Ram Kumar Mishra is a Senior Professor, ONGC Subir Raha Chair, and NLC Chair at the Institute of Public Enterprise, Hyderabad, India, and is a graduate of the International Management Program, SDA Bocconi, Milan, Italy. He has been a Fellow of the British Council and Commonwealth Secretariat. He has taught at the University of Bradford, United Kingdom, and was a Visiting Professor at Maison Des Sciences De L’ Hommes, Paris; University of Technology Mara, Malaysia; and Faculty of Economics, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia. He is a member of the UN Task Force on Standards of Excellence in Public Administration and Education. He has handled assignments for the Ministry of Finance, Ministry of Power, Ministry of Trade and Commerce, and Ministry of Heavy Industry and Public Enterprises, Government of India. He has been a management consultant to several organisations, including DFID, Deloitte, Adam Smith Institute, ADB, and Centre for Good Governance, Hyderabad, India. He is a member of the editorial boards of many international and national journals. Sandeep Kumar Kujur is an Assistant Professor of Economics at the Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras (IITM), Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India. Earlier, he was with the Institute of Public Enterprise, Hyderabad, India. He has been a Visiting Fellow at the Department of Economics, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, and a Visiting Faculty to the Department of Business Management, Central University of Odisha, Koraput. He holds a PhD in Economics from Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi. His research interests include industrial economics, economics of technological change, and labour and development economics.K. Trivikram holds an MA and a PhD in Economics and is a Professor at the Institute of Public Enterprise, Hyderabad, India, with close to four decades of experience in teaching, training, and research. He has designed and conducted a good deal of management development programmes for central and state-level public enterprises for senior and middle-level executives, civil servants, and corporate executives. His areas of interest include business environment, public policy, corporate governance, and CSR.

‘This book examines important issues and policies on higher education and employment which are essential for economic growth, human development, and well-being of the population. It is a rich collection of chapters by well-known scholars in this field. The editors made sincere efforts to put together this important volume which is a must read for all the stakeholders.’S. Mahendra Dev, Director and Vice Chancellor, Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research, Mumbai‘This book covers the trisection of the three most significant challenges facing the Indian Economy – first, the transformation of higher education by giving it a broad and inclusive base which can also power India into the knowledge economy and give an overall impetus to development; second, that of employment where recent changes in terms of employment growth and unemployment have been extremely disturbing, especially among the educated youth, and finally the challenge of labour markets, where the precariousness of employment denoted by the recent migration crisis has highlighted the need for appropriate labour policy changes and universal social protection to promote decent work for all. The contributions in this book are a significant addition to the knowledge and policy base which seeks to address these three major challenges.’Ravi S. Srivastava, Former Chairperson, Institute of Development, Studies, Jaipur; Director, Centre for Employment Studies, Institute for Human Development; President, Uttarakhand & Uttar Pradesh Economics Association; Former Professor of Economics and Chairperson, Centre for the Study of Regional Development, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi and Member, NCEUS, GoI‘Put together in this volume is a collection of 15 insightful research chapters on higher education, employment, and development by about 20 scholars drawn from India and abroad. Recognising the powerful role of education as an income equalizer and as a significant contributor to growth and development, the authors unravel the intricate relationships between higher education and employment/unemployment informal and informal sectors, and development, besides probing quite a few emerging developmental issues. It is a very useful contribution to the analytical knowledge base on the subject. Students, researchers, and policy makers interested in development issues will find this volume edited by Prof R.K. Mishra and his colleagues to be a significant addition on to their resource material.’Jandhyala B.G. Tilak, ICSSR National Fellow & Distinguished Professor, Council for Social Development, New Delhi and Former Vice Chancellor, National University of Educational Planning & Administration, New Delhi‘The book titled Higher Education, Employment, and Economic Development: Problems, Prospectus, and Policies deals with important issues of current concern relating to higher educational inequality, income inequality, jobless growth, and impact of global value chains and foreign direct investment on manufacturing employment. It shows that the relationship between educational inequality, and income inequality is mutually reinforcing and educational institutions in India are perpetuating inequality. It suggests policies to address current concerns particularly unemployment. The book provides a clear, rigorous, and through exposition of its themes. The book is valuable to policy analysts and students of economics and management.’Radhakrishna Rokkam, Chairman, Centre for Economic and Social Studies, Hyderabad; Former Chairperson, Madars Institute of Development Studies, Chennai; Former Chairman, National Statistical Commission, Government of India; Former Director Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research, Mumbai and Former Vice-Chancellor, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam

