Advanced Nutrition

Carolyn D. Berdanier, PhD , is a Professor Emerita of Nutrition at the University of Georgia inAthens, GA. She earned her BS degree from the Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA,and MS and PhD degrees from Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ. After a postdoctoral fellowshipyear with Dr. Paul Griminger at Rutgers, she served as a research nutritionist at the USDA HumanNutrition Institute in Beltsville, MD. At the same time, she also served as an assistant professor ofnutrition at the University of Maryland. Following these appointments, she moved to the Universityof Nebraska, College of Medicine, and then in 1977 moved to the University of Georgia where sheserved as the department head, Foods and Nutrition, for 11 years. She stepped down from this positionto resume full- time research and teaching with a special interest in diabetes. Her research hasbeen funded by a variety of funding agencies.Dr. Berdanier has authored more than 120 research articles, contributed 40 chapters tomultiauthored books, prepared 45 invited reviews for scientifi c journals, and has edited/ coauthoredor sole authored 19 books. She has served on the editorial boards of the FASEB Journal , theJournal of Nutrition, Biochemistry Archives, Nutrition Research , and the International Journalof Diabetes Research . She also serves as an ad hoc reviewer for articles in her specialty for awide variety of scientifi c journals.Lynnette A. Berdanier is a lecturer in the Department of Biology at the University of North Georgia,Gainesville campus, Gainesville, GA. She teaches biology as well as anatomy and physiology andmedical microbiology. She earned her BS degree from the University of Nebraska, Kearney, NE, andher MS degree in physiology from the University of Georgia, Athens, GA. She served as a lecturer atAthens Technical College and at North Georgia College in Dahlonega prior to moving to her currentposition at the University of North Georgia in Gainesville, GA. She has authored several researcharticles and two books.

• ContentsPreface ............................................................................................................................................. xviiAcknowledgments ............................................................................................................................ xixAuthor Biographies .......................................................................................................................... xxiChapter 1 Introduction to Advanced Nutrition .......................................................................... 1Chapter 2 Nutrition and the Cycle of Life .................................................................................... 15Chapter 3 Nutrition, the Microbiota, and Chronic Disease ................................................... 41Chapter 4 Metabolism of the Macronutrients ............................................................................... 57Chapter 5 Energy .................................................................................................................................. 79Chapter 6 Negative Energy Balance, Starvation, and Malnutrition ..................................... 101Chapter 7 Exercise, Physical Activity, and the Energy Equation .......................................... 117Chapter 8 Positive Energy Balance: Obesity .............................................................................. 129Chapter 9 Regulation of Food Intake .......................................................................................... 151Chapter 10 Nutrigenomics ............................................................................................................ 171Chapter 11 Protein ........................................................................................................................ 201Chapter 12 Carbohydrates ............................................................................................................. 257Chapter 13 Lipids .......................................................................................................................... 305Chapter 14 Macrominerals ............................................................................................................ 355Chapter 15 Trace Minerals ............................................................................................................ 389Chapter 16 Fat- Soluble Vitamins .................................................................................................. 435Chapter 17 Water- Soluble Vitamins .............................................................................................. 491Chapter 18 Case Studies ............................................................................................................... 561Appendix ......................................................................................................................................... 571Index ................................................................................................................................................ 588