Ewout Frankema is Professor of Economic and Environmental History at Wageningen University, the Netherlands, and Research Fellow of the Centre for Economic Policy Research (CEPR). His research focuses on a deeper understanding of the long-term comparative economic development of developing regions (Africa, Latin America, Asia) and the historical origins and nature of present-day global inequality. Frankema currently works on the project South-South Divergence: Comparative Histories of Regional Integration in Southeast Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa since 1850 funded by the Dutch Science Foundation.Tirthankar Roy is Professor of Economic History at the London School of Economics, UK. He has published extensively on South Asian history and comparative development and has taught courses on South Asia and Global History. He is one of the editors of The Cambridge Economic History of Modern South Asia. Recent books include Monsoon Economies (2022) and Law and the Economy in a Young Democracy: India since 1947 (with Anand Swamy, 2021).

• Introduction: What is the economic history of colonialism? PART I Themes in comparative history 1. Empires and globalisation 2. “How to govern colonies”: Colonial states and fiscal systems 3. Labour, slavery and migration in the Age of Empire 4. Law and the economy during colonialism and after 5. The globalisation and hybridisation of science and technology: In the Age of Empire 6. Colonised environments and colonial economies 7. Colonialism incorporated: The business history of European empires 8. Colonialism and economic growth in the Global South 9. Living standards under colonialism 10. Colonialism and economic inequality 11. Christian missions in the Global South: Diffusion, development and long-term impact 12. The economic roots and drivers of decolonisation, 1920 to 1975 PART II Empires and regions 13. The economic history of colonial continental Spanish America: Facts and debates 14. The convent and the movie studio: The legacy of Spanish and American rule in the Philippines 15. Portuguese rule in the Americas: Brazil, 1500–1822 16. Portugal’s empire in Africa and Asia, 1415–1975 17. Capitalism and modernity in the British Caribbean plantation system: The Barbadian agricultural revolution 18. Early United States history in comparative perspective 19. Institutions and economic development on the Northern Frontier: The economic history of colonialism in Canada 20. Australia and New Zealand: Resource rich outposts of the British Empire 21. The Russian Empire 22. Globalisation and stagnation: The Indian economy under colonial rule 23. The colonial economy of Indonesia 24. Similar but different? Colonial policies in Burma, British Malaya and Ceylon from 1870 to 1957 25. French Indochina 26. Neighbour colonialism: Japanese imperialism and its consequences 27. An economic history of British colonialism in Southern Africa, 1880–1980 28. The colonial state in the MENA region 29. Economic development in British West Africa 30. French colonialism in Sub-Saharan Africa 31. East Africa under colonial rule (1885–1963): Trade, labour and economic structures 32. German colonialism in Africa and the Pacific, 1884–1914 33. Italian Africa 34. Congo under colonial rule, 1885–1960 PART III Legacies and debates 35. Colonialism and the industrial revolution 36. Global business history after colonialism 37. Post-colonial development policy 38. Colonial persistence

Ewout Frankema is Professor of Economic and Environmental History at Wageningen University, the Netherlands, and Research Fellow of the Centre for Economic Policy Research (CEPR). His research focuses on a deeper understanding of the long-term comparative economic development of developing regions (Africa, Latin America, Asia) and the historical origins and nature of present-day global inequality. Frankema currently works on the project South-South Divergence: Comparative Histories of Regional Integration in Southeast Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa since 1850 funded by the Dutch Science Foundation.Tirthankar Roy is Professor of Economic History at the London School of Economics, UK. He has published extensively on South Asian history and comparative development and has taught courses on South Asia and Global History. He is one of the editors of The Cambridge Economic History of Modern South Asia. Recent books include Monsoon Economies (2022) and Law and the Economy in a Young Democracy: India since 1947 (with Anand Swamy, 2021).

