Mirsad Kriještorac is Assistant Professor of Political Science at Broward College.

“Kriještorac’s rigorous empirical study of the development of a Bosniak identity extends the academic literature on nationalism, refines the history of Muslims in the Balkans, and adds to our knowledge of immigrant life in the United States. Kriještorac demonstrates the fruitfulness of studying change rather than permanence.”—Thomas A. Breslin, Florida International University

• List of FiguresList of Tables AbbreviationsIntroduction I: Nationalism, Nation, Maybe State … And Identity: Theorizing Nationalism And Its Relation With A Group’s Salient Idenity A-1: Universal Particularism of Nationalism A-2: Nationalism as Groupness A-3: Power Relations as History of Nationalism A-4: Types of Nationalism A-5: Nationalism to overcome inertia in a motivation for a group changeA-6: Prescription for Imagining Nations A-7: Social structure transformation A-8: Case Study Selection A-9: An argument for a bottom-up approach for a study of a case of nationalismB: Defining And Disaggregating Salient Identity B-2: Three levels of identity, individual, group and community of groups B-2-2: Third level of response for group identityII: A Short History Of Bosnian Muslim Groupness 2-1: Bosnian Muslims as a Distinct Group of the Bosnian Pot of People 2-2-1: Significant Early History of Bosnia and Its People 2-3: Bosnia's Ottoman Legacy 2-4: The Rise of Independent Bosnian Muslim Elites III: The Three Pillars Of Bosnian Muslim Nationalism 3-1: Integrity of BiH as a Territory and an Entity 3-2: Islamic Foundation of Bosnian Muslims as a Separate Group3-3: Theological Roots of Official Bosnian Islam 3-4: Four Phases of IZBiH Interactions with the non-Islamic State 3-5: Bosniaks, Bosnian Language or Language of Bosnia and HerzegovinaIV: Mapping The Bosnian Muslim Diaspora Sample4-1: Materials and Procedure 4-2: Defining Diaspora and Population Sample4-3: The Collection Sites 4-3-1: Chicago Metropolitan Area 4-3-2: St Louis, Missouri 4-3-3: New York Metropolitan Area 5-3-4: Other Locations V: Analysis Of Us Bosnian Muslim Diaspora Survey Data: Frequencies And Distributions 5.1: Discussion on Operationalization and Level of Analysis 5-2: Questions and Constructs 5-3: Representativeness of This Sample of the Bosnian Muslim Population 5-4: Nationalism Constructs 5-5: The Type of Nationalism Index 5-6: Controlled Variables 5-7: Nationalism Type – Frequencies of Fourteen Items 5-7-1: Regional Representation 5-7-2: Regionalism and its Manifestations Among Participants 5-7-3: Feeling Yugoslav, Yes or No? 5-7-4: Friendship and Social Distance 5-7-5: Participant Attitudes Toward Traits of the Group5-7-6: Bosnian Muslims as an Endogamous Group 5-7-7: Participants’ Perceptions about Bosnian Muslim Culture 5-8: The Nationalism Strength Index 5-9: Frequencies of Nationalism Strength Index Items 5-9-1: Attitudes Towards Fellow Slav Muslims Outside of BiH 5-9-2: Regional and Schooling Frequencies 5-9-3: Culture and Ties to the Homeland 5-9-4: Long-Distance Imagination and Engagement 5-9-5: Bosnian Language and Intensity of Nationalism 5-10: Controlled Variables Distribution and Frequencies 5-10-1: Gender and Representativeness 5-10-2: Gender and Traits of Bosniak Identity 5-10-3: Gender and Customs 5-10-4: Religiosity and Representativeness 5-10-5: Memory and Perception of Inequality 5-10-6: Passport Identity 5-10-7: Other Relevant Data Frequencies 5-11: Limitations of Data and Study VI: Results Of The Test Of Interactions Between Nationalism And Desired Salient Identity6-1: Lower Level Analysis 6-1-1: Correlations of Nationalism Strength with Desired Identity, Previous Identity, and Controlled Variables Success 6-1-2: Correlations between Social Status Categories and Nationalism Strength 6-1-3: Correlations between Previous Identity and Nationalism Strength 6-1-4: Correlations of Social Status and Previous Identity with Nationalism Strength 6-1-5: Correlations of Level of Education and Nationalism Strength 6-1-6: Correlations of Nationalism Strength and Age of Respondents 6-1-7: Comparison of Nationalism Strength Across Gender Groups 6-1-8: Strength of Nationalism for BiH Property Owners 6-2: Types of Nationalism Correlations 6-2-1: Types of Nationalism Correlations with the Controlled Variable of Age 6-2-2: Correlations of Type of Nationalism with the Controlled Variable of Gender 6-2-3: Nationalism Type and Years of Schooling 6-2-4: Correlations of House/Apartment Ownership in BiH with Type of Nationalism 6-2-5: Correlation of Nationalism Type with the Feeling towards Previous and Desired Identities 6-3: Multinomial Logistic Regression for Nationalism Strength and Nationalism Type on Six Bosniak Identity Categories 6-3-1: Parameter Estimates for SB Relative to VSB 6-3-2: Parameter Estimates for WB Relative to VSB 6-3-3: Parameter Estimates for OVSB Relative to VSB 6-3-4: Parameter Estimates for OSB Relative to VSB 6-3-5: Parameter Estimates for OWB Relative to VSB 6-3-6: Discussion on Multinomial Regression for the Case of Bosniak Identity Conclusion: Lessons For A Better Understanding Of Nationalism And Importance Of Bosniak Identity Appendices (supplemental files):Appendix A: Nationalism Strength Questions and Frequencies Appendix B: Nationalism Type Questions and Frequencies Appendix C: Survey QuestionnaireBibliography Index

