Ahmet Cemal Ertürk is a faculty member in the Department of Political Science and International Relations at Istanbul Kultur University. His research focuses on European Union (EU) and Turkish transport policies, EU-Turkey relations, and paradiplomacy.Nur Sinem Kourou is a faculty member in the Department of Political Science and International Relations at Istanbul Kultur University. Her research focuses on the relationship between gender and politics, anti-gender movements, and women’s political participation in Turkey.

• 1: Introduction 2: Paradiplomacy in Illiberal and Authoritarian Realms: A Conceptual Framework 3: The Mayor of İstanbul and the Pursuit of Legitimacy: Paradiplomacy under Competitive-Disharmony in an Authoritarian Context 4: An “Island of Freedom” against Orban’s illiberalism: Budapest’s Paradiplomacy 5: Paradiplomacy as a Quest for Recognition: Taiwan’s Sub-State Diplomacy under Authoritarian Constraints 6: Cities as Instruments of the State: Cooperative-Coordinated Paradiplomacy in Iran 7: “Make America Great Again” from Florida: Supporting an Illiberal Movement Through State Diplomacy? 8: Paradiplomacy Amidst Social Unrest: Antonio Ledezma, Caracas, and the Organization of American States 9: Concluding Remarks

Ahmet Cemal Ertürk is a faculty member in the Department of Political Science and International Relations at Istanbul Kultur University. His research focuses on European Union (EU) and Turkish transport policies, EU-Turkey relations, and paradiplomacy.Nur Sinem Kourou is a faculty member in the Department of Political Science and International Relations at Istanbul Kultur University. Her research focuses on the relationship between gender and politics, anti-gender movements, and women’s political participation in Turkey.

• 1: Introduction 2: Paradiplomacy in Illiberal and Authoritarian Realms: A Conceptual Framework 3: The Mayor of İstanbul and the Pursuit of Legitimacy: Paradiplomacy under Competitive-Disharmony in an Authoritarian Context 4: An “Island of Freedom” against Orban’s illiberalism: Budapest’s Paradiplomacy 5: Paradiplomacy as a Quest for Recognition: Taiwan’s Sub-State Diplomacy under Authoritarian Constraints 6: Cities as Instruments of the State: Cooperative-Coordinated Paradiplomacy in Iran 7: “Make America Great Again” from Florida: Supporting an Illiberal Movement Through State Diplomacy? 8: Paradiplomacy Amidst Social Unrest: Antonio Ledezma, Caracas, and the Organization of American States 9: Concluding Remarks

Ahmet Cemal Ertürk is a faculty member in the Department of Political Science and International Relations at Istanbul Kultur University. His research focuses on European Union (EU) and Turkish transport policies, EU-Turkey relations, and paradiplomacy.Nur Sinem Kourou is a faculty member in the Department of Political Science and International Relations at Istanbul Kultur University. Her research focuses on the relationship between gender and politics, anti-gender movements, and women’s political participation in Turkey.

• 1: Introduction 2: Paradiplomacy in Illiberal and Authoritarian Realms: A Conceptual Framework 3: The Mayor of İstanbul and the Pursuit of Legitimacy: Paradiplomacy under Competitive-Disharmony in an Authoritarian Context 4: An “Island of Freedom” against Orban’s illiberalism: Budapest’s Paradiplomacy 5: Paradiplomacy as a Quest for Recognition: Taiwan’s Sub-State Diplomacy under Authoritarian Constraints 6: Cities as Instruments of the State: Cooperative-Coordinated Paradiplomacy in Iran 7: “Make America Great Again” from Florida: Supporting an Illiberal Movement Through State Diplomacy? 8: Paradiplomacy Amidst Social Unrest: Antonio Ledezma, Caracas, and the Organization of American States 9: Concluding Remarks