Holly Ann Garnett is based at the Centre for the Study of Democratic Citizenship at McGill University in Montreal, Canada. Her research confronts the challenge of strengthening electoral integrity around the globe by focusing on the design and practices of election management bodies. Margarita Zavadskaya is based at the European University Institute in Fiesole, Italy, and European University at Saint Petersburg, Russia. Her research considers the political economy of authoritarian regimes and their persistence.

• 1. Introduction [Margarita Zavadskaya and Holly Ann Garnett] Part I: Actors and Strategies 2. Do Methods of Fraud and Electoral Malpractice Evolve? Innovation and Learning Mechanisms in Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan [Samuele Dominioni] 3. Electoral Governance in Latin America and the Behaviour of Oppositions [Gabriela Tarouco] 4. Election Quality, Democratization and Organized Crime [Sofia Jonsson] Part II: Consequences 5. Electoral Integrity and Voter Turnout in Contemporary Autocracies [Grigorii V. Golosov] 6. Electoral Integrity and Electoral Violence [Sarah Birch and David Muchlinski] 7. When Do Elections Subvert Authoritarianism? Electoral Malpractice and Variety of Post-Electoral Scenarios [Margarita Zavadskaya] Part III: Conclusions 8. Conclusion [Margarita Zavadskaya and Holly Ann Garnett]

Holly Ann Garnett is based at the Centre for the Study of Democratic Citizenship at McGill University in Montreal, Canada. Her research confronts the challenge of strengthening electoral integrity around the globe by focusing on the design and practices of election management bodies. Margarita Zavadskaya is based at the European University Institute in Fiesole, Italy, and European University at Saint Petersburg, Russia. Her research considers the political economy of authoritarian regimes and their persistence.

• 1. Introduction [Margarita Zavadskaya and Holly Ann Garnett] Part I: Actors and Strategies 2. Do Methods of Fraud and Electoral Malpractice Evolve? Innovation and Learning Mechanisms in Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan [Samuele Dominioni] 3. Electoral Governance in Latin America and the Behaviour of Oppositions [Gabriela Tarouco] 4. Election Quality, Democratization and Organized Crime [Sofia Jonsson] Part II: Consequences 5. Electoral Integrity and Voter Turnout in Contemporary Autocracies [Grigorii V. Golosov] 6. Electoral Integrity and Electoral Violence [Sarah Birch and David Muchlinski] 7. When Do Elections Subvert Authoritarianism? Electoral Malpractice and Variety of Post-Electoral Scenarios [Margarita Zavadskaya] Part III: Conclusions 8. Conclusion [Margarita Zavadskaya and Holly Ann Garnett]

Holly Ann Garnett is based at the Centre for the Study of Democratic Citizenship at McGill University in Montreal, Canada. Her research confronts the challenge of strengthening electoral integrity around the globe by focusing on the design and practices of election management bodies. Margarita Zavadskaya is based at the European University Institute in Fiesole, Italy, and European University at Saint Petersburg, Russia. Her research considers the political economy of authoritarian regimes and their persistence.

• 1. Introduction [Margarita Zavadskaya and Holly Ann Garnett] Part I: Actors and Strategies 2. Do Methods of Fraud and Electoral Malpractice Evolve? Innovation and Learning Mechanisms in Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan [Samuele Dominioni] 3. Electoral Governance in Latin America and the Behaviour of Oppositions [Gabriela Tarouco] 4. Election Quality, Democratization and Organized Crime [Sofia Jonsson] Part II: Consequences 5. Electoral Integrity and Voter Turnout in Contemporary Autocracies [Grigorii V. Golosov] 6. Electoral Integrity and Electoral Violence [Sarah Birch and David Muchlinski] 7. When Do Elections Subvert Authoritarianism? Electoral Malpractice and Variety of Post-Electoral Scenarios [Margarita Zavadskaya] Part III: Conclusions 8. Conclusion [Margarita Zavadskaya and Holly Ann Garnett]