TUKUMBI LUMUMBA-KASONGO is Herbert J. Charles and Florence Charles Faegre Professor of Political Science at Wells College, Senior Fellow at the Institute for African Development at Cornell University, Visiting Scholar in the Department of City and Regional Planning at Cornell University, and Director of CEPARRED. He has taught throughout Africa and the United States and has published extensively on international relations, social movements, and structural adjustments in Africa. He is the author of The Dynamics of Economic and Political Relations Between Africa and Foreign Powers: A Study in International Relations (Praeger, 1998).

• Abbreviations Preface Introduction: Issues, Approaches, and Theoretical Considerations The Nature of Democratic Discourses in the 1990s The Opposition Political Parties and Their Discourses The Role of the Church in Democratic Pluralism in Africa Ethnicity and Nationalism: Real Challenges to Multipartyism? The Military Factor in the Current Democracy Equation Structural Adjustment Programs and Their Implications in the Struggle for Democracy A General Conclusion: What Lessons from the Past and Where to Go from Here? Selected Bibliography Index

TUKUMBI LUMUMBA-KASONGO is Herbert J. Charles and Florence Charles Faegre Professor of Political Science at Wells College, Senior Fellow at the Institute for African Development at Cornell University, Visiting Scholar in the Department of City and Regional Planning at Cornell University, and Director of CEPARRED. He has taught throughout Africa and the United States and has published extensively on international relations, social movements, and structural adjustments in Africa. He is the author of The Dynamics of Economic and Political Relations Between Africa and Foreign Powers: A Study in International Relations (Praeger, 1998).

• Abbreviations Preface Introduction: Issues, Approaches, and Theoretical Considerations The Nature of Democratic Discourses in the 1990s The Opposition Political Parties and Their Discourses The Role of the Church in Democratic Pluralism in Africa Ethnicity and Nationalism: Real Challenges to Multipartyism? The Military Factor in the Current Democracy Equation Structural Adjustment Programs and Their Implications in the Struggle for Democracy A General Conclusion: What Lessons from the Past and Where to Go from Here? Selected Bibliography Index

TUKUMBI LUMUMBA-KASONGO is Herbert J. Charles and Florence Charles Faegre Professor of Political Science at Wells College, Senior Fellow at the Institute for African Development at Cornell University, Visiting Scholar in the Department of City and Regional Planning at Cornell University, and Director of CEPARRED. He has taught throughout Africa and the United States and has published extensively on international relations, social movements, and structural adjustments in Africa. He is the author of The Dynamics of Economic and Political Relations Between Africa and Foreign Powers: A Study in International Relations (Praeger, 1998).

• Abbreviations Preface Introduction: Issues, Approaches, and Theoretical Considerations The Nature of Democratic Discourses in the 1990s The Opposition Political Parties and Their Discourses The Role of the Church in Democratic Pluralism in Africa Ethnicity and Nationalism: Real Challenges to Multipartyism? The Military Factor in the Current Democracy Equation Structural Adjustment Programs and Their Implications in the Struggle for Democracy A General Conclusion: What Lessons from the Past and Where to Go from Here? Selected Bibliography Index