Robert C. Smith is Professor of Political Science at San Francisco State University. He is the author of Black Leadership: A Survey of Theory and Research and Racism in the Post-Civil Rights Era: Now You See It, Now You Don't and coauthor (with Richard Seltzer) of Race, Class, and Culture: A Study of Afro-American Mass Opinion, the latter two published by SUNY Press. He has coedited two books, Urban Black Politics and Reflections on Black Leadership, and is associate editor of the National Political Science Review.

"A thorough and well-written account of the decline of the civil rights movement. I hope it will contribute to the discussion of how to breathe new life into the movement." — John R. Howard, State University of New York, Purchase"This is the broadest view and review of African American politics in the post-civil rights era of which I am aware. This makes for a very rich understanding of the era, and each of the organizations and policy issues Smith reviews. His work is a major contribution to the literature on African American politics." — Dianne Pinderhughes, University of Illinois"Professor Robert C. Smith has produced a work the breadth and depth of which is an important milestone in the scholarship of black politics. In doing so, he teases out some of the most important questions in the field and, consequently, in the use of politics by the black community. Along the way, he produces gems of insight and theoretical importance." — Ronald W. Walters, from the Foreword

• Tables Foreword Preface Part I 1. From Protest to Incorporation: A Framework for Analysis of Civil Rights Movement Outcomes Part II 2. The National Black Political Convention, 1972–84 3. Continuity and Innovation in Post–Civil Rights Era Black Organization Part III 4. Black Incorporation and Institutionalization in the Post–Civil Rights Era: Leading America and Leading Blacks 5. Blacks and Presidential Policy Making: Neglect, Policy, Symbols, and Cooptation 6. Blacks in Congressional Decision Making: A Policy Consensus on Civil Rights, 1970–1994 7. Blacks in Congressional Decision Making: The Humphrey-Hawkins Act as Symbolic Politics 8. Blacks in Congressional Decision Making: Neglect and Invisibility on Social and Economic Reform Part IV 9. Symbolic Politics at High Tide: Jesse Jackson and the Rainbow Coalition 10. Racial Symbolism as "Ideology" in the Post–Civil Rights Era, and a Postscript on the Clinton Administration and the 1994 Election Part V 11. From Incorporation toward Irrelevance: The Afro-American Freedom Struggle in the 21st Century Appendix A Comparison of Democratic Party Platform Language on Full Employment, 1944–92 Notes Index

Robert C. Smith is Professor of Political Science at San Francisco State University. He is the author of Black Leadership: A Survey of Theory and Research and Racism in the Post-Civil Rights Era: Now You See It, Now You Don't and coauthor (with Richard Seltzer) of Race, Class, and Culture: A Study of Afro-American Mass Opinion, the latter two published by SUNY Press. He has coedited two books, Urban Black Politics and Reflections on Black Leadership, and is associate editor of the National Political Science Review.

"A thorough and well-written account of the decline of the civil rights movement. I hope it will contribute to the discussion of how to breathe new life into the movement." — John R. Howard, State University of New York, Purchase"This is the broadest view and review of African American politics in the post-civil rights era of which I am aware. This makes for a very rich understanding of the era, and each of the organizations and policy issues Smith reviews. His work is a major contribution to the literature on African American politics." — Dianne Pinderhughes, University of Illinois"Professor Robert C. Smith has produced a work the breadth and depth of which is an important milestone in the scholarship of black politics. In doing so, he teases out some of the most important questions in the field and, consequently, in the use of politics by the black community. Along the way, he produces gems of insight and theoretical importance." — Ronald W. Walters, from the Foreword

• Tables Foreword Preface Part I 1. From Protest to Incorporation: A Framework for Analysis of Civil Rights Movement Outcomes Part II 2. The National Black Political Convention, 1972–84 3. Continuity and Innovation in Post–Civil Rights Era Black Organization Part III 4. Black Incorporation and Institutionalization in the Post–Civil Rights Era: Leading America and Leading Blacks 5. Blacks and Presidential Policy Making: Neglect, Policy, Symbols, and Cooptation 6. Blacks in Congressional Decision Making: A Policy Consensus on Civil Rights, 1970–1994 7. Blacks in Congressional Decision Making: The Humphrey-Hawkins Act as Symbolic Politics 8. Blacks in Congressional Decision Making: Neglect and Invisibility on Social and Economic Reform Part IV 9. Symbolic Politics at High Tide: Jesse Jackson and the Rainbow Coalition 10. Racial Symbolism as "Ideology" in the Post–Civil Rights Era, and a Postscript on the Clinton Administration and the 1994 Election Part V 11. From Incorporation toward Irrelevance: The Afro-American Freedom Struggle in the 21st Century Appendix A Comparison of Democratic Party Platform Language on Full Employment, 1944–92 Notes Index

Robert C. Smith is Professor of Political Science at San Francisco State University. He is the author of Black Leadership: A Survey of Theory and Research and Racism in the Post-Civil Rights Era: Now You See It, Now You Don't and coauthor (with Richard Seltzer) of Race, Class, and Culture: A Study of Afro-American Mass Opinion, the latter two published by SUNY Press. He has coedited two books, Urban Black Politics and Reflections on Black Leadership, and is associate editor of the National Political Science Review.

"A thorough and well-written account of the decline of the civil rights movement. I hope it will contribute to the discussion of how to breathe new life into the movement." — John R. Howard, State University of New York, Purchase"This is the broadest view and review of African American politics in the post-civil rights era of which I am aware. This makes for a very rich understanding of the era, and each of the organizations and policy issues Smith reviews. His work is a major contribution to the literature on African American politics." — Dianne Pinderhughes, University of Illinois"Professor Robert C. Smith has produced a work the breadth and depth of which is an important milestone in the scholarship of black politics. In doing so, he teases out some of the most important questions in the field and, consequently, in the use of politics by the black community. Along the way, he produces gems of insight and theoretical importance." — Ronald W. Walters, from the Foreword

• Tables Foreword Preface Part I 1. From Protest to Incorporation: A Framework for Analysis of Civil Rights Movement Outcomes Part II 2. The National Black Political Convention, 1972–84 3. Continuity and Innovation in Post–Civil Rights Era Black Organization Part III 4. Black Incorporation and Institutionalization in the Post–Civil Rights Era: Leading America and Leading Blacks 5. Blacks and Presidential Policy Making: Neglect, Policy, Symbols, and Cooptation 6. Blacks in Congressional Decision Making: A Policy Consensus on Civil Rights, 1970–1994 7. Blacks in Congressional Decision Making: The Humphrey-Hawkins Act as Symbolic Politics 8. Blacks in Congressional Decision Making: Neglect and Invisibility on Social and Economic Reform Part IV 9. Symbolic Politics at High Tide: Jesse Jackson and the Rainbow Coalition 10. Racial Symbolism as "Ideology" in the Post–Civil Rights Era, and a Postscript on the Clinton Administration and the 1994 Election Part V 11. From Incorporation toward Irrelevance: The Afro-American Freedom Struggle in the 21st Century Appendix A Comparison of Democratic Party Platform Language on Full Employment, 1944–92 Notes Index