In legislatures, group dynamics affect how the legislature operates, who is valued enough to play a critical decision-making role, and what voices matter in determining policy outcomes. An increase in a minority group''s size within democratically-elected legislatures actually leads to the devaluation of individual minority group members. The authors assert that representative institutions such as legislatures face a ''diversity paradox'': when the size of a minority group increases beyond mere ''tokenism'' in representative institutions, it tends to create an unintended backlash toward the minority group''s members that emanates from both majority and fellow minority group members. The inclusion of minority group voices in representative institutions is critical in a wide range of political decisions, ranging from legislative gender quotas in the new Iraqi constitution to attempts in the U.S. to increase minority representation through redistricting.
