cranium ; The Sunghir 6 Hemi-Mandible ; Sunghir 7 to 9 ; Comparative Materials and Methods for the Sunghir Remains ; Comparative Samples ; Data Sources ; Comparative Methods ; A Note on Notations and Accuracy ; The Ages-at-Death and Sexes of the Sunghir Humans ; The Ages-at-Death ; The Sexes of the Sunghir Individuals ; The Neurocrania from Sunghir 1, 2, 3 and 5 ; The Sunghir Neurocrania ; Neurocranial Size and Proportions ; Sutural Patterns ; Neurocranial Contours ; The Nuchal Plane and Adjacent Structures ; The Temporal Region ; The Human Facial Skeletons from Sunghir ; The Sunghir Facial Skeletons ; Prognathism ; The Orbital Region ; The Nasal Region ; Masticatory Morphology ; The Sunghir Dental and Alveolar Remains ; The Sunghir 1 Dentoalveolar Remains ; The Sunghir 2 and 3 Dentoalveolar Remains ; The Sunghir 5 Alveolar Remains ; The Sunghir 6 Alveolar Remains ; Dental Metrics ; Dental Occlusal Discrete Morphology (S.E. Bailey & A.A. Zubov) ; The Axial Skeletons of Sunghir 1, 2 and 3 ; The Cervical Vertebral Column ; The Thoracic and Lumbar Vertebrae ; The Sacra ; The Costal Skeletons ; The Body Size and Proportions of the Sunghir People ; Body Mass Estimation ; Body Proportions ; Stature Estimation ; The Shoulders and Arms of Sunghir 1 to 3 ; Issues of Asymmetry ; The Shoulder ; Diaphyseal Hypertrophy ; Forearm Pronation/Supination ; The Sunghir Hands ; Carpals and the Carpal Tunnel ; Hand Length Proportions ; The Pollex ; Ulnar Carpometacarpal Configurations ; Manual Hypertrophy ; The Pelves of Sunghir 1, 2 and 3 ; The Sunghir Pelvic Remains ; The Pubic Region ; The Ischia ; The Ilia ; The Leg Remains from Sunghir 1 to 4 ; Sunghir 1 and 4 Length Considerations ; Diaphyseal Morphology and Proportions ; Proximal Femoral Morphology and Proportions ; Considerations about the Knee ; The Proximal Side of the Talocrural Articulation ; The Sunghir Pedal Skeletons ; Pedal Length Proportions ; The Talocrural Articulations - The Distal Side ; Subtalar Articulations ; The Hallux ; The Lateral Toes ; The Abnormalities of the Sunghir People ; Sunghir 1 Abnormalities ; Sunghir 2 Abnormalities ; Sunghir 3 Abnormalities ; Sunghir 4 Abnormalities ; Sunghir 5 Abnormalities ; Sunghir 6 Lesions ; Sunghir Abnormalities in their Pleistocene Context ; Dietary Inferences for the Sunghir Humans ; Bone Mineral Composition ; Bone Collagen Stable Isotopes ; Postcanine Buccal Microwear ; The Paleobiology of the Sunghir People ; Populational Issues ; Considerations of Stress and Survival ; Issues of Strength and Endurance ; Some Final Thoughts ; Bibliography