Mirsad Kriještorac is Assistant Professor of Political Science at Broward College.

“Kriještorac’s rigorous empirical study of the development of a Bosniak identity extends the academic literature on nationalism, refines the history of Muslims in the Balkans, and adds to our knowledge of immigrant life in the United States. Kriještorac demonstrates the fruitfulness of studying change rather than permanence.”—Thomas A. Breslin, Florida International University

• List of FiguresList of Tables AbbreviationsIntroduction I: Nationalism, Nation, Maybe State … And Identity: Theorizing Nationalism And Its Relation With A Group’s Salient Idenity A-1: Universal Particularism of Nationalism A-2: Nationalism as Groupness A-3: Power Relations as History of Nationalism A-4: Types of Nationalism A-5: Nationalism to overcome inertia in a motivation for a group changeA-6: Prescription for Imagining Nations A-7: Social structure transformation A-8: Case Study Selection A-9: An argument for a bottom-up approach for a study of a case of nationalismB: Defining And Disaggregating Salient Identity B-2: Three levels of identity, individual, group and community of groups B-2-2: Third level of response for group identityII: A Short History Of Bosnian Muslim Groupness 2-1: Bosnian Muslims as a Distinct Group of the Bosnian Pot of People 2-2-1: Significant Early History of Bosnia and Its People 2-3: Bosnia's Ottoman Legacy 2-4: The Rise of Independent Bosnian Muslim Elites III: The Three Pillars Of Bosnian Muslim Nationalism 3-1: Integrity of BiH as a Territory and an Entity 3-2: Islamic Foundation of Bosnian Muslims as a Separate Group3-3: Theological Roots of Official Bosnian Islam 3-4: Four Phases of IZBiH Interactions with the non-Islamic State 3-5: Bosniaks, Bosnian Language or Language of Bosnia and HerzegovinaIV: Mapping The Bosnian Muslim Diaspora Sample4-1: Materials and Procedure 4-2: Defining Diaspora and Population Sample4-3: The Collection Sites 4-3-1: Chicago Metropolitan Area 4-3-2: St Louis, Missouri 4-3-3: New York Metropolitan Area 5-3-4: Other Locations V: Analysis Of Us Bosnian Muslim Diaspora Survey Data: Frequencies And Distributions 5.1: Discussion on Operationalization and Level of Analysis 5-2: Questions and Constructs 5-3: Representativeness of This Sample of the Bosnian Muslim Population 5-4: Nationalism Constructs 5-5: The Type of Nationalism Index 5-6: Controlled Variables 5-7: Nationalism Type – Frequencies of Fourteen Items 5-7-1: Regional Representation 5-7-2: Regionalism and its Manifestations Among Participants 5-7-3: Feeling Yugoslav, Yes or No? 5-7-4: Friendship and Social Distance 5-7-5: Participant Attitudes Toward Traits of the Group5-7-6: Bosnian Muslims as an Endogamous Group 5-7-7: Participants’ Perceptions about Bosnian Muslim Culture 5-8: The Nationalism Strength Index 5-9: Frequencies of Nationalism Strength Index Items 5-9-1: Attitudes Towards Fellow