• List of figuresList of tables List of contributorsForeword Prelude Acknowledgements List of abbreviations1 Higher education and Employment in India: An introductionPart 1: Higher education participation, employment, and income inequality2 Participation in higher education: The role of institutions3 Gender gaps in employment preferences among university graduates in India4 Educational expansion and income inequality in IndiaPart 2: Quality and the role of higher education institutions in economic development5 Indian higher education: Introspecting the state of quality6 The role and impact of academics’ societal engagement7 The roles of agricultural universities in serving regional economic developmentPart 3: Demographic dividend, joblessness, and informality 8 Harnessing India’s demographic dividend: The way forward9 Jobless growth in India: Employment–unemployment of educated youth10 Agricultural exports and informal sector in India: A macroeconomic perspectivePart 4: Labour migration and female employment 11 Industrial and occupational distribution of migrant workers in India12 Understanding the decline in women’s employment in rural India13 Low female labour force participation: evidence from urban KeralaPart 5: Employment generation in the manufacturing sector 14 BRICS–EU global value chains trade and manufacturing employment15 Employability of FDI in India’s manufacturing firms16 Technology and labour in India’s manufacturing 17 Imported inputs and labour in India's manufacturing AppendixIndex

Ram Kumar Mishra is a Senior Professor, ONGC Subir Raha Chair, and NLC Chair at the Institute of Public Enterprise, Hyderabad, India, and is a graduate of the International Management Program, SDA Bocconi, Milan, Italy. He has been a Fellow of the British Council and Commonwealth Secretariat. He has taught at the University of Bradford, United Kingdom, and was a Visiting Professor at Maison Des Sciences De L’ Hommes, Paris; University of Technology Mara, Malaysia; and Faculty of Economics, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia. He is a member of the UN Task Force on Standards of Excellence in Public Administration and Education. He has handled assignments for the Ministry of Finance, Ministry of Power, Ministry of Trade and Commerce, and Ministry of Heavy Industry and Public Enterprises, Government of India. He has been a management consultant to several organisations, including DFID, Deloitte, Adam Smith Institute, ADB, and Centre for Good Governance, Hyderabad, India. He is a member of the editorial boards of many international and national journals. Sandeep Kumar Kujur is an Assistant Professor of Economics at the Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras (IITM), Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India. Earlier, he was with the Institute of Public Enterprise, Hyderabad, India. He has been a Visiting Fellow at the Department of Economics, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, and a Visiting Faculty to the Department of Business Management, Central University of Odisha, Koraput. He holds a PhD in Economics from Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi. His research interests include industrial economics, economics of technological change, and labour and development economics.K. Trivikram holds an MA and a PhD in Economics and is a Professor at the Institute of Public Enterprise, Hyderabad, India, with close to four decades of experience in teaching, training, and research. He has designed and conducted a good deal of management development programmes for central and state-level public enterprises for senior and middle-level executives, civil servants, and corporate executives. His areas of interest include business environment, public policy, corporate governance, and CSR.

