Applying the Rasch Model

Trevor G. Bond is currently Adjunct Professor at the College of Arts, Society and Education at James Cook University, Australia.Zi Yan is Associate Professor in the Department of Curriculum and Instruction at the Education University of Hong Kong.Moritz Heene is Full Professor of Learning Sciences Research Methodologies (i.e., Quantitative Methods) at the Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Germany.

From a previous edition:"The tiresome debate about Rasch vs. IRT is over -- if you want to construct valid measurements from uncertain observations you need to understand and learn how to use Rasch measurement. Bond and Fox is your huckleberry -- read it and get to work!" – Robert W. Massof, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, USA"Bond & Fox's book is a must read for anyone interested in measurement. This book is my go-to for introducing graduate students to the Rasch model." – Kelly D. Bradley, University of Kentucky, USA"The authors have successfully made sophisticated measurement theory into feasible practice for practitioners by providing clear and intuitive explanations, numerous examples, and nice computer outputs. It is a textbook that I have used and will continue to use in the future." – Wen Chung Wang, Hong Kong Institute of Education, Hong Kong"Bond and Fox provide a clear and accessible introduction to the Rasch model… I always recommend their book when a student or colleagues asks me to explain Rasch measurement theory." – George Engelhard, Jr., The University of Georgia, USA"The Rasch model represents modern measurement theory at its best … Rasch models are used around the world to create psychometrically defensible scales and tests. Bond and Fox provide an accessible introduction to the Rasch model that describes the logic and essential importance of fundamental measurement in the human sciences." – George Engelhard, Jr., The University of Georgia, USA

• Foreword Preface Notes on This VolumeAbout the Authors Why Measurement Is FundamentalChildren Can Construct Measures Interval Scales v. Ratio Scales: A Conceptual ExplanationStatistics and/or Measurement Why Fundamental Measurement?Derived MeasuresConjoint MeasurementThe Rasch Model for MeasurementA More Suitable Analogy for Measurement in the Human SciencesIn Conclusion Summary Important Principles of Measurement Made ExplicitAn example: "By How Much?"Moving From Observations to Measures Summary Basic Principles of the Rasch ModelThe Pathway AnalogyA Basic Framework for MeasurementThe Rasch ModelSummary Building a Set of Items for MeasurementThe Nature of the Data Analyzing Dichotomous Data: The BLOTA Simple Rasch Summary: The Item PathwayItem StatisticsItem FitThe Wright Map TargetingComparing Persons and ItemsSummaryExtended UnderstandingThe Problem of GuessingDifficulty, Ability, and FitThe Theory–Practice DialogSummary Invariance: A Crucial Property of Scientific MeasurementPerson and Item InvarianceCommon-Item LinkingPlease Keep in MindAnchoring Item Values Vertical ScalingCommon-Person Linking Invariance of Person Estimates across Tests: Concurrent ValidityThe PRTIII-PendulumCommon-Person Linking: BLOT & PRTIIIThe Theory–Practice DialogMeasurement Invariance: Where It Really MattersFailures of Invariance: DIF Differential Rater FunctioningDIF: Not Just a Problem, but an OpportunitySummary Measurement Using Likert ScalesThe Rasch Model for Polytomous DataAnalyzing Rating Scale Data: The Instrumental Attitude towards Self-Assessment QuestionnaireSummaryExtended UnderstandingSummary The Partial Credit Rasch ModelClinical Interview Analysis: A Rasch-Inspired BreakthroughScoring Interview TranscriptsPartial Credit Model ResultsInterpretationThe Theory–Practice DialogSummaryExtended UnderstandingPoint–Measure CorrelationsFit StatisticsDimensionality: Primary Components Factor Analysis Summary Measuring Facets Beyond Ability and DifficultyA Basic Introduction to the Many-Facets Rasch ModelWhy Not Use Interrater Reliability?Relations Among the Rasch Family of ModelsData Specifications of the Many-Facets Rasch ModelRating Creativity of Junior Scientists8.6 Many-Facets Analysis of Eighth-Grade WritingSummaryExtended UnderstandingRasch Measurement of Facets Beyond Rater EffectsSummary Making Measures, Setting Standards, and Rasch RegressionCreating a Measure from Existing Data: The RMPFS (Zi Yan, EdUHK) Method: Data Physical Fitness IndicatorsData AnalysisSeven Criteria to Investigate the Quality of Physical Fitness IndicatorsResults and DiscussionOptimising Response CategoriesInfluence of Underfitting Persons on the RMPFSProperties of the RMPFS With SubsamplesAge Dependent or Age Related?The Final Version of RMPFSObjective Standard Setting: The OSS Model (Gregory Stone, U Toledo) Early DefinitionsThe Objective Standard Setting ModelsObjective Standard Setting for Dichotomous ExaminationsObjective Standard Setting for Judge-Mediated ExaminationsFair Standards, Not Absolute ValuesRasch Regression (Svetlana Beltyukova, U Toledo) Predicting Physician Assistant Faculty Intention to Leave AcademiaRasch Regression Using the Anchored FormulationRasch Regression: Alternative ApproachesDiscussionSummary The Rasch Model Applied Across the Human SciencesRasch Measurement in Health SciencesOptimising an Existing Instrument: The NIHSS and a Central Role for PCA Creating a Short Form of an Existing Instrument: The FSQFSQ-SFTheory Guides Assessment Revisions: The PEP–S8Applications in Education and Psychology Rasch Measures as Grist for the Analytical Mill Rasch Gain Calculations: Racking and Stacking Rasch Learning Gain Calculations: The CCI Racking and Stacking Stacking Can Be Enough: UPAM Sub- Test Structure Informs Scoring Models Applications to Classroom TestingCan Rasch Measurement Help S.S. Stevens? Using Rasch Measures with Path Analysis (SEM Framework) Rasch Person Measures Used in a Partial Least Squares (PLS) Framework And Those Rasch Measurement SEs? Can We Really Combine SEM and Rasch Models?Conclusion Summary Rasch Modeling Applied: Rating Scale DesignRating Scale DesignCategory Frequencies and Average MeasuresThresholds and Category FitRevising a Rating ScaleAn ExampleGuidelines for Collapsing CategoriesProblems With Negatively Worded ItemsThe Invariance of the Measures across GroupsSummary Rasch Model Requirements: Model Fit and UnidimensionalityThe Data, the Model, and the ResidualsResidualsFit StatisticsExpectations of VariationFit, Misfit, and InterpretationFit: Issues for ResolutionPrincipal Components Analysis of Rasch Residuals: The BLOT as an ExemplarOne Dimension, Two Dimensions, Three Dimensions, More? Extended Understanding A Further Investigation: BLOT and PRTIII Summary A Synthetic OverviewAdditive Conjoint Measurement (ACM)True Score Theory, Latent Traits, and Item Response TheoryWould You Like an Interval Scale With That?Model Assumptions and Measurement RequirementsConstruct ValidityThe Rasch Model and Progress of ScienceBack to the Beginning and Back to the EndSummaryAppendix A: Getting StartedAppendix B: Technical Aspects of the Rasch ModelAppendix C: Going All the WayGlossaryAuthor IndexSubject Index