• Introduction: What is the economic history of colonialism? PART I Themes in comparative history 1. Empires and globalisation 2. “How to govern colonies”: Colonial states and fiscal systems 3. Labour, slavery and migration in the Age of Empire 4. Law and the economy during colonialism and after 5. The globalisation and hybridisation of science and technology: In the Age of Empire 6. Colonised environments and colonial economies 7. Colonialism incorporated: The business history of European empires 8. Colonialism and economic growth in the Global South 9. Living standards under colonialism 10. Colonialism and economic inequality 11. Christian missions in the Global South: Diffusion, development and long-term impact 12. The economic roots and drivers of decolonisation, 1920 to 1975 PART II Empires and regions 13. The economic history of colonial continental Spanish America: Facts and debates 14. The convent and the movie studio: The legacy of Spanish and American rule in the Philippines 15. Portuguese rule in the Americas: Brazil, 1500–1822 16. Portugal’s empire in Africa and Asia, 1415–1975 17. Capitalism and modernity in the British Caribbean plantation system: The Barbadian agricultural revolution 18. Early United States history in comparative perspective 19. Institutions and economic development on the Northern Frontier: The economic history of colonialism in Canada 20. Australia and New Zealand: Resource rich outposts of the British Empire 21. The Russian Empire 22. Globalisation and stagnation: The Indian economy under colonial rule 23. The colonial economy of Indonesia 24. Similar but different? Colonial policies in Burma, British Malaya and Ceylon from 1870 to 1957 25. French Indochina 26. Neighbour colonialism: Japanese imperialism and its consequences 27. An economic history of British colonialism in Southern Africa, 1880–1980 28. The colonial state in the MENA region 29. Economic development in British West Africa 30. French colonialism in Sub-Saharan Africa 31. East Africa under colonial rule (1885–1963): Trade, labour and economic structures 32. German colonialism in Africa and the Pacific, 1884–1914 33. Italian Africa 34. Congo under colonial rule, 1885–1960 PART III Legacies and debates 35. Colonialism and the industrial revolution 36. Global business history after colonialism 37. Post-colonial development policy 38. Colonial persistence

Ewout Frankema is Professor of Economic and Environmental History at Wageningen University, the Netherlands, and Research Fellow of the Centre for Economic Policy Research (CEPR). His research focuses on a deeper understanding of the long-term comparative economic development of developing regions (Africa, Latin America, Asia) and the historical origins and nature of present-day global inequality. Frankema currently works on the project South-South Divergence: Comparative Histories of Regional Integration in Southeast Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa since 1850 funded by the Dutch Science Foundation.Tirthankar Roy is Professor of Economic History at the London School of Economics, UK. He has published extensively on South Asian history and comparative development and has taught courses on South Asia and Global History. He is one of the editors of The Cambridge Economic History of Modern South Asia. Recent books include Monsoon Economies (2022) and Law and the Economy in a Young Democracy: India since 1947 (with Anand Swamy, 2021).

• Introduction: What is the economic history of colonialism? PART I Themes in comparative history 1. Empires and globalisation 2. “How to govern colonies”: Colonial states and fiscal systems 3. Labour, slavery and migration in the Age of Empire 4. Law and the economy during colonialism and after 5. The globalisation and hybridisation of science and technology: In the Age of Empire 6. Colonised environments and colonial economies 7. Colonialism incorporated: The business history of European empires 8. Colonialism and economic growth in the Global South 9. Living standards under colonialism 10. Colonialism and economic inequality 11. Christian missions in the Global South: Diffusion, development and long-term impact 12. The economic roots and drivers of decolonisation, 1920 to 1975 PART II Empires and regions 13. The economic history of colonial continental Spanish America: Facts and debates 14. The convent and the movie studio: The legacy of Spanish and American rule in the Philippines 15. Portuguese rule in the Americas: Brazil, 1500–1822 16. Portugal’s empire in Africa and Asia, 1415–1975 17. Capitalism and modernity in the British Caribbean plantation system: The Barbadian agricultural revolution 18. Early United States history in comparative perspective 19. Institutions and economic development on the Northern Frontier: The economic history of colonialism in Canada 20. Australia and New Zealand: Resource rich outposts of the British Empire 21. The Russian Empire 22. Globalisation and stagnation: The Indian economy under colonial rule 23. The colonial economy of Indonesia 24. Similar but different? Colonial policies in Burma, British Malaya and Ceylon from 1870 to 1957 25. French Indochina 26. Neighbour colonialism: Japanese imperialism and its consequences 27. An economic history of British colonialism in Southern Africa, 1880–1980 28. The colonial state in the MENA region 29. Economic development in British West Africa 30. French colonialism in Sub-Saharan Africa 31. East Africa under colonial rule (1885–1963): Trade, labour and economic structures 32. German colonialism in Africa and the Pacific, 1884–1914 33. Italian Africa 34. Congo under colonial rule, 1885–1960 PART III Legacies and debates 35. Colonialism and the industrial revolution 36. Global business history after colonialism 37. Post-colonial development policy 38. Colonial persistence