William C. Meadows is Professor of Anthropology and Native American Studies at Missouri State University.

Meadows combines extensive ethnographic fieldwork, archival research, and analysis of symbols to reconstruct the history and significance of the military societies of the Kiowa, Apache, and Comanche tribes of southwestern Oklahoma. More important, he shows how these groups adapted in the twentieth century to provide each tribe with its own distinctive identity while serving as tools for social integration and enculturation at the same time. (Journal of American History) Meadows produced a book that captures and records for all time the specifics of military society ceremonies, history and organization. In documenting and preserving these aspects of Indian life, he created a work valuable not just to anthropologists but to native preservationists as well. (Whispering Wind) Because of the book’s descriptive content, readers interested in the clothing, songs, dances, recruitment strategies, and symbols used by the various military societies recognized by the Comanches, Apaches, and Kiowas will find this work incredibly useful. (Journal of Military History) This book deserves praise, especially for the author’s own fieldwork and thorough use of the Native voice in depicting the multifaceted roles these sodalities played in Southern Plains Indian cultures. (Western Historical Quarterly) This is a good book, detailed, scholarly, and clearly presented. . . . The importance of [the author’s] fieldwork cannot be overemphasized. The research is solid. The author used important, and some long-forgotten, archival manuscripts and the best linguistic data available. (Military History of the West)

• List of IllustrationsList of TablesPrefaceAcknowledgementsPronunciation Guide: The Parker McKenzie Kiowa Language Orthography1. Sodalities and Plains Indian Military Societies2. YÀpfÀhÊgÀu: Kiowa Military Societies to 18753. The Decline and Revival of Kiowa Military Societies, 1875 to the Present4. Plains Apache Naishan Military Societies5. Comanche Military Societies6. Comparison and ConclusionsNotesBibliographyIndex

William C. Meadows is Professor of Anthropology and Native American Studies at Missouri State University.

Meadows combines extensive ethnographic fieldwork, archival research, and analysis of symbols to reconstruct the history and significance of the military societies of the Kiowa, Apache, and Comanche tribes of southwestern Oklahoma. More important, he shows how these groups adapted in the twentieth century to provide each tribe with its own distinctive identity while serving as tools for social integration and enculturation at the same time. (Journal of American History) Meadows produced a book that captures and records for all time the specifics of military society ceremonies, history and organization. In documenting and preserving these aspects of Indian life, he created a work valuable not just to anthropologists but to native preservationists as well. (Whispering Wind) Because of the book’s descriptive content, readers interested in the clothing, songs, dances, recruitment strategies, and symbols used by the various military societies recognized by the Comanches, Apaches, and Kiowas will find this work incredibly useful. (Journal of Military History) This book deserves praise, especially for the author’s own fieldwork and thorough use of the Native voice in depicting the multifaceted roles these sodalities played in Southern Plains Indian cultures. (Western Historical Quarterly) This is a good book, detailed, scholarly, and clearly presented. . . . The importance of [the author’s] fieldwork cannot be overemphasized. The research is solid. The author used important, and some long-forgotten, archival manuscripts and the best linguistic data available. (Military History of the West)

• List of IllustrationsList of TablesPrefaceAcknowledgementsPronunciation Guide: The Parker McKenzie Kiowa Language Orthography1. Sodalities and Plains Indian Military Societies2. YÀpfÀhÊgÀu: Kiowa Military Societies to 18753. The Decline and Revival of Kiowa Military Societies, 1875 to the Present4. Plains Apache Naishan Military Societies5. Comanche Military Societies6. Comparison and ConclusionsNotesBibliographyIndex

William C. Meadows is Professor of Anthropology and Native American Studies at Missouri State University.

Meadows combines extensive ethnographic fieldwork, archival research, and analysis of symbols to reconstruct the history and significance of the military societies of the Kiowa, Apache, and Comanche tribes of southwestern Oklahoma. More important, he shows how these groups adapted in the twentieth century to provide each tribe with its own distinctive identity while serving as tools for social integration and enculturation at the same time. (Journal of American History) Meadows produced a book that captures and records for all time the specifics of military society ceremonies, history and organization. In documenting and preserving these aspects of Indian life, he created a work valuable not just to anthropologists but to native preservationists as well. (Whispering Wind) Because of the book’s descriptive content, readers interested in the clothing, songs, dances, recruitment strategies, and symbols used by the various military societies recognized by the Comanches, Apaches, and Kiowas will find this work incredibly useful. (Journal of Military History) This book deserves praise, especially for the author’s own fieldwork and thorough use of the Native voice in depicting the multifaceted roles these sodalities played in Southern Plains Indian cultures. (Western Historical Quarterly) This is a good book, detailed, scholarly, and clearly presented. . . . The importance of [the author’s] fieldwork cannot be overemphasized. The research is solid. The author used important, and some long-forgotten, archival manuscripts and the best linguistic data available. (Military History of the West)

• List of IllustrationsList of TablesPrefaceAcknowledgementsPronunciation Guide: The Parker McKenzie Kiowa Language Orthography1. Sodalities and Plains Indian Military Societies2. YÀpfÀhÊgÀu: Kiowa Military Societies to 18753. The Decline and Revival of Kiowa Military Societies, 1875 to the Present4. Plains Apache Naishan Military Societies5. Comanche Military Societies6. Comparison and ConclusionsNotesBibliographyIndex