Sue Peabody is Associate Professor of History at Washington State University Vancouver and the author of "There Are No Slaves in France": The Political Culture of Race and Slavery in the Ancien RÉgime.Tyler Stovall is Professor of History at the University of California, Berkeley. His books include France since the Second World War, Paris Noir: African Americans in the City of Light, and The Rise of the Paris Red Belt.

“‘The French are not racists like the Americans!’ ‘But are they French racists?’ All of us, both French and American observers, have been bedeviled by some variant of this exchange I once had about the homeland of universal equality. This collection of transatlantic essays is the first systematic sounding of the praxis of race in French history. The contributions by American, Caribbean, and European-French specialists are universally fascinating and smart. The Color of Liberty is now the best thing on the subject in any language. We need it.”-Herman Lebovics, author of True France: The Wars over Cultural Identity, 1900–1945 “According to some observers, color-coded racism is an American problem that the French have, for the most part, managed to avoid. This fine collection of essays raises considerable doubt about that assumption. The authors show that race has been constructed somewhat differently in the two republics, but also demonstrate that the French, like the Americans, have often failed to live up to their own egalitarian principles when it came to relations with people whom they considered nonwhite.”-George M. Fredrickson, author of Racism: A Short History “Enfin! Stovall and Peabody take up the call to place race at the center of French history and enlist a range of skilled scholars to show its tenacious filaments and deeply French roots. This volume gives substance to the diverse genealogies of racisms in the making of France while accounting for their troubling contemporary presence.”-Ann L. Stoler, author of Race and the Education of Desire: Foucault’s History of Sexuality and the Colonial Order of Things

• Acknowledgments viiForeword / Fred Constant ixIntroduction: Race, France, Histories / Sue Peabody and Tyler Stovall 11. Race: The Evolution of an Idea Francois Bernier and the Origins of the Modern Concept of Race / Pierre H. Boulle 11Eliminating Race, Eliminating Difference: Blacks, Jews, and the Abbe Gregoire / Alyssa Goldstein Sepinwall 28Of Monstrous Metis? Hybridity, Fear of Miscegenation, and Patriotism from Buffon to Paul Broca / Claude Blanckaert 422. Representations of the Other Race, Gender, and Virtue in Haiti’s Failed Foundational Fiction: La mulatre comme il y a peu de blanches (1803) / John Garrigus 73Inscribing Race in the Revolutionary French Antilles / Laurent DuBois 95Sex, Gender, and Race in the Colonial Novels of Elissa Rhais and Lucienne Favre / Patricia M. E. Lorcin 108French Images of Race on Product Trademarks during the Third Republic / Dana S. Hale 131Sambo in Paris: Race and Racism in the Iconography of the Everyday / Leora Auslander and Thomas C. Holt 1473. Colonial and Global Perspectives The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly: Variation and Difference in French Racism in Colonial Indochine / Michael G. Vann 187Constructions and Functions of Race in French Military Medicine, 1830–1920 / Richard Fogerty and Michael A. Osborne 206Panafricanism and the Republican Political Sphere / Gary Wilder 237Frantz Fanon, the Resistance, and the Emergence of Identity Politics / Dennis McEnnerney 2594. Race and the Postcolonial City Identity under Construction: Representing the Colonies at the Paris Exposition Universelle of 1889 / Lynn E. Palermo 285Who Speaks for Africa? The Rene Maran-Blaise Diagne Trial in 1920s Paris / Alice L. Conklin 302Catholics, Communists, and Colonial Subjects: Working-Class Militancy and Racial Difference in Postwar Marseille / Yael Simpson Fletcher 338From Red Belt to Black Belt: Race, Class, and Urban Marginality in Twentieth-Century Paris / Tyler Stovall 351Contributors 371Index 377

Sue Peabody is Associate Professor of History at Washington State University Vancouver and the author of "There Are No Slaves in France": The Political Culture of Race and Slavery in the Ancien RÉgime.Tyler Stovall is Professor of History at the University of California, Berkeley. His books include France since the Second World War, Paris Noir: African Americans in the City of Light, and The Rise of the Paris Red Belt.

“‘The French are not racists like the Americans!’ ‘But are they French racists?’ All of us, both French and American observers, have been bedeviled by some variant of this exchange I once had about the homeland of universal equality. This collection of transatlantic essays is the first systematic sounding of the praxis of race in French history. The contributions by American, Caribbean, and European-French specialists are universally fascinating and smart. The Color of Liberty is now the best thing on the subject in any language. We need it.”-Herman Lebovics, author of True France: The Wars over Cultural Identity, 1900–1945 “According to some observers, color-coded racism is an American problem that the French have, for the most part, managed to avoid. This fine collection of essays raises considerable doubt about that assumption. The authors show that race has been constructed somewhat differently in the two republics, but also demonstrate that the French, like the Americans, have often failed to live up to their own egalitarian principles when it came to relations with people whom they considered nonwhite.”-George M. Fredrickson, author of Racism: A Short History “Enfin! Stovall and Peabody take up the call to place race at the center of French history and enlist a range of skilled scholars to show its tenacious filaments and deeply French roots. This volume gives substance to the diverse genealogies of racisms in the making of France while accounting for their troubling contemporary presence.”-Ann L. Stoler, author of Race and the Education of Desire: Foucault’s History of Sexuality and the Colonial Order of Things