‘This book examines important issues and policies on higher education and employment which are essential for economic growth, human development, and well-being of the population. It is a rich collection of chapters by well-known scholars in this field. The editors made sincere efforts to put together this important volume which is a must read for all the stakeholders.’S. Mahendra Dev, Director and Vice Chancellor, Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research, Mumbai‘This book covers the trisection of the three most significant challenges facing the Indian Economy – first, the transformation of higher education by giving it a broad and inclusive base which can also power India into the knowledge economy and give an overall impetus to development; second, that of employment where recent changes in terms of employment growth and unemployment have been extremely disturbing, especially among the educated youth, and finally the challenge of labour markets, where the precariousness of employment denoted by the recent migration crisis has highlighted the need for appropriate labour policy changes and universal social protection to promote decent work for all. The contributions in this book are a significant addition to the knowledge and policy base which seeks to address these three major challenges.’Ravi S. Srivastava, Former Chairperson, Institute of Development, Studies, Jaipur; Director, Centre for Employment Studies, Institute for Human Development; President, Uttarakhand & Uttar Pradesh Economics Association; Former Professor of Economics and Chairperson, Centre for the Study of Regional Development, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi and Member, NCEUS, GoI‘Put together in this volume is a collection of 15 insightful research chapters on higher education, employment, and development by about 20 scholars drawn from India and abroad. Recognising the powerful role of education as an income equalizer and as a significant contributor to growth and development, the authors unravel the intricate relationships between higher education and employment/unemployment informal and informal sectors, and development, besides probing quite a few emerging developmental issues. It is a very useful contribution to the analytical knowledge base on the subject. Students, researchers, and policy makers interested in development issues will find this volume edited by Prof R.K. Mishra and his colleagues to be a significant addition on to their resource material.’Jandhyala B.G. Tilak, ICSSR National Fellow & Distinguished Professor, Council for Social Development, New Delhi and Former Vice Chancellor, National University of Educational Planning & Administration, New Delhi‘The book titled Higher Education, Employment, and Economic Development: Problems, Prospectus, and Policies deals with important issues of current concern relating to higher educational inequality, income inequality, jobless growth, and impact of global value chains and foreign direct investment on manufacturing employment. It shows that the relationship between educational inequality, and income inequality is mutually reinforcing and educational institutions in India are perpetuating inequality. It suggests policies to address current concerns particularly unemployment. The book provides a clear, rigorous, and through exposition of its themes. The book is valuable to policy analysts and students of economics and management.’Radhakrishna Rokkam, Chairman, Centre for Economic and Social Studies, Hyderabad; Former Chairperson, Madars Institute of Development Studies, Chennai; Former Chairman, National Statistical Commission, Government of India; Former Director Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research, Mumbai and Former Vice-Chancellor, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam

• List of figuresList of tables List of contributorsForeword Prelude Acknowledgements List of abbreviations1 Higher education and Employment in India: An introductionPart 1: Higher education participation, employment, and income inequality2 Participation in higher education: The role of institutions3 Gender gaps in employment preferences among university graduates in India4 Educational expansion and income inequality in IndiaPart 2: Quality and the role of higher education institutions in economic development5 Indian higher education: Introspecting the state of quality6 The role and impact of academics’ societal engagement7 The roles of agricultural universities in serving regional economic developmentPart 3: Demographic dividend, joblessness, and informality 8 Harnessing India’s demographic dividend: The way forward9 Jobless growth in India: Employment–unemployment of educated youth10 Agricultural exports and informal sector in India: A macroeconomic perspectivePart 4: Labour migration and female employment 11 Industrial and occupational distribution of migrant workers in India12 Understanding the decline in women’s employment in rural India13 Low female labour force participation: evidence from urban KeralaPart 5: Employment generation in the manufacturing sector 14 BRICS–EU global value chains trade and manufacturing employment15 Employability of FDI in India’s manufacturing firms16 Technology and labour in India’s manufacturing 17 Imported inputs and labour in India's manufacturing AppendixIndex

Ram Kumar Mishra is a Senior Professor, ONGC Subir Raha Chair, and NLC Chair at the Institute of Public Enterprise, Hyderabad, India, and is a graduate of the International Management Program, SDA Bocconi, Milan, Italy. He has been a Fellow of the British Council and Commonwealth Secretariat. He has taught at the University of Bradford, United Kingdom, and was a Visiting Professor at Maison Des Sciences De L’ Hommes, Paris; University of Technology Mara, Malaysia; and Faculty of Economics, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia. He is a member of the UN Task Force on Standards of Excellence in Public Administration and Education. He has handled assignments for the Ministry of Finance, Ministry of Power, Ministry of Trade and Commerce, and Ministry of Heavy Industry and Public Enterprises, Government of India. He has been a management consultant to several organisations, including DFID, Deloitte, Adam Smith Institute, ADB, and Centre for Good Governance, Hyderabad, India. He is a member of the editorial boards of many international and national journals. Sandeep Kumar Kujur is an Assistant Professor of Economics at the Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras (IITM), Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India. Earlier, he was with the Institute of Public Enterprise, Hyderabad, India. He has been a Visiting Fellow at the Department of Economics, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, and a Visiting Faculty to the Department of Business Management, Central University of Odisha, Koraput. He holds a PhD in Economics from Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi. His research interests include industrial economics, economics of technological change, and labour and development economics.K. Trivikram holds an MA and a PhD in Economics and is a Professor at the Institute of Public Enterprise, Hyderabad, India, with close to four decades of experience in teaching, training, and research. He has designed and conducted a good deal of management development programmes for central and state-level public enterprises for senior and middle-level executives, civil servants, and corporate executives. His areas of interest include business environment, public policy, corporate governance, and CSR.