Slav Muslims Outside of BiH 5-9-2: Regional and Schooling Frequencies 5-9-3: Culture and Ties to the Homeland 5-9-4: Long-Distance Imagination and Engagement 5-9-5: Bosnian Language and Intensity of Nationalism 5-10: Controlled Variables Distribution and Frequencies 5-10-1: Gender and Representativeness 5-10-2: Gender and Traits of Bosniak Identity 5-10-3: Gender and Customs 5-10-4: Religiosity and Representativeness 5-10-5: Memory and Perception of Inequality 5-10-6: Passport Identity 5-10-7: Other Relevant Data Frequencies 5-11: Limitations of Data and Study VI: Results Of The Test Of Interactions Between Nationalism And Desired Salient Identity6-1: Lower Level Analysis 6-1-1: Correlations of Nationalism Strength with Desired Identity, Previous Identity, and Controlled Variables Success 6-1-2: Correlations between Social Status Categories and Nationalism Strength 6-1-3: Correlations between Previous Identity and Nationalism Strength 6-1-4: Correlations of Social Status and Previous Identity with Nationalism Strength 6-1-5: Correlations of Level of Education and Nationalism Strength 6-1-6: Correlations of Nationalism Strength and Age of Respondents 6-1-7: Comparison of Nationalism Strength Across Gender Groups 6-1-8: Strength of Nationalism for BiH Property Owners 6-2: Types of Nationalism Correlations 6-2-1: Types of Nationalism Correlations with the Controlled Variable of Age 6-2-2: Correlations of Type of Nationalism with the Controlled Variable of Gender 6-2-3: Nationalism Type and Years of Schooling 6-2-4: Correlations of House/Apartment Ownership in BiH with Type of Nationalism 6-2-5: Correlation of Nationalism Type with the Feeling towards Previous and Desired Identities 6-3: Multinomial Logistic Regression for Nationalism Strength and Nationalism Type on Six Bosniak Identity Categories 6-3-1: Parameter Estimates for SB Relative to VSB 6-3-2: Parameter Estimates for WB Relative to VSB 6-3-3: Parameter Estimates for OVSB Relative to VSB 6-3-4: Parameter Estimates for OSB Relative to VSB 6-3-5: Parameter Estimates for OWB Relative to VSB 6-3-6: Discussion on Multinomial Regression for the Case of Bosniak Identity Conclusion: Lessons For A Better Understanding Of Nationalism And Importance Of Bosniak Identity Appendices (supplemental files):Appendix A: Nationalism Strength Questions and Frequencies Appendix B: Nationalism Type Questions and Frequencies Appendix C: Survey QuestionnaireBibliography Index

Mirsad Kriještorac is Assistant Professor of Political Science at Broward College.

“Kriještorac’s rigorous empirical study of the development of a Bosniak identity extends the academic literature on nationalism, refines the history of Muslims in the Balkans, and adds to our knowledge of immigrant life in the United States. Kriještorac demonstrates the fruitfulness of studying change rather than permanence.”—Thomas A. Breslin, Florida International University

