Daniel E. Bergan is Associate Professor in the Department of Communication and in James Madison College. Dr. Bergan’s current work explores whether elected officials’ perceptions are responsive to objective indicators of citizen needs, and whether mass media and direct communication from constituents, experts, and other groups can influence policymaker behavior. His other research interests include youth voter engagement, the influence of motivated reasoning on citizen beliefs and attitudes, and the effects of mass media in elections. Dr. Bergan’s work has appeared in Public Opinion Quarterly, the Journal of Communication, Political Behavior, the Journal of Political Marketing, and other journals. Dr. Bergan is the Managing Editor for North America for the Journal of Political Marketing. Bruce I. Newman is Professor of Marketing and Wicklander Fellow in Business Ethics in the Department of Marketing, Kellstadt Graduate School of Business at DePaul University. Dr. Newman is the author/editor of several books and articles on political marketing, most recently Brand (2018 with Todd P. Newman); The Marketing Revolution in Politics (2016), and The Marketing of the President (1994). He is the Editor-in-Chief of the Journal of Political Marketing, and former advisor to the Clinton White House in 1995-96.

• Introduction: Democratic Norms, Group Perceptions, and the 2020 Election 1. Democratic Norms, Social Projection, and False Consensus in the 2020 U.S. Presidential Election 2. Out-Party Cues and Factual Beliefs in an Era of Negative Partisanship 3. Getting out the Black Vote in Washington DC: A Field Experiment 4. Sleepy Joe? Recalling and Considering Donald Trump’s Strategic Use of Nicknames 5. Disclosures of Character: Formal Aspects of Presidential Campaign Announcement Speeches Conclusion: Reflections on Democratic and Social Norms after the 2020 Election

Daniel E. Bergan is Associate Professor in the Department of Communication and in James Madison College. Dr. Bergan’s current work explores whether elected officials’ perceptions are responsive to objective indicators of citizen needs, and whether mass media and direct communication from constituents, experts, and other groups can influence policymaker behavior. His other research interests include youth voter engagement, the influence of motivated reasoning on citizen beliefs and attitudes, and the effects of mass media in elections. Dr. Bergan’s work has appeared in Public Opinion Quarterly, the Journal of Communication, Political Behavior, the Journal of Political Marketing, and other journals. Dr. Bergan is the Managing Editor for North America for the Journal of Political Marketing. Bruce I. Newman is Professor of Marketing and Wicklander Fellow in Business Ethics in the Department of Marketing, Kellstadt Graduate School of Business at DePaul University. Dr. Newman is the author/editor of several books and articles on political marketing, most recently Brand (2018 with Todd P. Newman); The Marketing Revolution in Politics (2016), and The Marketing of the President (1994). He is the Editor-in-Chief of the Journal of Political Marketing, and former advisor to the Clinton White House in 1995-96.

• Introduction: Democratic Norms, Group Perceptions, and the 2020 Election 1. Democratic Norms, Social Projection, and False Consensus in the 2020 U.S. Presidential Election 2. Out-Party Cues and Factual Beliefs in an Era of Negative Partisanship 3. Getting out the Black Vote in Washington DC: A Field Experiment 4. Sleepy Joe? Recalling and Considering Donald Trump’s Strategic Use of Nicknames 5. Disclosures of Character: Formal Aspects of Presidential Campaign Announcement Speeches Conclusion: Reflections on Democratic and Social Norms after the 2020 Election

Daniel E. Bergan is Associate Professor in the Department of Communication and in James Madison College. Dr. Bergan’s current work explores whether elected officials’ perceptions are responsive to objective indicators of citizen needs, and whether mass media and direct communication from constituents, experts, and other groups can influence policymaker behavior. His other research interests include youth voter engagement, the influence of motivated reasoning on citizen beliefs and attitudes, and the effects of mass media in elections. Dr. Bergan’s work has appeared in Public Opinion Quarterly, the Journal of Communication, Political Behavior, the Journal of Political Marketing, and other journals. Dr. Bergan is the Managing Editor for North America for the Journal of Political Marketing. Bruce I. Newman is Professor of Marketing and Wicklander Fellow in Business Ethics in the Department of Marketing, Kellstadt Graduate School of Business at DePaul University. Dr. Newman is the author/editor of several books and articles on political marketing, most recently Brand (2018 with Todd P. Newman); The Marketing Revolution in Politics (2016), and The Marketing of the President (1994). He is the Editor-in-Chief of the Journal of Political Marketing, and former advisor to the Clinton White House in 1995-96.

• Introduction: Democratic Norms, Group Perceptions, and the 2020 Election 1. Democratic Norms, Social Projection, and False Consensus in the 2020 U.S. Presidential Election 2. Out-Party Cues and Factual Beliefs in an Era of Negative Partisanship 3. Getting out the Black Vote in Washington DC: A Field Experiment 4. Sleepy Joe? Recalling and Considering Donald Trump’s Strategic Use of Nicknames 5. Disclosures of Character: Formal Aspects of Presidential Campaign Announcement Speeches Conclusion: Reflections on Democratic and Social Norms after the 2020 Election