‘This book examines important issues and policies on higher education and employment which are essential for economic growth, human development, and well-being of the population. It is a rich collection of chapters by well-known scholars in this field. The editors made sincere efforts to put together this important volume which is a must read for all the stakeholders.’S. Mahendra Dev, Director and Vice Chancellor, Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research, Mumbai‘This book covers the trisection of the three most significant challenges facing the Indian Economy – first, the transformation of higher education by giving it a broad and inclusive base which can also power India into the knowledge economy and give an overall impetus to development; second, that of employment where recent changes in terms of employment growth and unemployment have been extremely disturbing, especially among the educated youth, and finally the challenge of labour markets, where the precariousness of employment denoted by the recent migration crisis has highlighted the need for appropriate labour policy changes and universal social protection to promote decent work for all. The contributions in this book are a significant addition to the knowledge and policy base which seeks to address these three major challenges.’Ravi S. Srivastava, Former Chairperson, Institute of Development, Studies, Jaipur; Director, Centre for Employment Studies, Institute for Human Development; President, Uttarakhand & Uttar Pradesh Economics Association; Former Professor of Economics and Chairperson, Centre for the Study of Regional Development, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi and Member, NCEUS, GoI‘Put together in this volume is a collection of 15 insightful research chapters on higher education, employment, and development by about 20 scholars drawn from India and abroad. Recognising the powerful role of education as an income equalizer and as a significant contributor to growth and development, the authors unravel the intricate relationships between higher education and employment/unemployment informal and informal sectors, and development, besides probing quite a few emerging developmental issues. It is a very useful contribution to the analytical knowledge base on the subject. Students, researchers, and policy makers interested in development issues will find this volume edited by Prof R.K. Mishra and his colleagues to be a significant addition on to their resource material.’Jandhyala B.G. Tilak, ICSSR National Fellow & Distinguished Professor, Council for Social Development, New Delhi and Former Vice Chancellor, National University of Educational Planning & Administration, New Delhi‘The book titled Higher Education, Employment, and Economic Development: Problems, Prospectus, and Policies deals with important issues of current concern relating to higher educational inequality, income inequality, jobless growth, and impact of global value chains and foreign direct investment on manufacturing employment. It shows that the relationship between educational inequality, and income inequality is mutually reinforcing and educational institutions in India are perpetuating inequality. It suggests policies to address current concerns particularly unemployment. The book provides a clear, rigorous, and through exposition of its themes. The book is valuable to policy analysts and students of economics and management.’Radhakrishna Rokkam, Chairman, Centre for Economic and Social Studies, Hyderabad; Former Chairperson, Madars Institute of Development Studies, Chennai; Former Chairman, National Statistical Commission, Government of India; Former Director Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research, Mumbai and Former Vice-Chancellor, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam

• List of figuresList of tables List of contributorsForeword Prelude Acknowledgements List of abbreviations1 Higher education and Employment in India: An introductionPart 1: Higher education participation, employment, and income inequality2 Participation in higher education: The role of institutions3 Gender gaps in employment preferences among university graduates in India4 Educational expansion and income inequality in IndiaPart 2: Quality and the role of higher education institutions in economic development5 Indian higher education: Introspecting the state of quality6 The role and impact of academics’ societal engagement7 The roles of agricultural universities in serving regional economic developmentPart 3: Demographic dividend, joblessness, and informality 8 Harnessing India’s demographic dividend: The way forward9 Jobless growth in India: Employment–unemployment of educated youth10 Agricultural exports and informal sector in India: A macroeconomic perspectivePart 4: Labour migration and female employment 11 Industrial and occupational distribution of migrant workers in India12 Understanding the decline in women’s employment in rural India13 Low female labour force participation: evidence from urban KeralaPart 5: Employment generation in the manufacturing sector 14 BRICS–EU global value chains trade and manufacturing employment15 Employability of FDI in India’s manufacturing firms16 Technology and labour in India’s manufacturing 17 Imported inputs and labour in India's manufacturing AppendixIndex