• List of FiguresList of Tables AbbreviationsIntroduction I: Nationalism, Nation, Maybe State … And Identity: Theorizing Nationalism And Its Relation With A Group’s Salient Idenity A-1: Universal Particularism of Nationalism A-2: Nationalism as Groupness A-3: Power Relations as History of Nationalism A-4: Types of Nationalism A-5: Nationalism to overcome inertia in a motivation for a group changeA-6: Prescription for Imagining Nations A-7: Social structure transformation A-8: Case Study Selection A-9: An argument for a bottom-up approach for a study of a case of nationalismB: Defining And Disaggregating Salient Identity B-2: Three levels of identity, individual, group and community of groups B-2-2: Third level of response for group identityII: A Short History Of Bosnian Muslim Groupness 2-1: Bosnian Muslims as a Distinct Group of the Bosnian Pot of People 2-2-1: Significant Early History of Bosnia and Its People 2-3: Bosnia's Ottoman Legacy 2-4: The Rise of Independent Bosnian Muslim Elites III: The Three Pillars Of Bosnian Muslim Nationalism 3-1: Integrity of BiH as a Territory and an Entity 3-2: Islamic Foundation of Bosnian Muslims as a Separate Group3-3: Theological Roots of Official Bosnian Islam 3-4: Four Phases of IZBiH Interactions with the non-Islamic State 3-5: Bosniaks, Bosnian Language or Language of Bosnia and HerzegovinaIV: Mapping The Bosnian Muslim Diaspora Sample4-1: Materials and Procedure 4-2: Defining Diaspora and Population Sample4-3: The Collection Sites 4-3-1: Chicago Metropolitan Area 4-3-2: St Louis, Missouri 4-3-3: New York Metropolitan Area 5-3-4: Other Locations V: Analysis Of Us Bosnian Muslim Diaspora Survey Data: Frequencies And Distributions 5.1: Discussion on Operationalization and Level of Analysis 5-2: Questions and Constructs 5-3: Representativeness of This Sample of the Bosnian Muslim Population 5-4: Nationalism Constructs 5-5: The Type of Nationalism Index 5-6: Controlled Variables 5-7: Nationalism Type – Frequencies of Fourteen Items 5-7-1: Regional Representation 5-7-2: Regionalism and its Manifestations Among Participants 5-7-3: Feeling Yugoslav, Yes or No? 5-7-4: Friendship and Social Distance 5-7-5: Participant Attitudes Toward Traits of the Group5-7-6: Bosnian Muslims as an Endogamous Group 5-7-7: Participants’ Perceptions about Bosnian Muslim Culture 5-8: The Nationalism Strength Index 5-9: Frequencies of Nationalism Strength Index Items 5-9-1: Attitudes Towards Fellow Slav Muslims Outside of BiH 5-9-2: Regional and Schooling Frequencies 5-9-3: Culture and Ties to the Homeland 5-9-4: Long-Distance Imagination and Engagement 5-9-5: Bosnian Language and Intensity of Nationalism 5-10: Controlled Variables Distribution and Frequencies 5-10-1: Gender and Representativeness 5-10-2: Gender and Traits of Bosniak Identity 5-10-3: Gender and Customs 5-10-4: Religiosity and Representativeness 5-10-5: Memory and Perception of Inequality 5-10-6: Passport Identity 5-10-7: Other Relevant Data Frequencies 5-11: Limitations of Data and Study VI: Results Of The Test Of Interactions Between Nationalism And Desired Salient Identity6-1: Lower Level Analysis 6-1-1: Correlations of Nationalism Strength with Desired Identity, Previous Identity, and Controlled Variables Success 6-1-2: Correlations between Social Status Categories and Nationalism Strength 6-1-3: Correlations between Previous Identity and Nationalism Strength 6-1-4: Correlations of Social Status and Previous Identity with Nationalism Strength 6-1-5: Correlations of Level of Education and Nationalism Strength 6-1-6: Correlations of Nationalism Strength and Age of Respondents 6-1-7: Comparison of Nationalism Strength Across Gender Groups 6-1-8: Strength of Nationalism for BiH Property Owners 6-2: Types of Nationalism Correlations 6-2-1: Types of Nationalism Correlations with the Controlled Variable of Age 6-2-2: Correlations of Type of Nationalism with the Controlled Variable of Gender 6-2-3: Nationalism Type and Years of Schooling 6-2-4: Correlations of House/Apartment Ownership in BiH with Type of Nationalism 6-2-5: Correlation of Nationalism Type with the Feeling towards Previous and Desired Identities 6-3: Multinomial Logistic Regression for Nationalism Strength and Nationalism Type on Six Bosniak Identity Categories 6-3-1: Parameter Estimates for SB Relative to VSB 6-3-2: Parameter Estimates for WB Relative to VSB 6-3-3: Parameter Estimates for OVSB Relative to VSB 6-3-4: Parameter Estimates for OSB Relative to VSB 6-3-5: Parameter Estimates for OWB Relative to VSB 6-3-6: Discussion on Multinomial Regression for the Case of Bosniak Identity Conclusion: Lessons For A Better Understanding Of Nationalism And Importance Of Bosniak Identity Appendices (supplemental files):Appendix A: Nationalism Strength Questions and Frequencies Appendix B: Nationalism Type Questions and Frequencies Appendix C: Survey QuestionnaireBibliography Index