Gall, Spurzheim, and the Phrenological Movement

Insights and Perspectives

Inbunden, Engelska, 2021

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Beskrivning

During the 1790s in Vienna, German physician Franz Joseph Gall (1758-1828) came forth with a new doctrine dealing with mind, brain and behavior—one that could account for individual differences. He maintained that there are many independent faculties of mind, each associated with a separate part of the brain. He fine-tuned his ideas and published two sets of books presenting them after he and his assistant, Johann Gaspar Spurzheim, settled in Paris in 1807. Gall's ideas had many supporters but were controversial and unsettling to others. In particular, the opposition ridiculed his belief that skull features reflect the growth of specific, underlying cortical organs, and hence correlate with personality traits (i.e., his ‘bumpology’). Gall’s fundamental ideas about the mind and organization of the brain were debated across the globe, and they also began to be exploited by unscrupulous businessmen, ‘professors’ who ‘read skulls’ for a living. But, as some historians have shown, his ideas about mind, brain and behavior led to the modern neurosciences. The chapters collected in this volume provide new insights into Gall’s thinking and what Spurzheim did, and the faddish movement called ‘phrenology’, which originated as a science of humankind but became a popular source of entertainment. All chapters were originally published in various issues of the Journal of the History of the Neurosciences.

Produktinformation

Utgivningsdatum:2021-05-11
Mått:174 x 246 x undefined mm
Vikt:770 g
Format:Inbunden
Språk:Engelska
Antal sidor:316
Förlag:Taylor & Francis Ltd
ISBN:9780367497811

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Mer om författaren

Paul Eling is Associate Professor Emeritus at the Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands. He published on a wide variety of topics in the field of cognitive neuropsychology and various textbooks. He is an Editor for the Journal of the History of the Neurosciences.Stanley Finger is Professor Emeritus at Washington University. He has published more than 250 articles and 20 books, including Franz Joseph Gall: Naturalist of the Mind, Visionary of the Brain (with Paul Eling in 2019). He was also an Editor for the Journal of the History of the Neurosciences.

Innehållsförteckning

Introduction1. Gall, Spurzheim, and the Phrenological MovementPaul Eling and Stanley Finger2. Phrenology: Scheherazade of etymology Régis Olry and Duane E. HainesOverlooked Gall and Features of his Doctrine3. Franz Joseph Gall on hemispheric symmetriesPaul Eling and Stanley Finger4. Matters of Sex and Gender in F. J. Gall’s Organology: A Primary ApproachTabea Cornel5. Franz Joseph Gall on the "deaf and dumb" and the complexities of mindPaul Eling and Stanley Finger6. Gall’s German enemiesPaul Eling and Stanley Finger7. An early description of Crouzon syndrome in a manuscript written in 1828 by Franz Joseph GallStephan Heinrich Nolte, Werner Hansen, Paul Eling and Stanley Finger8. "My God, here is the skull of a murderer!" Physical appearance and violent crimeJaco BervelingSpurzheim Reexamined9. Johann Gaspar Spurzheim: The St. Paul of phrenologyJohn van Wyhe10. The split between Gall and Spurzheim (1813–1818)Harry Whitaker and Gonia JaremaInternational Connections11. The reception of Gall’s organology in early-nineteenth-century VilniusEglė Sakalauskaitė-Juodeikienė, Paul Eling and Stanley Finger12. Ludwig Heinrich Bojanus (1776–1827) on Gall’s craniognomic system, zoology, and comparative anatomyEglė Sakalauskaitė-Juodeikienė, Paul Eling and Stanley Finger13. Matter over mind? The rise and fall of phrenology in nineteenth-century FranceMarc Renneville14. Franz Joseph Gall came to Copenhagen, and for a brief moment the brain was the talk of the townJacob Lauge Thomassen and Simon Beierholm15. Gall’s Visit to The NetherlandsPaul Eling, Douwe Draaisma and Matthijs Conradi16. Georg Büchner: Anatomist of the animal brain and the human mindMichael Hagner17. Phrenology as clinical neuroscience: how American academic physicians in the 1820s and 1830s used phrenological theory to understand neurological symptomsFrank R. Freemon18. The promotion of phrenology in New South Wales, 1830–1850, at the Sydney Mechanics School of ArtsCatherine E. StoreyLampooning Phrenology19. The phrenological illustrations of George Cruickshank (1792–1878): A satire on phrenology or human nature?Gül A. Russell20. Mark Twain’s phrenological experiment: Three renditions of his "small test"Stanley Finger21. Dr. Oliver Wendell Holmes on phrenology: Debunking a fadStanley Finger