• Acknowledgments viiForeword / Fred Constant ixIntroduction: Race, France, Histories / Sue Peabody and Tyler Stovall 11. Race: The Evolution of an Idea Francois Bernier and the Origins of the Modern Concept of Race / Pierre H. Boulle 11Eliminating Race, Eliminating Difference: Blacks, Jews, and the Abbe Gregoire / Alyssa Goldstein Sepinwall 28Of Monstrous Metis? Hybridity, Fear of Miscegenation, and Patriotism from Buffon to Paul Broca / Claude Blanckaert 422. Representations of the Other Race, Gender, and Virtue in Haiti’s Failed Foundational Fiction: La mulatre comme il y a peu de blanches (1803) / John Garrigus 73Inscribing Race in the Revolutionary French Antilles / Laurent DuBois 95Sex, Gender, and Race in the Colonial Novels of Elissa Rhais and Lucienne Favre / Patricia M. E. Lorcin 108French Images of Race on Product Trademarks during the Third Republic / Dana S. Hale 131Sambo in Paris: Race and Racism in the Iconography of the Everyday / Leora Auslander and Thomas C. Holt 1473. Colonial and Global Perspectives The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly: Variation and Difference in French Racism in Colonial Indochine / Michael G. Vann 187Constructions and Functions of Race in French Military Medicine, 1830–1920 / Richard Fogerty and Michael A. Osborne 206Panafricanism and the Republican Political Sphere / Gary Wilder 237Frantz Fanon, the Resistance, and the Emergence of Identity Politics / Dennis McEnnerney 2594. Race and the Postcolonial City Identity under Construction: Representing the Colonies at the Paris Exposition Universelle of 1889 / Lynn E. Palermo 285Who Speaks for Africa? The Rene Maran-Blaise Diagne Trial in 1920s Paris / Alice L. Conklin 302Catholics, Communists, and Colonial Subjects: Working-Class Militancy and Racial Difference in Postwar Marseille / Yael Simpson Fletcher 338From Red Belt to Black Belt: Race, Class, and Urban Marginality in Twentieth-Century Paris / Tyler Stovall 351Contributors 371Index 377

Sue Peabody is Associate Professor of History at Washington State University Vancouver and the author of "There Are No Slaves in France": The Political Culture of Race and Slavery in the Ancien RÉgime.Tyler Stovall is Professor of History at the University of California, Berkeley. His books include France since the Second World War, Paris Noir: African Americans in the City of Light, and The Rise of the Paris Red Belt.

“‘The French are not racists like the Americans!’ ‘But are they French racists?’ All of us, both French and American observers, have been bedeviled by some variant of this exchange I once had about the homeland of universal equality. This collection of transatlantic essays is the first systematic sounding of the praxis of race in French history. The contributions by American, Caribbean, and European-French specialists are universally fascinating and smart. The Color of Liberty is now the best thing on the subject in any language. We need it.”-Herman Lebovics, author of True France: The Wars over Cultural Identity, 1900–1945 “According to some observers, color-coded racism is an American problem that the French have, for the most part, managed to avoid. This fine collection of essays raises considerable doubt about that assumption. The authors show that race has been constructed somewhat differently in the two republics, but also demonstrate that the French, like the Americans, have often failed to live up to their own egalitarian principles when it came to relations with people whom they considered nonwhite.”-George M. Fredrickson, author of Racism: A Short History “Enfin! Stovall and Peabody take up the call to place race at the center of French history and enlist a range of skilled scholars to show its tenacious filaments and deeply French roots. This volume gives substance to the diverse genealogies of racisms in the making of France while accounting for their troubling contemporary presence.”-Ann L. Stoler, author of Race and the Education of Desire: Foucault’s History of Sexuality and the Colonial Order of Things

• Acknowledgments viiForeword / Fred Constant ixIntroduction: Race, France, Histories / Sue Peabody and Tyler Stovall 11. Race: The Evolution of an Idea Francois Bernier and the Origins of the Modern Concept of Race / Pierre H. Boulle 11Eliminating Race, Eliminating Difference: Blacks, Jews, and the Abbe Gregoire / Alyssa Goldstein Sepinwall 28Of Monstrous Metis? Hybridity, Fear of Miscegenation, and Patriotism from Buffon to Paul Broca / Claude Blanckaert 422. Representations of the Other Race, Gender, and Virtue in Haiti’s Failed Foundational Fiction: La mulatre comme il y a peu de blanches (1803) / John Garrigus 73Inscribing Race in the Revolutionary French Antilles / Laurent DuBois 95Sex, Gender, and Race in the Colonial Novels of Elissa Rhais and Lucienne Favre / Patricia M. E. Lorcin 108French Images of Race on Product Trademarks during the Third Republic / Dana S. Hale 131Sambo in Paris: Race and Racism in the Iconography of the Everyday / Leora Auslander and Thomas C. Holt 1473. Colonial and Global Perspectives The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly: Variation and Difference in French Racism in Colonial Indochine / Michael G. Vann 187Constructions and Functions of Race in French Military Medicine, 1830–1920 / Richard Fogerty and Michael A. Osborne 206Panafricanism and the Republican Political Sphere / Gary Wilder 237Frantz Fanon, the Resistance, and the Emergence of Identity Politics / Dennis McEnnerney 2594. Race and the Postcolonial City Identity under Construction: Representing the Colonies at the Paris Exposition Universelle of 1889 / Lynn E. Palermo 285Who Speaks for Africa? The Rene Maran-Blaise Diagne Trial in 1920s Paris / Alice L. Conklin 302Catholics, Communists, and Colonial Subjects: Working-Class Militancy and Racial Difference in Postwar Marseille / Yael Simpson Fletcher 338From Red Belt to Black Belt: Race, Class, and Urban Marginality in Twentieth-Century Paris / Tyler Stovall 351Contributors 371Index 377